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{{short description|Ethnic group of the Philippines}}
{{Distinguish|Ati people}}
{{redirect|Aeta|
{{Use Philippine English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
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|group = Aeta
|native_name = {{Plainlist|
*{{lang|tl|
*{{lang|pam|Áitâ}}}}
|image = Young Negrito girl, Mariveles, 1901.JPG
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|regions =
{{flag|Philippines}}
|languages = [[Philippine Negrito languages]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]]
|religions = [[Christianity]], [[Anito]], [[folk religions]]
| related = [[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]], [[Manobo people|Manobo]], [[Mamanwa people|Mamanwa]]; other [[Negrito|Negrito peoples]]
}}
'''Aeta''' (Ayta {{IPAc-en|'|aɪ|t|ə}} {{respell|EYE|tə}}), '''Agta''' and '''Dumagat''', are collective terms for several [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|indigenous
Aeta communities were historically nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]]s, typically consisting of approximately 1 to 5 families per mobile group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allingham |first=R. Rand |date=December 2008 |title=Assessment of Visual Status of the Aeta, a Hunter-Gatherer Population of the Philippines (An AOS Thesis) |journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society |volume=106 |pages=240–251 |issn=0065-9533 |pmc=2646443 |pmid=19277240}}</ref> Groups under the "Aeta" umbrella term are normally referred to after their geographic locations or their common languages.<ref name="Reid"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balilla |first1=Vincent S. |last2=Anwar McHenry |first2=Julia |last3=McHenry |first3=Mark P. |last4=Parkinson |first4=Riva Marris |last5=Banal |first5=Danilo T. |date=2013 |title=Indigenous Aeta Magbukún Self-Identity, Sociopolitical Structures, and Self-Determination at the Local Level in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Anthropology |volume=2013 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1155/2013/391878 |issn=2090-4045|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=From forest to field: a study of Philippine Negrito foragers in transition |publisher=University Microfilms |date=1989 |place=Ann Arbor, Mich. |language=en |first=Navin K |last=Rai |oclc=416933818}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=P. Bion |date=2001 |title=A Small Exhibit on the Agta and Their Future |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=515–518 |doi=10.1525/aa.2001.103.2.515 |issn=1548-1433}}</ref>
==Etymology==
[[File:Adult negrito man and woman of Mt. Mariveles with Dean C. Worcester (1906).png|thumb|Adult Aeta man and woman with [[Dean Conant Worcester|Dean C. Worcester]], 1906]]
[[File:Een jonge Aeta man, Filippijnen, KITLV 30568.tiff|thumb|A young Aeta man, circa pre-1930]]
The [[endonym]]s of most of the various Aeta peoples are derived from [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] ''*ʔa(R)ta'' (also reconstructed as ''*qata'' or ''*ʔata'') meaning "[dark skinned] person." This is in contrast to the other terms for "person" in other Philippine (and [[Oceanic languages|Oceanian]]) groups derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ''*tau'' (e.g. [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''tao''), which refers to lighter-skinned groups with majority [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] descent. [[Lawrence A. Reid]] wrote that ''*ʔa(R)ta'' may have originally been the Negrito word for "person" in [[Northern Luzon]], but was adopted into [[Austronesian languages]] with the meaning of "dark-skinned person", after the arrival of Austronesian migrants to the Philippines from Taiwan. A common [[folk etymology]] is that the name "Aeta" is derived from ''itom'' or ''itim'' meaning, "black", but this is incorrect.<ref name="Reid">{{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Lawrence A. |title=Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language |journal=Human Biology |date=2013 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=329–58 |doi=10.3378/027.085.0316 |pmid=24297232 |s2cid=8341240 |url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/15 |access-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305141508/http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Himes">{{cite journal |last1=Himes |first1=Ronald S. |title=The Relationship of Umiray Dumaget to Other Philippine Languages |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2002 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=275–294 |doi=10.2307/3623311 |jstor=3623311}}</ref>
The term "Dumagat" or "Dumaget" is an [[exonym]] meaning "[people] from [[Magat River]]."
