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[[File:Fuel Economy, 1916.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Briggs and Stratton Flyer]] from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only {{convert|135|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a bicycle.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Man and His Machines |magazine=The World's Work |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. |location=Garden City, New York |volume=XXXIII |year=1916 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPAMVa7esS4C |last1=Page |first1=Walter Hines |last2=Page |first2=Arthur Wilson}}</ref>]]
The '''fuel economy''' of an [[Car|automobile]] relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of [[fuel consumption|fuel consumed]]. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of [[motor fuel]] can be a large part of a nation's [[foreign trade]], many countries impose requirements for fuel economy.
Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses ([[wind resistance]], [[tire drag]], and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the [[chemical energy]] in the fuel and the [[kinetic energy]] of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy [[braking]] waste energy. [[Electric car]]s do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] have been created to attempt to compare them.
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[[File:Chart MPG to L-100km v2009-10-08.svg|thumb|right|400px|Conversion from mpg to L/100 km: blue, U.S. [[gallon]]; red, imperial gallon]]
The fuel efficiency of motor vehicles can be expressed in
* '''Fuel consumption''' is the amount of fuel used per unit distance; for example, '''[[litre]]s per 100 [[kilometre]]s (L/100 km)'''. The '''lower''' the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the less fuel it needs to travel a certain distance); this is the measure generally used across Europe (except the UK, Denmark and The Netherlands - see below), [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], and [[Canada]]. Also in [[Uruguay]], [[Paraguay]], [[Guatemala]], [[Colombia]], [[China]], and [[Madagascar]].
* '''Fuel economy''' is the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel used; for example, '''kilometres per litre (km/L)''' or '''[[mile]]s per [[gallon]] (MPG)''', where 1 MPG (imperial) ≈ 0.354006 km/L.
The formula for converting to miles per US gallon (3.7854 L) from L/100 km is <math>\textstyle \frac{235.215}{x}</math>, where <math>x</math> is value of L/100 km. For miles per Imperial gallon (4.5461 L) the formula is <math>\textstyle \frac{282.481}{x}</math>.
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;Units of fuel per fixed distance:Generally expressed in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km), used in most European countries, China, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Irish law allows for the use of miles per imperial [[gallon]], alongside liters per 100 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thejournal.ie/dear-driver-what-is-good-mpg-3150884-Dec2016/ |title = What counts as 'good' MPG nowadays?| date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Canadian law requires fuel economy to be measured in both liters per 100 kilometers and miles per imperial [[gallon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/tools/fuelratings/ratings-search.cfm?attr=8 |title=Fuel Consumption Ratings |access-date=8 June 2011 |date=January 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/environment-fcp-faq-139.htm |title=FAQs – Transport Canada |access-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903133543/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/environment-fcp-faq-139.htm |archive-date=3 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/3523/schedule/1/made |title=The Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions Information) Regulations 2001 |year=2001 |access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Liters per 100 kilometers may be used alongside miles per imperial [[gallon]] in the UK. The [[Monroney sticker|window sticker]] on new US cars displays the vehicle's fuel consumption in US gallons per 100 miles, in addition to the traditional mpg number.<ref>[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml The New Fuel Economy Label] at FuelEconomy.gov</ref> A lower number means more efficient, while a higher number means less efficient.
;Units of distance per fixed fuel unit: Miles per [[gallon]] (mpg) are commonly used in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada (alongside L/100 km). Kilometers per liter (km/L) are more commonly used elsewhere in the Americas, Asia, parts of Africa and Oceania. In the [[
'''Conversions of units:'''
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==Statistics==
[[File:1975- US vehicle production share, by vehicle type.svg |thumb
While the [[thermal efficiency]] (mechanical output to chemical energy in fuel) of petroleum [[internal combustion engine|engines]] has increased since the beginning of the [[History of the automobile|automotive era]], this is not the only factor in fuel economy. The design of automobile as a whole and usage pattern affects the fuel economy. Published fuel economy is subject to variation between jurisdiction due to variations in testing protocols.
