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{{Short description|1975 indigenous rights protest march in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict|title=Māori Land March|partof=[[Māori protest movement]]|image=Māori Land March - October 13 1975, Parliament, Wellington (21226548415).jpg|image_size=|caption=The Land March arriving at Parliament|place=[[New Zealand]]|date=14 September to 13 October 1975|causes=Land alienation and cultural loss|methods=Marches, [[direct action]]}}
 
The '''The Māori Landland Marchmarch''' of 1975, arguably New Zealand's most notable ''[[hikoi]]'', was a protest movement led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite (''|Those with Foresight'')}}, created by Māori leader [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on September 14 September, travellingtravelled the length of the [[North Island]], arrivingand arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 131975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 1975people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
 
== Background ==
In 1953, the government under Prime Minister [[Sidney Holland]] forcedintroduced the Maori Affairs Act to enable the use so-of what was called "unproductive Māori land". Anyone who wanted could now report unused landApplicants to the ''[[Māori Land Court'']] andcould apply to borrow thehave land throughvested anin appointedtrustee trusteeownership. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 introduced compulsory conversion of Māori freehold land with four or fewer owners into general land. It increased the powers of the Maori[[Māori Trustee]] to compulsorily acquire and sell so-called uneconomic interests in Māori land. Māori worried that the law would result in further alienation of what land remained. As the protests increased, thein Māori realizedownership thatfollowing thehistorical ''New Zealand Māori Council'' , which had existed since 1962,confiscations and theacquisition Māoriof Women'sland Welfareby League,[[Pākehā]] founded(New in 1951, were not strong enough to represent their rights and political demands as their previous advocacyZealand groupsEuropeans).<ref name="NZH Treaty">{{Cite web| url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1950|title=Treaty events since 1950 - Treaty timeline {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online| website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Page 9">{{cite web |last1=Boast |first1=Richard |title=Story: Te tango whenua – Māori land alienation. Page 9. 20th-century developments |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tango-whenua-maori-land-alienation/page-9 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Although the legislation was changed in 1974, and the [[Waitangi Tribunal]] established in 1975 to hear Māori concerns, Māori remained concerned about historical taking of land (particularly given that the Tribunal was initially unable to consider historical cases).<ref name="Page 9"/>▼
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Why_We_March_(20633566803).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Why We March]]
▲In 1953, the government under Prime Minister [[Sidney Holland]] forced the Maori Affairs Act to use so-called unproductive Māori land. Anyone who wanted could now report unused land to the ''Māori Land Court'' and apply to borrow the land through an appointed trustee. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 introduced compulsory conversion of Māori freehold land with four or fewer owners into general land. It increased the powers of the Maori Trustee to compulsorily acquire and sell so-called uneconomic interests in Māori land. Māori worried that the law would result in further alienation of what land remained. As the protests increased, the Māori realized that the ''New Zealand Māori Council'' , which had existed since 1962, and the Māori Women's Welfare League, founded in 1951, were not strong enough to represent their rights and political demands as their previous advocacy groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1950|title=Treaty events since 1950 - Treaty timeline {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>
 
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Why_We_March_(20633566803).jpg|alt=Māori land march|thumb|"Why We March"{{efn|From a booklet issued by Te Rōpū O Te Matakite explaining why the Land March took place, addressing previous grievances Māori had suffered with significant loss of land.}} ]]
In early March 1975, a ''Hui'' (congregation) was called at Te Puea Marae in [[Mangere]], with 79-year-old Whina Cooper present . Cooper had earned much recognition and respect over the many years of her social and political engagement among the Māori and was one of the few women in the Māori community recognized as a leader. The idea of a ‘Maori Land March’ from [[Te Hapua]] in the far north to Parliament was discussed. The aim would be to dramatise the entire package of Maori demands and aspirations which had yet to be addressed. The march would focus on the most iconic element of Maori losses and hopes: the land. The planned land march would combine the forces of Nga Tamatoa (''The Young Warriors'') type radicalism with the wishes and protocols of traditionalist elders, attracting the support of Maori from both urban areas and rural [[Marae]] throughout the country. The march was to be focused on the ‘twin themes of [[landlessness]] and cultural loss’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html|title=The Maori Land March {{!}} NZETC|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> The following four months were used for planning and fundraising. In August all preparations were made and support and accommodation provided at the various marae .
 
In early March 1975, a [[Hui (Māori assembly)|hui]] (assembly) was called at [[Te Puea Memorial Marae]] in [[Māngere Bridge (suburb)|Māngere Bridge]], with 79-year-old Whina Cooper present. Cooper had earned much recognition and respect over the many years of her social and political engagement among Māori people and was one of the few women in the Māori community recognised as a leader. Cooper felt that existing organisations like the [[New Zealand Māori Council]], which had existed since 1962, and the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]], founded in 1951, were too traditional and a more modern approach was needed.<ref name="Hill"/> The hui discussed a march from [[Te Hāpua]], a community at the top of the North Island, to Parliament in Wellington. It was thought that the march would gain public attention and raise awareness of Māori concerns, particularly of the "twin themes of landlessness and cultural loss", and it would be led both by the young activist group [[Ngā Tamatoa]] and more traditional elders like Cooper; in this way, it was hoped the march would be able to attract support from a wide range of Māori.<ref name="Hill">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Richard S. |title=Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000 |date=2009 |publisher=Victoria University Press |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html |access-date=7 August 2022 |chapter=The Maori Land March}}</ref> The following four months were used for planning and fundraising. In August all preparations were made and support and accommodation provided at various marae along the route.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
 