Other exonyms of the Aeta are more derogatory. These include ''baluga'' ("half-breed") and ''pugot'' ("head-hunter").<ref name="Reid"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Thomas N. Headland |author2=John D. Early |title=Population Dynamics of a Philippine Rain Forest People: The San Ildefonso Agta |date=March 1, 1998 |publisher=University Press of Florida |pages=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doR0QgAACAAJ |isbn=9780813015552 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816182559/https://books.google.com/books?id=doR0QgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Aeta themselves call non-Negrito groups with various names that reflect their ancient relationships with Austronesians. These include names like ''ugsin'', ''ugdin'', ''ogden'', or ''uldin'' ("red"); ''putî'' or ''pute'' ("white"); ''unat'' ("straight-haired"); or ''agani'' ("[rice] harvester").<ref name="Reid"/>
==Definition==
[[File:
[[File:0235Baliuag, Bulacan Town Proper 09.jpg|thumb|Aeta child in Baliwag in 2021]]
Aeta (also Ayta, Áitâ, Ita, Alta, Arta, Atta, or Agta) is a collective term. Although commonly thought of as a single group, it is in reality composed of several ethnic groups that share similar hunter-gatherer lifestyles and physical features. They are usually divided into three main groups: the Aeta from [[Central Luzon]]; the Agta of Southeastern Luzon; and the Dumagat (also spelled Dumaget) of Eastern Luzon. These divisions, however, are arbitrary, and the three names can be used interchangeably. They are also commonly confused with the [[Ati people]] of the [[Visayas Islands]].<ref name="Reid"/><ref name="Reid2"/><ref name="McHenry2013">{{cite journal |last1=McHenry |first1=Mark P. |last2=Anwar-McHenry |first2=Julia |last3=Balilla |first3=Vincent S. |last4=Parkinson |first4=Riva Marris |title=The Indigenous Aetas of Bataan, Philippines: Extraordinary genetic origins, modern history and land rights: Indigenous Aetas of Bataan origins and rights |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |date=November 2013 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=292–306 |doi=10.1111/sjtg.12038 |url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/14608/ |hdl=20.500.11937/44601 |hdl-access=free |access-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128003337/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/14608/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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:*Alabat Agta (also [[Alabat Island]] Agta) – [[Quezon province|Quezon]]
:*Agta Cimarron – [[Camarines Sur]]
:*Manide (also Abiyan Agta or Camarines Norte Agta) – [[Camarines Norte]], Quezon
:*Rinconada Agta (also Iriga Agta) – [[Camarines Sur]]
:*Tabangnon (also Partido Agta, Katabangan, Katubung, or Isarog Agta) – [[Sorsogon]], [[Quezon province|Quezon]], [[Camarines Sur]]
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:*Madella Dumagat – [[Quirino province|Quirino]]
:*Sinauna Tagalog (also Remontado Dumagat) – [[Rizal province|Rizal]], [[Quezon province|Quezon]]
:*Umiray Dumagat – [[Quezon province|Quezon]], Aurora
==History==
=== Origins ===
{{Main|Negrito}}
{{See also|Peopling of Southeast Asia|History of the Philippines (pre-1521)}}
[[File:Aetas, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg|thumb|left|Aetas as illustrated in ''[[Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas]]'', 1734. The caption in Spanish describes them as "wild men of the mountains".]]