One of the first studies to determine fuel economy in the United States was the [[Mobil Economy Run]], which was an event that took place every year from 1936 (except during [[World War II]]) to 1968. It was designed to provide real, efficient [[fuel efficiency]] numbers during a coast-to-coast test on real roads and with regular traffic and weather conditions. The [[Mobil]] Oil Corporation sponsored it and the [[United States Auto Club]] (USAC) sanctioned and operated the run. In more recent studies, the average fuel economy for new passenger car in the United States improved from 17 mpg (13.8 L/100 km) in 1978 to more than 22 mpg (10.7 L/100 km) in 1982.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=
The average{{efn|Specifically, the production-weighted [[harmonic mean]]}} fuel economy for new 2020 model year cars, light trucks and SUVs in the United States was {{convert|25.4|mpgus|L/100 km}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report |url=https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report |website=US EPA |access-date=30 November 2021 |language=en |date=November 2021}}</ref> 2019 model year cars (ex. EVs) classified as "midsize" by the US EPA ranged from 12 to 56 mpg<sub>US</sub> (20 to 4.2 L/100 km)<ref name=2019_epa_BestandWorst>{{cite web|title=2019 Best and Worst Fuel Economy Vehicles|url=https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/best-worst.shtml|publisher=US EPA|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> However, due to environmental concerns caused by CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, new EU regulations are being introduced to reduce the average emissions of cars sold beginning in 2012, to 130 g/km of CO<sub>2</sub>, equivalent to 4.5 L/100 km (52 mpg<sub>US</sub>, 63 mpg<sub>imp</sub>) for a diesel-fueled car, and 5.0 L/100 km (47 mpg<sub>US</sub>, 56 mpg<sub>imp</sub>) for a gasoline (petrol)-fueled car.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en.htm Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars – Policies – Climate Action – European Commission]. Ec.europa.eu (9 December 2010). Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref>
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The average fuel economy for all vehicles on the road is higher in Europe than the United States because the higher cost of fuel changes [[consumer behaviour]]. In the UK, a gallon of gas without tax would cost US$1.97, but with taxes cost US$6.06 in 2005. The average cost in the United States was US$2.61.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0826/p01s03-woeu.html|title=Gas prices too high? Try Europe.|date=26 August 2005|journal=Christian Science Monitor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918025725/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0826/p01s03-woeu.html|archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>
European-built cars are generally more fuel-efficient than US vehicles. While Europe has many higher efficiency diesel cars, European gasoline vehicles are on average also more efficient than gasoline-powered vehicles in the USA. Most European vehicles cited in the CSI study run on diesel engines, which tend to achieve greater fuel efficiency than gas engines. Selling those cars in the United States is difficult because of emission standards, notes Walter McManus, a fuel economy expert at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. "For the most part, European diesels don’t meet U.S. emission standards", McManus said in 2007. Another reason why many European models are not marketed in the United States is that labor unions object to having the big 3 import any new foreign built models regardless of fuel economy while laying off workers at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17344368|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206112123/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17344368/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2014|title=U.S. 'stuck in reverse' on fuel economy|website=[[NBC News]] |date=28 February 2007}}</ref>
