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{{Short description|Rebuilding of product to original manufactured product using combo of reused and new parts}}
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'''Remanufacturing''' is "the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts".<ref>Johnson, M. R. & McCarthy I. P. (2014) Product Recovery Decisions within the Context of Extended Producer Responsibility. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 34, 9-28</ref> It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or [[Obsolescence|obsolete]] components and modules. Parts subject to [[Elegant degradation|degradation]] affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced. Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process that differs from other recovery processes in its completeness: a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines.
In 1995, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/index.htm|title=Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines - Conservation Tools- US EPA|
In 2004, the EPA published its third CPG update (CPG IV) which designated seven additional products and revised three existing product designations. One of the new product categories to be added was Rebuilt Vehicular Parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/products/vehicle.htm|title=Rebuilt Vehicular Parts|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103224136/http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/products/vehicle.htm|archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> The EPA defines rebuilt vehicular parts as "vehicle parts that have been '''re-manufactured''', reusing parts in their original form. Rebuilt parts undergo an extensive '''re-manufacturing''' and testing process and must meet the same industry specifications for performance as new parts."
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Furthermore, the Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA) realized that communication problems can arise when people from different countries with different language skills talk about remanufacturing. Certain terms can have different meanings as definitions between countries and individuals vary. In 2013, APRA was able to solve these communication problems by publishing a common [http://www.apra-europe.org/main.php?target=remanufacturing translation list] in many different languages in order to unite all those who deal with the automotive industry.
== Range of products being remanufactured<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reman.org|title=The Reman Institute-Home
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* Aerospace
* Automotive Parts
* Air-conditioning units
* Batteries NiMH/LIO
* Bakery Equipment
* Carpet tiles
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* Excavation equipment
* Fashion apparel and accessories
* Gaming Machines
* Hydraulic Cylinders
* Industrial food processing equipment
* Machine tools
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==Different types of remanufacturing==
There are three main types of remanufacturing activities, each with different operational challenges.
# '''Remanufacturing without identity loss''' With this method, a current machine is built on
# '''Remanufacturing with loss of original product identity''' With this method, used goods are disassembled into pre-determined [[Manufacturing|component]]s and repaired to stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case when remanufacturing [[automobile]] components, [[photocopier]]s, [[toner]] cartridges, furniture, ready-to-use [[camera]]s and [[personal computer]]s. Once the product is disassembled and the parts are recovered, the process concludes with an operation
# '''Repetitive remanufacturing without identity loss''' In this method, there is the additional challenge of scheduling the sequence of dependent processes and identifying the location of [[inventory]] buffers. There is a fine line between repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identity and product overhaul
'''<big>Remanufacturing by Recoating of Worn Engine Parts</big>'''
In addition to these is a less significant type of remanufacturing, ''remanufacturing by recoating of worn engine parts.'' This type of remanufacturing serves many engine parts and other large and expensive components that become worn after a period of use. An example
==Rebuilding==
'''Rebuilding''' is an old name for remanufacturing. It is still widely used by automotive industry. For example, the [[Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association]] (APRA),<ref>{{
The term 'rebuilding' is also often used by [[railway]] companies; a [[steam locomotive]] may be rebuilt with a new [[boiler]] or a [[diesel locomotive]] may be rebuilt with a new [[Diesel engine|engine]]. This saves money (by re-using the frame, and some other components, which still have years of useful life) and allows the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust emissions and better reliability. Recent examples include [[British Rail Class 57]] and [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)#Life extension
== Benefits of Engine Remanufacturing ==
# '''Lower Cost''' - One of the biggest factors in choosing a remanufactured engine is cost. Remanufactured engines cost up to 50
# '''Less Downtime''' - Opting to replace
# '''Increased Equipment Resale Value''' - There are two main factors currently making it difficult to sell Tier 4 Final-powered equipment in lesser regulated countries: serviceability and fuel availability. The lack of established service programs for the new technology makes supporting the product difficult. This coupled with high product costs, have companies shying away from Tier 4 Final powered equipment. In addition, many lesser
# '''More Sustainable Option''' - Purchasing
==See also==
*[[Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles]]
==References==
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* [http://www.metrofuser.com www.metrofuser.com Printer Parts Remanufacturing]
* [http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk]
* [http://www.
* [http://www.prcind.com www.prcind.com]
* [https://perthcarservice.net.au/ Perth Car Service]
* [https://reman-engine.com/ Remanufactured Engines]
* [http://www.ivorsearle.co.uk/what_remanufacturing_entails.htm Ivor Searle's Engine Remanufacturing Process]
* [https://nationalengines.co.uk/start/environmental-considerations:2848/ The Environmental Impact of Engine Reconditioning / Remanufacturing]
[[Category:Design for X]]
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