[[File:Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People.jpg|thumb|The genetic relationship of
The Aeta people in the Philippines are generally grouped together with the wider [[Negrito]] population cluster of Southeast Asia, such as the [[Semang]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]], or the [[Andamanese people]]. The
[[File:A LUZON NEGRITO WITH SPEAR.jpg|thumb|180px|An Aeta man with [[scarification|scarified]] [[Philippine tattoos|tattoos]] (c.1885)]]
The Aeta are the descendants of the same early "East-Eurasian" meta-population, which also gave rise to modern East Asians and Australasians, among other populations of the Asia-Pacific region. The earliest [[modern human]] migrations into the Philippine islands were during the [[Paleolithic]], around 40,000 years ago, followed by two other migration waves between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago, through the [[Sundaland]] [[land bridges]] that linked the islands with the Asian mainland. The latest migration wave is associated with the [[Austronesian peoples]] (c. 7,000 years ago) from [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]].<ref name="Jinam"/><ref name="Larena e2026132118"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/9/8/2013/3952725 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
Many modern Aeta display significant Austronesian admixture (~10% to 30%) due to population contact and mixing after the arrival of Austronesians. The modern Aeta speak Austronesian languages, although with a high number of non-Austronesian vocabulary, and follow a syncretic cultural practices, incorporating many Austronesian elements into their traditional culture. Conversely, other Austronesian Filipino ethnic groups, not traditionally considered Negritos, also have Negrito admixture (~10 to 20%), highlighting mutual contact and influence. Aetas are most closely related to the [[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] people of [[Palawan]].<ref name="Lipson2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lipson M, Loh PR, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Ko YC, Stoneking M, Berger B, Reich D | display-authors = 6 |title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4689 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25137359 |pmc=4143916 |doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4689L | access-date = January 21, 2019 | archive-date = January 21, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232530/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Jinam">{{cite journal |last1=Jinam |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Phipps |first2=Maude E. |last3=Aghakhanian |first3=Farhang |last4=Majumder |first4=Partha P. |last5=Datar |first5=Francisco |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Sawai |first7=Hiromi |last8=Nishida |first8=Nao |last9=Tokunaga |first9=Katsushi |last10=Kawamura |first10=Shoji |last11=Omoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |title=Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=August 2017 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=2013–2022 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evx118 |pmid=28854687 |pmc=5597900}}</ref>
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A recent study in 2021 analyzing [[Archaic admixture|archaic ancestry]] in 118 Philippine ethnic groups discovered an independent admixture event into Philippine [[Negritos]] from [[Denisovans]]. The Ayta Magbukon in particular were found to possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world (between 3-9%), which is about ~30%–40% higher than the amount observed among [[Australopapuan|Australo-Papuans]], suggesting that distinct Islander Denisovan populations existed in the Philippines, which admixed with modern humans after their arrival. At the same time, [[Central Luzon]] Negritos such as the Ayta Magbukon and Ayta Ambala were also found to have the least amount of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian-derived]]) ancestry of all sampled Philippine ethnic groups, at ~10%–20%.<ref name="Larena"/>
=== Colonial era contacts and responses===
Unlike many
According to Spanish observers like [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], Negritos possessed iron tools and weapons. Their speed and accuracy with a bow and arrow were proverbial and they were fearsome warriors. Unwary travelers or field workers were often easy targets. Despite their martial prowess, however, the Aeta's small numbers, primitive economy and lack of organization often made them easy prey for better-organized groups. [[Zambals]] seeking people to enslave would often take advantage of their internal feuding. They were often enslaved and sold to Borneo and China, and, unlike the serf feudal system (''[[alipin]]'') imposed on other Filipinos, there was little chance of [[manumission]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=William |title=Barangay |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila |location=Manila, Philippines |pages=252–256}}</ref>
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Some Aeta communities have received government land titles recognizing their claims to their ancestral lands.
A total of 454 Aeta families in Floridablanca, Pampanga, received their Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) on May 27, 2009. The title covers about 7,440 hectares in San Marcelino and Brgy. Batiawan in Zambales and barangays Mawakat and Nabuklod in Floridablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First clean ancestral domain title for Aetas awarded |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/05/29/09/first-clean-ancestral-domain-title-aetas-awarded |last=Teves |first=Ma Althea |date=May 31, 2009 |website=ABS-CBN News |language=en |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=June 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629031226/http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/05/29/09/first-clean-ancestral-domain-title-aetas-awarded |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first time clean ancestral domain titles were distributed by the [[National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)|National Commission on Indigenous Peoples]] (NCIP).
