Theory-theory: Difference between revisions

The '''Theorytheory-theory''' (or {{'}}'''theory theory'''{{'}}) is a scientific theory relating to the human development of understanding about the outside world.<ref name = Ratcliffe>{{cite journal | title=Folk Psychology is not folk psychology | author=Ratcliffe, M. | journal=Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences | year=2006 | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=31–52 | doi=10.1007/s11097-005-9010-y}}</ref> This theory asserts that individuals hold a basic or 'naïve' theory of psychology ("[[folk psychology]]") to infer the mental states of others,<ref name="Ratcliffe"/> such as their beliefs, desires or emotions. This information is used to understand the intentions behind that person's actions or predict future behavior. The term 'perspective taking' is sometimes used to describe how one makes inferences about another person's inner state using theoretical knowledge about the other's situation.<ref>{{cite book|last2=Anders|first2=S|year=2006|title=The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence|url=|journal=Prog Brain Res|volume=156|pages=419–40|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56023-6|pmid=17015094|last1=Leiberg|first1=S|title=Understanding Emotions|chapter=The multiple facets of empathy: A survey of theory and evidence|series=Progress in Brain Research|isbn=9780444521828}}</ref>

This approach has become popular with psychologists as it gives a basis from which to explore human social understanding.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theories of theories of mind|url=https://archive.org/details/theoriestheories00carr|url-access=limited|last=|first=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0521551106|editor-last=Carruthers|editor-first=Peter|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/theoriestheories00carr/page/n34 22]|oclc=32311136|quote=|editor-last2=Smith|editor-first2=Peter K.}}</ref> Beginning in the mid-1980s, several influential developmental psychologists began advocating the theory theory: the view that humans learn through a process of theory revision closely resembling the way scientists propose and revise theories.<ref name = Bonawitz>{{cite journal | url=http://eccl.mit.edu/papers/BonawitzVanSchijndelFrielSchulz2012.pdf | title=Children balance theories and evidence in exploration, explanation, and learning | vauthors=Bonawitz EB, van Schijndel TJ, Friel D, Schulz L | journal=Cognitive Psychology |date=June 2012 | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=215–234 | doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.12.002| pmid=22365179 | hdl=1721.1/102678 }}</ref> Children observe the world, and in doing so, gather data about the world's true structure. As more data accumulates, children can revise their naive theories accordingly. Children can also use these theories about the world's causal structure to make predictions, and possibly even test them out.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alisongopnik.com/papers_alison/ChomskyFinal.pdf | title=The theory theory as an alternative to the innateness hypothesis | publisher=Oxford: Blackwells. | work=Book chapter in: In L. Antony and N. Hornstein (Eds.), Chomsky and his critics. | year=2003 | accessdateaccess-date=2013-04-26 | author=Gopnik, A. | author-link=Alison Gopnik}}</ref> This concept is described as the 'Child Scientist' theory,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Scholl | first1 = B. J. | last2 = Leslie | first2 = A. M. | year = 1999 | title = Modularity, development and 'theory of mind' | url = | journal = Mind & Language | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 131–153 | doi = 10.1111/1468-0017.00106 }}</ref> proposing that a series of personal scientific revolutions are required for the development of theories about the outside world, including the social world.

In recent years, proponents of [[Bayesian learning]] have begun describing the theory theory in a precise, mathematical way.{{Citation<ref>Gopnik, needed|date=DecemberA. 2016}}(2011), The conceptTheory ofTheory Bayesian2.0: learningProbabilistic is rooted in the assumption that childrenModels and adultsCognitive learnDevelopment. throughChild aDevelopment process of theory revision; that isPerspectives, they5: hold161-163. prior beliefs about the world but, when receiving conflicting data, may revise these beliefs depending upon their strengthhttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00179.x</ref name = Bonawitz/>{{Request quotation|date=December 2016}}

Theory-theory states that children naturally attempt to construct theories to explain their observations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Invitation to the Life Span|edition = Second|last = Berger|first = Kathleen Stassen|publisher = Worth Publishers|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1464172052|location = New York}}</ref> As all humans do, children seek to find explanations that help them understand their surroundings. They learn through their own experiences as well as through their observations of others' actions and behaviors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Reconstructing constructivism: Causal models, Bayesian learning mechanisms, and the theory theory.|last = Gopnik|first = Alison|date = 2012|journal = Psychological Bulletin|doi = 10.1037/a0028044|pmid =22582739|volume=138|issue = 6|pages=1085–1108|pmc =3422420}}<!--|accessdate = September 26, 2014--></ref>

PartAs part of their investigative process, children often ask questions, frequently posing "Why?" to adults, not seeking a technical and scientific explanation but instead seeking to investigate the relation of the concept in question to themselves, as part of their egocentric view.<ref name=":0" /> In a study where Mexican-American mothers were interviewed over a two-week period about the types of questions their preschool children ask, researchers discovered that the children asked their parents more about biology and social behaviors rather than nonliving objects and artifacts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Why Things Happen: Teleological Explanation in Parent–Child Conversations|last = Keleman|first = Deborah|date = 2005|journal = Developmental Psychology|doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.251|pmid =15656753|volume=41|issue = 1|pages=251–264}}<!--|accessdate = September 26, 2014--></ref> In their questions, the children were mostly ambiguous, unclear if they desired an explanation of purpose or cause.<ref name=":2" /> Although parents will usually answer with a causal explanation, some children found the answers and explanations inadequate for their understanding, and as a result, they begin to create their own theories, particularly evident in children's understanding of religion.<ref name=":0" />