Battle of Garigliano (1503): Difference between revisions

| combatant1 = [[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Spain]]

| combatant2 = {{flagcountry[[File:Royal flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of France|valois}}]]<br>[[File:Arms of the house of Del Vasto.svg|20px]] [[Marquisate of Saluzzo]]

| commander1 = [[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]]<br/>[[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]]<br/>[[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Prospero Colonna]]<br/>[[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Pedro Navarro]]<br/>[[File:Armoiries Espagne Catholique.svg|20px]] [[Diego García de Paredes]]

| commander2 = [[File:Arms of the house of Del Vasto.svg|20px]] [[Ludovico II of Saluzzo]]<br/>[[File:Royal flag of France.svg|22px]] Yves d'Alègre<br/>[[File:Royal flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Piero the Unfortunate|Piero de Medici]]{{KIA}}<br/>[[File:Royal flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Francesco II Gonzaga]]<br/>[[File:Royal flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard|Pierre Terrail de Bayard]]

| casualties2 = 4,000 casualties{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=478}}

While the Spanish commander hesitated as to whether to attack or to retreat, he received reinforcements from Naples led by [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]] and Orsini. He then decided to move some units in order to convince Ludovico that he was retreating towards the [[Volturno]] river. With Diego de Mendoza holding the rearguard with 300 men-at-arms and 5,000-6,000 infantry,{{sfn|Mallett&Shaw|2012|p=68}} Cordoba had devised a stratagem to cross the river using bridges made out of boats and barrels, which he had built in the castle of [[MondragoneSessa Aurunca]], 1223 kilometers south of the Spanish camp.

==The battleBattle==

The Spanish victory was decisive, as the offensive capacity of the French army was destroyed.{{sfn|Keegan|1996|p=63}}{{sfn|Paoletti|2008|p=11}} After some days of siege in Gaeta, the French surrendered.{{sfn|Mallett&Shaw|2012|p=69}} What remained of the French army traveled either by sea or on foot back to Milan.{{sfn|Mallett&Shaw|2012|p=69}} Many died at the hands of civilians or from hunger, even the commander Ludovico, Marquis of Saluzzo, died upon reaching Genoa.{{sfn|Mallett&Shaw|2012|p=69}}{{sfn|Day|Matzke|Saccocci|2020|p=226}} With the [[Treaty of Blois (1504)|Treaty of Blois]] in 1504, France recognizesrecognized Spain's authority over Naples.{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=478}}

*{{cite book |title=Medieval European Coinage |volume=12, Northern Italy |first1=William R. |last1=Day |first2=Michael |last2=Matzke |first3=Andrea |last3=Saccocci |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 }}{{ISBN?}}

*{{cite book |author-link=John Keegan|last=Keegan |first=John |title=Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780415127226978-0415127226 }}

|last1=Mallett |first1=M. |last2=Shaw |first2=C. |title=The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|location=New York |isbn=978-0-582-05758-60582057586}}

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*{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=spencer+tucker+battle+of+muret&pg=PA269|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |volume=Two:1500-1774 1500–1774 |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-51851096725 |pages=478|language=en}}