== The Marchmarch ==▼
[[File:Māori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_(21261436989).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Māori Land March crossing [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]]]]▼
On 14 September 1975, the march began at Te Hāpua. It was initially made up of around 50 people led by Cooper, but grew in numbers as they walked through different towns and cities and stayed at local marae. By the time the march reached Wellington, around {{convert|1100|km|mi}} from its starting point, it was made up of around 5,000 people.<ref name="Collins"/> Cooper led discussions at marae along the way about the purpose of the march and along the way people gathered signatures for a petition which would be presented at Parliament.<ref name="NZH Whina"/> A key slogan for the march was "Not one more acre of Maori land".<ref name="NZH Treaty"/><ref name="Poata">{{cite news |last1=Poata |first1=Tama Te Kapua |title=Marching into history |url=https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/marching-into-history/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=E-Tangata |date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
 
[[Tama Poata]], one of the young organisers on the march, described in his memoir how he and other young people handled a lot of the day-to-day organisation of the march, while Cooper and other elders were able to engage with local Māori at each marae that was visited and encourage them to sign the petition.<ref name="Poata"/>
 
▲== The March ==
▲[[File:Māori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_(21261436989).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Māori Land March crossing [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]]]]
Fifty marchers left Te Hāpua in the far north on 14 September for the 1000-km walk to Wellington. Led by 79-year-old Cooper, the hīkoi quickly grew in strength. As it approached towns and cities, local people joined to offer moral support. The marchers stopped overnight at different [[Marae]], on which Cooper led discussions about the purpose of the march. Leaflets were distributed explaining why the march was required titled '''Why We March''.'
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Route_of_March_(20631264354).jpg|alt=|thumb|Route of March]]
The march, accompanied by two trucks and a bus, ledcarrying insupplies, took 29 days, and followed a route from [[Te Hapua]]; [[Kaitaia]]; [[Mangamuka]]; [[Otiria]]; [[Hikurangi]]; Waipu; [[Wellsford]]; [[Orewa]]; [[Auckland]]; [[Ngāruawāhia]]; [[Kihikihi]]; [[Te KuitiKūiti]]; [[Taumarunui]]; [[Raetihi]]; [[Whanganui]]; [[Ratana]]; [[Palmerston North]]; [[Shannon, New Zealand]]; [[Otaki, New Zealand|Ōtaki, New Zealand]]; [[Porirua]] to [[Wellington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscellaneous - Maori Land March 1975 and Matakite-O-Aotearoa Incorporated and related matters |url=https://collections.archives.govt.nz/en-GB/web/arena/search |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Archives NZ}}</ref>
 
[[Titewhai Harawira]] was one of the lead organisers of the march and a spokesperson for Te Roopu Ote Matakite who had set up an 'embassy' occupying parliament grounds after the march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Titewhai Harawira dies, aged 90 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/483043/titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maori protesters gain support |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751230.2.121 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Papers Past}}</ref>
 
== Impact ==
Upon arriving at Parliament, Whina Cooper presented a petition signed by 60,000 people from around New Zealand to Prime Minister [[Bill Rowling]]. The petition called for an end to monocultural land laws which excluded Māori cultural values, and asked for the ability to establish legitimate communal ownership of land within [[iwi]]. The hikoihīkoi represented a watershed moment in the burgeoning Māori cultural renaissance of the 1970s. It brought unprecedented levels of public attention to the issue of alienation of Māori land, and established a method of protest that was repeatedly reused in the following decades, such as the occupation of the land at [[Bastion Point]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|lastname="Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}<"/ref>

This action brought treaty issues to public attention more strongly than at any time since the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
 
==In film==
The march is brought to life in the 2022 biographical film ''[[Whina (film)|Whina]]'', about the life of Whina Cooper. The march is used as a framing device, with much of the film consisting of flashbacks to earlier in her life, but it shows the growing support for the march, and the crowds reaching the Houses of Parliament in Wellington.<ref>{{cite web | last=Grierson | first=Tim | title='Whina': Edinburgh Review | website=Screen | date=15 August 2022 | url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816095130/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-date=16 August 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
 
== Gallery ==
Line 26 ⟶ 40:
File:Māori Land March 1975 - Petition Sheet (20583549224).jpg|A petition sheet
</gallery>
 
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
Line 33 ⟶ 50:
The march was documented in ''[https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/te-matakite-o-aotearoa-1975 Te Matakite o Aotearoa - The Māori Land March]'' a film available via New Zealand on Screen.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maori land march}}
[[Category:Māori history]]
[[Category:1975 in New Zealand|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:1975 protests|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:Māori politics]]
[[Category:ProtestsEnvironmental protests in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]
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