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{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Sambal
|image = [[File:Zambals 1.png|200px|Sambal warriors]]
|regions = [[Zambales]], [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]], [[Anda, Pangasinan|Anda]], [[infanta, Pangasinan|Infanta]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Quezon, Palawan|Quezon]]
|languages = [[Sambal language|Sambal]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], [[Botolan language|Botolan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Philippine English|English]]
|religions = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]]
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}}
The '''Sambal people''' are a [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Filipino ethnolinguistic group]] living primarily in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Zambales]] and the [[Pangasinan|Pangasinense]] [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]] of [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]]
during the [[Spanish colonial era of the Philippines|Spanish colonial era]].
In 1950s, hundreds of Sambal from the northern municipalities of Zambales
==History==
The Sambal are the original [[Austronesians|Austronesian]] inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the [[Philippines]]. They speak mainly [[Sambal language|Sambal]] and [[Botolan language|Botolan]], as well as [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], and [[
The Sambals were known to be militant and fierce fighters,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan Ng Charismatic Pinoys: Andres Malong |url=http://www.elaput.org/chrmlong.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan ng Charismatic Pinoys: Si Gumapos at si Almazan |url=http://www.elaput.com/chrmalmz.htm |website=elaput.com |language=fil}}</ref> notorious for their bloody raids on [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] settlements.<ref name="ZambalesProfile">{{Cite web |title=Zambales |url=http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120182921/http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |archive-date=2002-11-20 |website=geocities.com/lppsec/pp |language=en |access-date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> They were described by European writers as being excellent archers who used [[poison arrow]]s. They were also armed with [[sibat|short spears]], a short blade or dagger, and carried large rectangular [[kalasag]] shields. Fr. Manuel Buzeta in ''Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de las Islas Filipinas'' (1850) describes the Zambales region during the early Spanish period as being sparsely-populated by a small number of Sambal villages, with huge distances between them. Each village had about ten to thirty families and were often at war with other villages. The Sambal were [[Headhunting|headhunters]], with similar headhunting traditions as the [[Cordilleran people|Cordillerans]]. A warrior's status was tied to the number of enemies they had killed. They kept a collection of heads or skulls to indicate this, which is also represented by certain ornaments worn on the body.<ref name="Reed">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=William Allan |title=Negritos of Zambales |date=1904 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=24-29}}</ref> When a person dies by violent or natural means, the immediate male relatives would wear a strip of black cloth to signify mourning. They would be forbidden from singing, dancing, or participating in festivities until they kill an enemy. Murderers within a community are also punished by death, unless a payment of a certain quantity of gold or silver or slaves is accepted by the family of the deceased.<ref name="Reed"/>
In the [[Boxer Codex]], they were said to immediately cut off the head of people they kill with a [[balarao|bararao]] dagger. They then make a crown-shaped incision on the head and remove the brains. The head is kept as a trophy. The Boxer Codex also mentions other customs whose veracity is questionable, including claims that they eat [[carabao]] intestines raw, or that only the first and second sons inherit their father's property while the rest are enslaved or sacrificed in a ''[[manganito]]'' ritual.<ref name="Turley">{{cite book |last1=Turley |first1=Jeffrey Scott |editor1-last=Souza |editor1-first=George Bryan |editor2-last=Turley |editor2-first=Jeffrey Scott |title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004301542 |pages=328-329}}</ref>
The Sambals
During the first hundred years of [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish rule]], the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their [[barangay|village structures]] reorganized and were forced into ''[[reducciones]]'' in order to assimilate them into [[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] norms.<ref name="AngMgaSambal">{{Cite web |title=Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Miguel de Loarca 6 |url=http://www.elaput.org/loarca05.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref> They were gradually Christianized by Spanish missionaries, especially after the establishment of [[Fort Paynauen]] (Paynaven) in what is now [[Botolan]].<ref name="Reed"/>▼
During the colonial period, the Sambals primarily sold valuable timber, which they shipped by [[bangka (boat)|indigenous boat]]s to [[Manila]]. This trade was often targeted by [[Moro pirate]]s, contributing to the relative poverty of the province in the 18th and 19th centuries. The sparsely-populated valley of the Zambales region was also later settled by migrants, largely from the [[Ilocos region|Ilocos]] and the [[Southern Tagalog|Tagalog regions]], leading to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language.<ref name="Reed"/><ref>[https://www.sinupan.org/2019/02/27/the-historical-indung-kapampangan-evidence-from-history-and-place-names/ The Historical Indúng Kapampángan: Evidence from History and Place Names]</ref><ref>[https://subliblog.com/2019/08/04/zambales-province-home-province-of-subic-bay-and-mt-pinatubo/ Zambales Province, Home Province of Subic Bay and Mt. Pinatubo]</ref>
▲During the first hundred years of [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish rule]], the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their [[barangay|village structures]] reorganized and were forced into ''[[reducciones]]'' in order to assimilate them into [[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] norms.<ref name="AngMgaSambal"/>
During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], and [[Masinloc, Zambales|Masinloc]] in Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They established a settlement which was later on named [[Panitian]].
==Sambal indigenous religion==
{{main|List of Philippine mythological figures}}
[[File:Zambals 3.png|thumb|A couple belonging to the Sambal warrior class, documented by the 16th century [[Boxer Codex]]. The female warrior is holding a raptor, which has captured a bird, exemplifying a culture of [[falconry]].]]
The Sambal people have a complex [[indigenous religion]] since before Spanish colonization. The highest-ranking [[babaylan|shaman]] was called a [[Bakla|''bayoc'']], who consecrated other shamans and led rituals to the spirits. Only the bayoc could lead rituals and offer sacrifices to Malayari or Malyari, the [[Creator deity|supreme being]] and the [[creator deity]] of the Sambals. Other benevolent spirits were also worshiped who had various functions, mostly agricultural.<ref name="Reed" />
=== Immortals ===
{{div col|}}
*Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator<ref name="Jocano
*Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari<ref name="Jocano
*Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in [[Sambal people|Sambal mythology]]; with Kainomayan, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts<ref>Fansler, Filipino Popular Tales, pp. 400–401</ref><ref>Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio</ref>
*Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest▼
*Kainomayan: the goddess of plenty<ref>Fansler, Filipino Popular Tales, pp. 400–401</ref><ref>Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio</ref>
**Dumangan: god of good harvest<ref name="Jocano, F. L. 1969"/>▼
**
**
*
*
*
*Aniyun Tauo: the goddess of win and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit<ref name="Jocano 1969" />
*Apolaqui: personal deity of a priestess<ref>The Bolinao Manuscript: 1684.</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Language==
{{see also|Sambalic languages}}
Three [[Sambalic languages]] are spoken by the Sambal: [[Zambal language|Sambali]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], and [[Botolan language|Botolan]], with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers, respectively, based on the 2007 population statistics from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB).<ref>{{
== See also ==
* [[Pangasinan people]]
* [[Tagalog people]]
* [[Ilocano people]]
* [[Ivatan people]]
* [[Igorot people]]
▲* [[Pangasinan people]]
* [[Bicolano people]]
* [[Negrito]]
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