A
The Aeta Abellen community of Sitio Maporac, Barangay New San Juan, Cabangan, Zambales, received the first Philippine's first Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) on March 8, 1996. The CADT was acquired 16 years later in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Case Studies: Maalagay Dogal/Matilo, Philippines |url=http://www.iccaregistry.org/en/explore/Philippines/maalagay-dogalmatilo |date=March 2013 |website=ICCA Registry |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805133313/https://www.iccaregistry.org/en/explore/Philippines/maalagay-dogalmatilo |url-status=live }}</ref>
On May 31, 2022, 848 Aeta families belonging to the Ayta Mag-indi and Ayta Mag-antsi groups were issued their CADT by the NCIP, after the title was approved in 2009. The CADT covers the Pampanga towns of Camias, Diaz, Inararo, Villa Maria and Sapang Uwak in Porac; Sapang Bato in Angeles City; and parts of Floridablanca. The CADT also includes San Marcelino town in Zambales.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-01 |title=After 13 years, Pampanga Aetas get title to ancestral domain |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1604926/after-13-years-pampanga-aetas-get-title-to-ancestral-domain |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>
Dumagat-Remontado communities inhabit the Sierra Madre mountain range in [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] and [[Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Remontados of the Sierra Madre Mountains |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/northern-cultural-communities/the-remontados-of-the-sierra-madre-mountains/ |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304072023/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/northern-cultural-communities/the-remontados-of-the-sierra-madre-mountains/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madarang |first=Catalina Ricci S. |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Calls to preserve Sierra Madre mountain range renewed after 'Ulysses' onslaught |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2020/11/19/180800/calls-to-preserve-sierra-madre-mountain-range-renewed-after-ulysses-onslaught/ |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Interaksyon |language=en-US |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611095837/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2020/11/19/180800/calls-to-preserve-sierra-madre-mountain-range-renewed-after-ulysses-onslaught/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their ancestral domain claims cover parts of the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Leilani |date=November 5, 2019 |title=A Philippine tribe that defeated a dam prepares to fight its reincarnation |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/a-philippine-tribe-that-defeated-a-dam-prepares-to-fight-its-reincarnation/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615125308/https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/a-philippine-tribe-that-defeated-a-dam-prepares-to-fight-its-reincarnation/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Euden |date=April 10, 2021 |title=Antipolo Dumagats hope new 31,000-tree reforestation project takes root |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2021/04/10/2090199/antipolo-dumagats-hope-new-31000-tree-reforestation-project-takes-root |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Philstar |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410132134/https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2021/04/10/2090199/antipolo-dumagats-hope-new-31000-tree-reforestation-project-takes-root }}</ref>▼
▲Dumagat-Remontado communities inhabit the Sierra Madre mountain range in [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] and [[Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Remontados of the Sierra Madre Mountains |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/northern-cultural-communities/the-remontados-of-the-sierra-madre-mountains/ |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304072023/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/northern-cultural-communities/the-remontados-of-the-sierra-madre-mountains/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madarang |first=Catalina Ricci S. |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Calls to preserve Sierra Madre mountain range renewed after 'Ulysses' onslaught |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2020/11/19/180800/calls-to-preserve-sierra-madre-mountain-range-renewed-after-ulysses-onslaught/ |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Interaksyon |language=en-US |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611095837/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2020/11/19/180800/calls-to-preserve-sierra-madre-mountain-range-renewed-after-ulysses-onslaught/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their ancestral domain claims cover parts of the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Leilani |date=November 5, 2019 |title=A Philippine tribe that defeated a dam prepares to fight its reincarnation |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/a-philippine-tribe-that-defeated-a-dam-prepares-to-fight-its-reincarnation/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615125308/https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/a-philippine-tribe-that-defeated-a-dam-prepares-to-fight-its-reincarnation/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Euden |date=April 10, 2021 |title=Antipolo Dumagats hope new 31,000-tree reforestation project takes root |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2021/04/10/2090199/antipolo-dumagats-hope-new-31000-tree-reforestation-project-takes-root |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2021 |website=Philstar |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410132134/https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2021/04/10/2090199/antipolo-dumagats-hope-new-31000-tree-reforestation-project-takes-root }}</ref> A CADT was issued to Dumagat families in Gabaldon town, Nueva Ecija, in December 2021.<ref name=":2" />
Nevertheless, Aeta communities face difficulties in getting ancestral domain titles. Aetas of Tarlac, for example, have failed to get titles for 18,000 hectares of land in Capas despite applications for CADT filed in 1999, 2014, and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torregoza |first=Hannah |date=December 11, 2019 |title=Hontiveros seeks Senate probe into alleged displacement of Aeta in New Clark City |url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/12/11/hontiveros-seeks-senate-probe-into-alleged-displacement-of-aeta-in-new-clark-city/ |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en-US |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816182529/https://mb.com.ph/2019/12/11/hontiveros-seeks-senate-probe-into-alleged-displacement-of-aeta-in-new-clark-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Lifestyle==
[[File:Washing of clothes traditionally cropped.
The Aeta are [[nomadic]] and build only temporary shelters made of sticks driven to the ground and covered with the palm of banana leaves. The more modernized Aetas have moved to villages and areas of cleared mountains. They live in houses made of bamboo and [[Imperata cylindrica|cogon grass]].
