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|group = Sambal
|image = [[File:Zambals 1.png|200px|Sambal warriors]]
|regions = [[Zambales]], [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]], [[Anda, Pangasinan|Anda]], [[infanta, Pangasinan|Infanta]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Quezon, Palawan|Quezon]]
|languages = [[Sambal language|Sambal]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], [[Botolan language|Botolan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Philippine English|English]]
|religions = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]]
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}}
The '''Sambal people''' are a [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Filipino ethnolinguistic group]] living primarily in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Zambales]] and the [[Pangasinan|Pangasinense]] [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]] of [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]]
during the [[Spanish colonial era of the Philippines|Spanish colonial era]].
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==History==
The Sambal are the original [[Austronesians|Austronesian]] inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the [[Philippines]]. They speak mainly [[Sambal language|Sambal]] and [[Botolan language|Botolan]], as well as [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], and [[
The Sambals were known to be militant and fierce fighters,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan Ng Charismatic Pinoys: Andres Malong |url=http://www.elaput.org/chrmlong.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan ng Charismatic Pinoys: Si Gumapos at si Almazan |url=http://www.elaput.com/chrmalmz.htm |website=elaput.com |language=fil}}</ref> notorious for their bloody raids on [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] settlements.<ref name="ZambalesProfile">{{Cite web |title=Zambales |url=http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120182921/http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |archive-date=2002-11-20 |website=geocities.com/lppsec/pp |language=en |access-date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> They were described by European writers as being excellent archers who used [[poison arrow]]s. They were also armed with [[sibat|short spears]], a short blade or dagger, and carried large rectangular [[kalasag]] shields. Fr. Manuel Buzeta in ''Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de las Islas Filipinas'' (1850) describes the Zambales
In the [[Boxer Codex]], they were said to immediately cut off the head of people they kill with a [[balarao|bararao]] dagger. They then make a crown-shaped incision on the head and remove the brains. The head is kept as a trophy. The Boxer Codex also mentions other customs whose veracity is questionable, including claims that they eat [[carabao]] intestines raw, or that only the first and second sons inherit their father's property while the rest are enslaved or sacrificed in a ''[[manganito]]'' ritual.<ref name="Turley">{{cite book |last1=Turley |first1=Jeffrey Scott |editor1-last=Souza |editor1-first=George Bryan |editor2-last=Turley |editor2-first=Jeffrey Scott |title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004301542 |pages=328-329}}</ref>
The Sambals have been occasionally recruited by ''Indio'' commanders (''indio'' was the term used for the Austronesian natives) in campaigns against the [[Spanish Government|Spanish]], who then governed the islands. The Sambal were also once known to have captured and enslaved [[Diego Silang]] as a child, eventually being ransomed by a [[Recollets|Recollect]] missionary in Zambales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan Ng Charismatic Pinoys: Diego Silang |url=http://www.elaput.org/chrmslng.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diego Silang |url=http://www.globalpinoy.com/ch/ch_category.php?category=heroes&name=Diego+Silang&table=ch_heroes&startpage=1&endpage=15 |url-status=dead |website=Cultural Heritage |language=en |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022835/http://www.globalpinoy.com/ch/ch_category.php?category=heroes&name=Diego+Silang&table=ch_heroes&startpage=1&endpage=15 }}</ref>
During the first hundred years of [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish rule]], the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their [[barangay|village structures]] reorganized and were forced into ''[[reducciones]]'' in order to assimilate them into [[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] norms.<ref name="AngMgaSambal">{{Cite web |title=Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Miguel de Loarca 6 |url=http://www.elaput.org/loarca05.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref> They were gradually Christianized by Spanish missionaries, especially after the establishment of [[Fort Paynauen]] (Paynaven) in what is now [[Botolan]].<ref name="Reed"/>▼
The Sambals followed indigenous [[anito]] religions. The highest-ranking [[babaylan|shaman]] was called a "Bayoc", who consecrated other shamans and led rituals to the spirits. Only the Bayoc could lead rituals and offer sacrifices to Malayari or Malyari, the supreme being and the creator deity of the Sambals. Other benevolent spirits were also worshiped who had various functions, mostly agricultural.<ref name="Reed"/>▼
