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Changing short description from "Solar calendar used by the Odia people of India" to "Solar calendar used by the Odia people"
 
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{{Short description|Solar calendar used by the Odia people}}
The '''Odia calendar''' ({{lang-or|ପାଞ୍ଜି}} Pāñji) is a [[lunisolarsolar calendar]] followedused inby the state of [[OdishaOdia people]], from the [[IndiaOdisha]]. Itregion is similar toof the [[Indian national calendar, but with a few differencessubcontinent]]. The calendar follows the [[Sidereal year|sidereal]] solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.<ref>{{citation |title=Indian Astronomy: An Introduction |publisher=Universities Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&q=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&pg=PA44 |author=S. Balachandra Rao |date=2000 |page=44 |isbn=9788173712050 }}</ref> The [[New Year]] in the Odia calendar is known as ''Maha Bishuba Sankranti'' or [[Pana Sankranti]]. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of [[Meṣa]] (Georgian: Aries), hence equivalent lunar month [[Vaisakha|Baisakha]] (odia: ବୈଶାଖ). The Odia calendar follows the Utkaliya era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.<ref>{{citation |title=The Calendars of India |author=VK Mishra |date=2010 |pagepages=55, 81|arxiv=1007.0062 }}</ref>
 
==New Year and Era==
{{main|Pana Sankranti}}
As per the siderialsidereal solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into SiderialSidereal Aries) in Mid-April. The ''Odia New Year'' festival is known as '''Pana Sankranti''' ({{lang-or|ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି}}) or '''Maha Bishuba Sankranti''' ({{lang-or|ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି}}).<ref>Crump, William D. (2014), [https://books.google.co.ukcom/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide], MacFarland, page 114</ref>
 
The '''Utkaliya era''' ({{lang-or|ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ}} Utkaḷiya) for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra sukḷa dvādasi (the 12th day of the full moon fortnight of the Bhādra month). Bhādra sukla dvādasi is considered to be the birthday of the legendary king [[Indradyumna]] who set up the up the icon of Lord [[Jagannath]] ([[Neela Madhava]]) at [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/bharatiya-jyotish-sastra-2-sankar-balakrishna-dikshit/page/n1/mode/2up |publisher=India Meteorological Department |year=1896 |author=Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit |access-date=2020-04-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7604/mode/2up |year=1894 |author=Girish Chandra Tarkalankar |publisher=Sreenath Banerjee, Bhowanipore |access-date=2020-04-12 }}</ref> The epoch seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicle [[Madala Panji]], thus implying the era was instituted by King Yayati I of the [[Somavamshi dynasty]].{{sfn|Kailash Chandra Dash|2010|p=165}}
 
Thus the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the ''Odia financial New Year'' and is known as the festival of '''Sunia''' ({{lang-or|ସୁନିଆଁ}} suniā̃) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new financial calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunia |date=9 September 2011 |publisher=puriwaves |url=https://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/sunia-52-anka-1419-declared-by-gajapati-maharaja-dibyasing-dev |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Sunia (The Odia Calendar) |url=https://odia.org/articles/sunia_odi.pdf |author=Subhash Sahu |date=2009 |access-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India) |publisher=Journal of Social Sciences |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321220231 |author=Roland Hardenberg |date=July 2000 |access-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref>
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{| class="wikitable"
! Odia year !! VikramiShaka year !! ShakaVikrami year !! Gregorian year
|-
| ୧୪୩୦ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ<br>1430 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷiya San || २०७९1944 विक्रमŚakābda || संवत्<br>2079 Vikram Samvat || 1944 Śakābda || 2022 CE
|}
 