An example of European cars' capabilities of fuel economy is the [[microcar]] ''[[Smart Fortwo]]'' cdi, which can achieve up to 3.4 L/100 km (69.2 mpg US) using a [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] three-cylinder 41 bhp (30 kW) Diesel engine. The Fortwo is produced by [[Daimler AG]] and is only sold by one company in the United States. Furthermore, the world record in fuel economy of production cars is held by the [[Volkswagen Group]], with special production models (labeled "3L") of the [[Volkswagen Lupo#Lupo 3L|Volkswagen Lupo]] and the [[Audi A2#1.2 TDI "3L"|Audi A2]], consuming as little as {{convert|3|L/100 km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/consumer/autos/mareview/mauto497.htm|title=VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy}}</ref>{{clarify|Is this still true after Dieselgate?|date=July 2019}}
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The extra-urban driving cycle or EUDC lasts 400 seconds (6 minutes 40 seconds) at an average speed 62.6 km/h (39 mph) and a top speed of 120 km/h (74.6 mph).<ref>[http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514269543/html/x787.html Vehicle test cycles]. Herkules.oulu.fi. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref>
EU fuel consumption numbers are often considerably lower than corresponding US EPA test results for the same vehicle. For example, the 2011 [[Honda CR-Z]] with a six-speed manual transmission is rated 6.1/4.4 L/100 km in Europe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honda.de/cars/world-of-honda/news-events.html|title=News & Events|website=www.honda.de|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> and 7.6/6.4 L/100 km (31/37 mpg ) in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/Spec_Glance.aspx?year=2011&make=Honda&model=CR-Z|title=2011 Honda CR-Z Specs and Features|accessdate=2 May 2023}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In the European Union advertising has to show [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>)-emission and fuel consumption data in a clear way as described in the UK Statutory Instrument 2004 No 1661.<ref>[http://www.vca.gov.uk/additional/files/fcb--co2/enforcement-on-advertising/vca061.pdf Guidance notes and examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413221042/http://www.vca.gov.uk/additional/files/fcb--co2/enforcement-on-advertising/vca061.pdf |date=13 April 2008 }}. (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref> Since September 2005 a color-coded "Green Rating" sticker has been available in the UK, which rates fuel economy by CO<sub>2</sub> emissions: A: <= 100 g/km, B: 100–120, C: 121–150, D: 151–165, E: 166–185, F: 186–225, and G: 226+. Depending on the type of fuel used, for gasoline A corresponds to about {{convert|4.1|L/100 km|abbr=on|lk=off }} and G about {{convert|9.5|L/100 km|abbr=on|lk=off }}.<ref>[http://www.dft.gov.uk/actonco2/index.php?q=fuel_economy_sticker Fuel Economy Label] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814112511/http://www.dft.gov.uk/ActOnCO2/index.php?q=fuel_economy_sticker |date=14 August 2008 }}. Dft.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref> Ireland has a very similar label, but the ranges are slightly different, with A: <= 120 g/km, B: 121–140, C: 141–155, D: 156–170, E: 171–190, F: 191–225, and G: 226+.<ref>[http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/VehicleLabelling/ Vehicle Labelling] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080707012035/http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/VehicleLabelling/ |date=7 July 2008 }}. Environ.ie (1 July 2008). Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref> From 2020, EU requires manufacturers to average 95 g/km {{CO2}} emission or less, or pay an [[Fine (penalty)|excess emissions premium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (Text with EEA relevance.) |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631 |publisher=[[European Union]] |language=en |date=25 April 2019 |quote=Annex 1, Part A.6 NEDC2020, Fleet Target is 95 g/km. (45) Manufacturers whose average specific emissions of CO2 exceed those permitted under this Regulation should pay an excess emissions premium with respect to each calendar year.}}</ref>
In the UK the ASA (Advertising standards agency) have claimed that fuel consumption figures are misleading. Often the case with European vehicles as the MPG (miles per gallon) figures that can be advertised are often not the same as "real world" driving.
