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{{short description|Automatically created scientific name}}
In [[botanical nomenclature]], '''autonyms''' are automatically created names, as regulated by the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]'' that are created for certain subdivisions of [[genus|genera]] and [[species]], those that include the [[type (biology)|type]] of the genus or species.<ref name=Turland>{{cite book|author=Turland, N.|year=2013|volume=Regnum Vegetabile Volume 155|title=The Code Decoded: A user's guide to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books|isbn=978-3-87429-433-1}}</ref> An autonym might not be mentioned in the publication that creates it as a side-effect.<ref name=Turland/> Autonyms "repeat unaltered" the genus name or species epithet of the taxon being subdivided, and no other name for that same subdivision is [[valid name (botany)|validly published]] (article 22.2). For example, ''[[Rubus]]'' subgenus ''Eubatus'' is not validly published, and the subgenus is known as ''Rubus'' subgen. ''Rubus''.
Autonyms are cited without an author. The publication date of the autonym is taken to be the same as that of the subdivision(s) that automatically established the autonym, with some special provisions (the autonym is considered to have priority over the other names of the same rank established at the same time (article 11.6)).
== Definition ==▼
The definition of an autonym is in Art. 6.8 of the ICBN:▼
Articles 6.8, 22.1-3 and 26.1-3 relate to establishing autonyms.<ref>{{cite book|author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012|volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154|title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011|publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG|isbn=978-3-87429-425-6|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}}</ref>
"''6.8.'' Autonyms are such names as can be established automatically under Art. 22.3 and 26.3, whether or not they appear in print in the publication in which they are created (see Art. 32.8, Rec. 22B.1 and 26B.1)."▼
Autonyms are not created if the name of the genus or species being subdivided is [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate]].<ref name=Turland/>
:"''22.3.'' The first instance of valid publication<ref>The concept of '''''valid publication''''' deals with such matters as availability of the printed publication to the general public, designation of a type, presence of a description or diagnosis in Latin language, having a name in Latin form, indication of the rank, and so on (see ICBN (Vienna Code) Art. 6.2)</ref> of a name of a subdivision of a [[genus]] under a legitimate<ref>The concept of a '''''legitimate name''''' deals with such matters as priority, homonymy, and so on (see ICBN (Vienna Code) Art. 6.5)</ref> generic name automatically establishes the corresponding autonym." The form of this autonym is described in the earlier Art. 22.1: "The name of any subdivision of a genus that includes the [[botanical type|type]] of the [...] name of the genus to which it is assigned is to repeat the generic name unaltered as its [[epithet]], not followed by an author citation [...] Such names are termed autonyms".▼
:"''26.3.'' The first instance of valid publication of a name of an [[infraspecific taxon]] under a legitimate species name automatically establishes the corresponding autonym." And as above, but now for inspraspecific taxa, Art. 26.1 says: "The name of any infraspecific taxon that includes the type of the [...] name of the species to which it is assigned is to repeat the specific epithet unaltered as its final epithet, not followed by an author citation [...] Such names are termed autonyms".▼
▲:"''6.8.'' Autonyms are such names as can be established automatically under
▲:"''22.3.'' The first instance of valid publication
== Interpretation ==▼
▲:"''26.3.'' The first instance of valid publication of a name of an
In the case of an infraspecific taxon, if a botanist described a new taxon and publishes a new name at infraspecific level, all elements that previously belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation as all information that defines the newly defined infraspecific taxon is to be found in the [[protologue]] of the species name (or its [[basionym]]).<ref>The single most important purpose of an author citation is to enable the botanist to find the information, published in the protologue of a taxon.</ref>▼
The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more smaller portions, then a new subdivision of the genus will share the type and have as its epithet the name of the genus and does not require a change in author citation.▼
The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types (Principle II of the ICN). For all taxa, nomenclatural types are preserved specimens or illustrations.
▲In the case of an infraspecific taxon, if a botanist described a new taxon and publishes a new name at infraspecific level, all elements that previously belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation
▲The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more
As will be clear from the definition, an autonym can be one of two kinds:
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:: [[Magnolia|''Magnolia'' L. sect. ''Magnolia'']], automatically established when [[Candolle|A.P. de Candolle]] published sect. ''Gwillimia'' DC., in: Syst. Nat. 1 (1817): 455.
* for a taxon at a rank below that of species (an infraspecific taxon), in which case the infraspecific epithet repeats the specific epithet (Art. 26), for example
:: [[Elmerrillia|''Elmerrillia papuana'' (Schltr.) Dandy var. ''papuana'']], automatically established when var. ''glaberrima'' Dandy, and var. ''adpressa'' Dandy were published
==Other provisions concerning autonyms==
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The same goes, ''mutatis mutandis'', for infraspecific taxa.<ref>ICBN (Vienna Code) Art. 26.2. "A name of an infraspecific taxon that includes the type [...] of the [...] name of the species is not validly published unless its final epithet repeats the specific epithet unaltered. [...]"</ref>
An autonym is considered to have been published at exactly the same time as the earliest name(s) in that particular rank under the genus or species
::When [[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]] & [[Ernest Henry Wilson|Wilson]] in [[Charles Sprague Sargent|C.S. Sargent]], Pl. Wilson. 1 (1913): 392, published ''Magnolia officinalis'' Rehder & E.H. Wilson var. ''biloba'', they established at the same time ''Magnolia officinalis'' Rehder & E.H. Wilson var. ''officinalis'', even though that name was nowhere mentioned in ''Plantae Wilsonianae''.
The autonym has nomenclatural [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over the name (or the names, as the case may be) that established it (
::When ''Heracleum sibiricum'' L., with subsp. ''lecokii'' (Godr. & Gren.) Nyman and subsp. ''sibiricum'' (autonym), is placed under [[Common Hogweed|''Heracleum sphondylium'' L.]] as a subspecies, then the correct name of the subspecies is ''Heracleum sphondylium'' L. subsp. ''sibiricum'' (L.) Simonk.<ref>ICBN (Vienna Code) Art. 11 Ex. 25.</ref>
The type of an autonym is the same as that for the corresponding genus or species
==See also==
* [[Principle of Coordination]] — a similar concept in the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] differs in that names are established at different ranks
==Notes and references==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Autonym (Botany)}}
[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
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