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Features:
* The Anka system always starts on the Odia financial new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-SeptemberAugust–September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
* Coins were minted on the date of the new year, and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
* All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
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==Months==
{| class="wikitable"
! Odia (Lunar)<br>ମାସ māsa !! Days !! Vikrami (Lunar)<br>मासाः māsāḥa !! Odia (Solar)<br>ରାଶି rāsi !! Vikrami (Solar)<br>राशी rāśi !! [[Zodiac]] !! Sign !! Gregorian
|-
| ବୈଶାଖ<br>Baiśākha || 31 || वैशाखः<br>Vaiśākhaḥ || ମେଷ<br>Mesa || मेष<br>Meṣa || [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] || [[File:Aries.svg|20px]] || April–May
|-
| ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ<br>Jyeṣṭha || 31 || ज्येष्ठः<br>Jyeṣṭhaḥ || ବୃଷ<br>Brusa || वृषभ<br>Vṛṣabha || [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] || [[File:Taurus.svg|20px]] || May–June
|-
| ଆଷାଢ଼<br>Āṣāḍha || 32 || आषाढः<br>Āṣāḍhaḥ || ମିଥୁନ<br>Mithuna || मिथुन<br>Mithuna || [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] || [[File:Gemini.svg|20px]] || June–July
|-
| ଶ୍ରାବଣ<br>Śrābaṇa || 31 || श्रावणः<br>Śrāvaṇaḥ || କର୍କଟ<br>Karkaṭa || कर्क<br>Karka || [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] || [[File:Cancer.svg|20px]] || July–August
|-
| ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର<br>Bhādraba/Bhādra || 31 || भाद्रपदः<br>Bhādrapadaḥ || ସିଂହ<br>Singha || सिंह<br>Siṃha || [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]] || [[File:Leo.svg|20px]] || August–September
|-
| ଆଶ୍ୱିନ<br>Āświna || 31 || आश्विनः<br>Āśvinaḥ || କନ୍ୟା<br>Kanyā || कन्या<br>Kanyā || [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] || [[File:Virgo.svg|20px]] || September–October
|-
| କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ<br>Kārttika || 30 || कार्तिकः<br>Kārtikaḥ || ତୁଳା<br>Tuḷā || तुला<br>Tulā || [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] || [[File:Libra.svg|20px]] || October–November
|-
| ମାର୍ଗଶିର<br>Mārgaśira || 29 || मार्गशीर्षः<br>Mārgaśīrṣaḥ || ବିଛା<br>Bichā || वृश्चिक<br>Vṛścika || [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] || [[File:Scorpio.svg|20px]] || November–December
|-
| ପୌଷ<br>Pauṣa || 29 || पौषः<br>Pauṣaḥ || ଧନୁ<br>Dhanu || धनुष<br>Dhanusa || [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] || [[File:Sagittarius.svg|20px]] || December–January
|-
| ମାଘ<br>Māgha || 30 || माघः<br>Māghaḥ || ମକର<br>Makara || मकर<br>Makara || [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] || [[File:Capricorn.svg|20px]] || January–February
|-
| ଫାଲ୍‌ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ<br>Phālguna/Phaguṇa || 30 || फाल्गुनः<br>Phālgunaḥ || କୁମ୍ଭ<br>Kumbha || कुम्भ<br>Kumbha || [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] || [[File:Aquarius.svg|20px]] || February–March
|-
| ଚୈତ୍ର<br>CaitraChaitra || 30 || चैत्रः<br>Caitraḥ || ମୀନ<br>Mina || मीन<br>Mīna || [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] || [[File:Pisces.svg|20px]] || March–April
|}
 
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Day (Odia) !! Celestial object !! Equivalent !! Day (English) !! Day (SanskritGregorian)
|-
| ରବିବାର<br>Rabibāra || [[Surya]] || [[Sun]] || [[Sunday]] || रविवासर<br>Ravivāsara
|-
| ସୋମବାର<br>Somabāra || [[Chandra]] || [[Moon]] || [[Monday]] || सोमवासर<br>Somavāsara
|-
| ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର<br>Maṅgaḷbāra || [[Mangala]] || [[Mars]] || [[Tuesday]] || मङ्गलवासर<br>Maṅgalavāsara
|-
| ବୁଧବାର<br>Budhabāra || [[Budha]] || [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || [[Wednesday]] || बुधवासर<br>Budhavāsara
|-
| ଗୁରୁବାର<br>Gurubāra || [[Brihaspati]] || [[Jupiter]] || [[Thursday]] || बृहस्पतिवासर<br>Brhaspativāsara
|-
| ଶୁକ୍ରବାର<br>Śukrabāra || [[Shukra]] || [[Venus]] || [[Friday]] || शुक्रवासर<br>Śukravāsara
|-
| ଶନିବାର<br>Śanibāra || [[Shani]] || [[Saturn]] || [[Saturday]] || शनिवासर<br>Śanivāsara
|}
 
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Odia Rutu<br>ଋତୁ !! Season !! Sanskrit [[Ritu (Indian season)|RituRutu]]<br>ऋतुःଋତୁ r̥tuḥ!! Season !! Odia months !! Months (Gregorian)
|-
| ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ<br>Grīṣma || [[Summer]] || ग्रीष्म:<br>Grīṣmaḥ || Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha || April–June
|-
| ବର୍ଷା<br>Barṣā || [[Monsoon]] || वर्षाः<br>Varṣāḥ || Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa || June–August
|-
| ଶରତ<br>Śarata || [[Autumn]] || शरद्<br>Śarad || Bhādraba–Āświna || August–October
|-
| ହେମନ୍ତ<br>Hemanta || Pre-[[Winter]] || हेमन्तः<br>Hemantaḥ || Kārttika–Mārgaśira || October–December
|-
| ଶୀତ<br>Śīta || [[Winter]] || शिशिर:<br>Śiśiraḥ || Pauṣa–Māgha || December–February
|-
| ବସନ୍ତ<br>Basanta || [[Spring (season)|Spring]] || वसन्तः<br>Basantaḥ || Phālguna–Chaitra || February–April
|-
|}
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[[Category:Calendar eras]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Solar calendars]]
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]]
[[Category:Time in India]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_calendar"