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====Federal and state regulations====
The [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] of 1970 prohibited states from establishing their own air pollution standards. However, the legislation authorized the EPA to grant a waiver to California, allowing the state to set higher standards.<ref name=NYTApril18>{{cite news |title=Calling car pollution standards 'too high,' EPA sets up fight with California |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=2 April 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/climate/trump-auto-emissions-rules.html}}</ref> The law provides a “piggybacking” provision that allows other states to adopt vehicle emission limits that are the same as California's.<ref name=ELQSept03>{{cite journal |last=Giovinazzo |first=Christopher |date=September 2003 |title=California's Global Warming Bill: Will Fuel Economy Preemption Curb California's Air Pollution Leadership |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1735&context=elq |journal=Ecology Law Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=901–902}}</ref> California's waivers were routinely granted until 2007, when the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]] rejected the state's bid to adopt global warming pollution limits for cars and light trucks.<ref name=NYTDec07>{{cite news |title=EPA Denies California's Emissions Waiver |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=19 December 2007 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/washington/20epa-web.html}}</ref> California and 15 other states that were trying to put in place the same emissions standards sued in response.<ref name=WaPoJan08>{{cite news |title=California Sues EPA Over Emissions Rules |first=Keith |last=Richburg |date=3 January 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/02/AR2008010202833.html}}</ref> The case was tied up in court until the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] reversed the policy in 2009 by granting the waiver.<ref name=GTMJune09>{{cite news |title=EPA grants California emissions waiver |first=Ucilia |last=Wang |date=30 June 2009 |work=Greentech Media |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/epa-grants-california-emissions-waiver}}</ref>
In August 2012, President Obama announced new standards for American-made automobiles of an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the year 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-MPG-fuel-efficiency-standard|title=Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards|date=28 August 2012|publisher=White House|language=en|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shifting Gears|last=Fraser|first=Laura|date=Winter 2012–2013|work=NRDC's OnEarth|page=63}}</ref> In April 2018, EPA Administrator [[Scott Pruitt]] announced that the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] planned to roll back the 2012 federal standards and would also seek to curb California's authority to set its own standards.<ref name=NYTApril18 /> Although the Trump administration was reportedly considering a compromise to allow state and national standards to stay in place,<ref name=NYT2018>{{cite news |title=Quietly, Trump officials and California seek deal on emissions |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=5 April 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/climate/trump-california-emissions.html}}</ref> on 21 February 2019 the White House declared that it had abandoned these negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Anna M. |title=Trump administration confirms it has ended fuel-economy talks with California |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-california-fuel-economy-trump-20190220-story.html |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A government report subsequently found that, in 2019, new light-duty vehicle fuel economy fell 0.2 miles per gallon (to 24.9 miles per gallon) and pollution increased 3 grams per mile traveled (to 356 grams per mile). A decrease in fuel economy and an increase in pollution had not occurred for the previous five years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Associated Press|date=6 January 2021|title=For first time in 5 years, US gas mileage down, emissions up|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/01/06/for-first-time-in-5-years-us-gas-mileage-down-emissions-up|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref> The Obama-era rule was officially rolled back on 31 March 2020 during the Trump administration,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-rollback-mileage-standards-guts-151423701.html|title=Trump rollback of mileage standards guts climate change push|website=Yahoo News|date=31 March 2020 |accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> but the rollback was reversed on 20 December 2021 during the Biden administration.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Alexander|last2=D'Angelo|first2=Chris|date=20 December 2021|title=EPA Reverses Trump's Fuel Mileage Rules On New Cars|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/epa-reverses-trump-fuel-mileage-rules_n_61c0b34de4b061afe395ec7f|access-date=20 December 2021|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>
== Fuel economy of trucks ==
Trucks are usually bought as an investment good. They are meant to earn money. As the Diesel fuel burnt in heavy trucks accounts for around 30%<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hilgers |first=Michael |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237865094 |title=Commercial Vehicle Technology: Fuel consumption and consumption optimization |date=2021 |others=Wilfried Achenbach |isbn=978-3-662-60841-8 |location=Berlin |oclc=1237865094}}</ref> of the total costs for a freight forwarding company there is always a lot of interest in both the haulage industry and the truck builder industry to strive for best fuel economy. For truck buyers the fuel economy measured by standard procedures is only a first guideline. Professional trucking companies measure the fuel economy of their trucks and truck fleets in real usage. Fuel economy of trucks in real usage is determined by four important factors:<ref name=":0" /> The truck technology that is constantly improved by the various OEMs. The driver's driving style contributes a lot to the real fuel economy (different from the test cycles where a standard driving style is used). The maintenance condition of the vehicle influences the fuel efficiency – again different from standardized procedures where the trucks are always presented in flawless condition. Last but not least the usage of the vehicle influences the fuel consumption: Hilly roads and heavy loads will increase the fuel consumption of a vehicle.
== Effect on pollution ==
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