During the colonial period, the Sambals primarily sold valuable timber, which they shipped by [[bangka (boat)|indigenous boat]]s to [[Manila]]. This trade was often targeted by [[Moro pirate]]s, contributing to the relative poverty of the province in the 18th and 19th centuries. The sparsely-populated valley of the Zambales region was also later settled by migrants, largely from the [[Ilocos region|Ilocos]] and the [[Southern Tagalog|Tagalog regions]], leading to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language.<ref name="Reed"/><ref>[https://www.sinupan.org/2019/02/27/the-historical-indung-kapampangan-evidence-from-history-and-place-names/ The Historical Indúng Kapampángan: Evidence from History and Place Names]</ref><ref>[https://subliblog.com/2019/08/04/zambales-province-home-province-of-subic-bay-and-mt-pinatubo/ Zambales Province, Home Province of Subic Bay and Mt. Pinatubo]</ref>
▲During the first hundred years of [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish rule]], the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their [[barangay|village structures]] reorganized and were forced into ''[[reducciones]]'' in order to assimilate them into [[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] norms.<ref name="AngMgaSambal">{{Cite web |title=Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Miguel de Loarca 6 |url=http://www.elaput.org/loarca05.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref>
During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], and [[Masinloc, Zambales|Masinloc]] in Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They established a settlement which was later on named [[Panitian]]. Like in Masinloc, many residents of Panitian have their last names start with the letter E. Most common last names are Eclarino, Elefane, Echaluse, Echague, Español, Ebuen, Ebilane, Edquid, Escala, Edquilang, Ebueng, Ebuenga, Ebalo, Ejanda, Elacio, Elfa, Eliaso, Elgincolin, Edquibal, Ednalino, Edora, Espinoza, Ecaldre, Eufeminiano, Edilloran, Ermita, and Ecle. Those who came from Santa Cruz have their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora, Moraña, Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are Ángeles, Atrero, Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, and Hermogino. There are now approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of the Palawan Sambals have since moved to the provincial capital, [[Puerto Princesa]], settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in particular, although a majority still resides in Panitian.
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{{main|List of Philippine mythological figures}}
[[File:Zambals 3.png|thumb|A couple belonging to the Sambal warrior class, documented by the 16th century [[Boxer Codex]]. The female warrior is holding a raptor, which has captured a bird, exemplifying a culture of [[falconry]].]]
▲The
=== Immortals ===
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*Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator<ref name="Jocano 1969">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. L. |title=Philippine Mythology |publisher=Capitol Publishing House |year=1969 |location=Quezon City}}</ref>
*Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
*Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in [[Sambal people|Sambal mythology]]; with Kainomayan, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts<ref>Fansler, Filipino Popular Tales, pp. 400–401</ref><ref>Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio</ref>
*Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest▼
*Kainomayan: the goddess of plenty<ref>Fansler, Filipino Popular Tales, pp. 400–401</ref><ref>Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio</ref>
**Dumangan: god of good harvest<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
**Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
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*Mangalagar: the goddess of good grace<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
*Aniyun Tauo: the goddess of win and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
*Apolaqui: personal deity of a priestess<ref>The Bolinao Manuscript: 1684.</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Language==
{{see also|Sambalic languages}}
Three [[Sambalic languages]] are spoken by the Sambal: [[Zambal language|Sambali]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], and [[Botolan language|Botolan]], with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers, respectively, based on the 2007 population statistics from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSGC Interactive - Province: Zambales |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=037100000®Name=REGION%20III%20(Central%20Luzon) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604200806/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=037100000®Name=REGION%20III%20(Central%20Luzon) |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2011-05-11 |website=National Statistical Coordination Board |language=en}}</ref> The Sambali speakers are the residents of the municipalities of [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Masinloc]], [[Palauig]], and the capital town [[Iba, Zambales|Iba]] of the province of Zambales & of Infanta & some towns in Pangasinan. The Bolinao subgroup is located in [[Anda, Pangasinan|Anda]] and [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]] municipalities of Pangasinan, while the Botolan subgroup is found in [[Botolan]] and [[Cabangan]] municipalities of Zambales. An estimated 6,000 Sambali speakers can also be found in [[Panitian]] in [[Quezon, Palawan]], and in Puerto Princesa.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Sambals also speak Kapampangan, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Pangasinense; all those languages spoken in Zambales, while Ilocano, Pangasinense, & Tagalog in Pangasinan.
== See also ==
* [[Pangasinan people]]
* [[Tagalog people]]
* [[Ilocano people]]
* [[Ivatan people]]
* [[Igorot people]]
▲* [[Pangasinan people]]
* [[Bicolano people]]
* [[Negrito]]
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