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[[File:Bosquejo del archipiélago filipino, 1885 "Negritos o Aetas" (3817431370).jpg|thumb|An artist's illustration of Aetas in 1885.]]
As [[hunter-gatherer]]s, adaptation plays an important role in Aeta communities to survive. This often includes gaining knowledge about the tropical forest that they live in, the typhoon cycles that travel through their area, and other seasonal weather changes that affect the behavior of the flora and fauna in their location.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Agta of northeastern Luzon : recent studies |
[[File:Negritos.png|thumb|Aeta hunters, as depicted in the [[Boxer Codex]] (c. 1595).]]
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==Language==
{{main|Aeta languages}}
All Aeta communities have adopted the [[Philippine languages|language of their Austronesian Filipino neighbors]], which have sometimes diverged over time to become different languages.<ref>Reid, Lawrence. 1987. "The early switch hypothesis". Man and Culture in Oceania, 3 Special Issue: 41-59.</ref> These include, in order of number of speakers, [[Mag-indi language|Mag-indi]], [[Mag-antsi language|Mag-antsi]], [[Abellen language|Abellen]], [[Ambala language|Ambala]], and [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]]. The second languages they speak are [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[tagalog language|Tagalog]]; Kapampangan in Central Luzon, Ilocano in Cagayan Valley and northern areas of Central Luzon, and Tagalog in Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and other areas of Luzon.
==Religion==
[[File:Aetas on stage.jpg|thumb|right|Aetas performing on stage at a shopping center.]]
[[File:Dumagat Rain Dance (City of SJDM) 06.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A Dumagat [[rain dance]] in [[San Jose del Monte]], 2023.]]
===Indigenous monotheistic religion===
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===Christianity===
In the mid-1960s, missionaries of the American-based [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Protestant]] mission group [[New Tribes Mission]], in their effort to reach every Philippine tribal group with the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Gospel]], reached out to the Agtas/Aetas. The mission agency provided education, including pastoral training for natives to reach members of their own tribe. Today, a large percentage of Agtas/Aetas of Zambales and Pampanga are [[Evangelicals]]. [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] also have members
==Clothing==
Their traditional clothing is very plain. The young women wear wrap around skirts. Elder women wear bark cloth, while elder men wear loin cloths. The old women of the Agta wear a bark cloth strip which passes between the legs, and is attached to a string around the waist. Today, most Aeta who have been in contact with lowlanders have adopted the T-shirts, pants and rubber sandals commonly used by the latter.
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Aeta women are known around the country as experts of the [[herbal medicine]]s.
Among the Aeta community in Ilagan, Isabela for example, banana leaves are used to cure toothache. They also bathe themselves with cooled-down water boiled with camphor leaves (''subusob'') to help alleviate fever, or they make herbal teas out of the camphor leaves that they then drink thrice a day if the fever and cold still persist. For muscle pains, they drink herbal teas extracted from ''kalulong'' leaves and have the patient take it thrice a day. In order to prevent relapse after giving birth, women also bathe themselves in cooled-down water boiled with ''sahagubit'' roots. The drinking of ''sahagubit'' herbal tea is likewise recommended to deworm Aeta children, or generally to alleviate stomachache. For birth control purposes, Aeta women drink wine made out of ''lukban'' (pomelo) root. They are, however, not advised to drink herbal tea from ''makahiya'' extract even if it's also used to elevate stomachache problems due to the belief that it will cause abortion. The idea behind this is that like the closing of ''makahiya'' leaves once touched, the womb may also close once the ''makahiya'' touches it. The Aeta in Isabela also recommend drinking herbal tea out of wormwood (''herbaca)'' leaves or stem to address women's irregular menstrual cycle. They take herbal teas from lemon grass (''barbaraniw'') extract thrice a day to normalize blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern psychology and ancient wisdom : psychological healing practices from the world's religious traditions |
If the illness persists even after continuous drinking of recommended herbal medicine, that's when they seek the help of an ''herbolario'' (or soothsayer). They do so because the Aeta believe that their illnesses are caused by a spirit that they may have offended, in which case herbal medicines or medical doctors won't be able to address. In order to appease the spirits, they ask the ''herbolario'' to perform a ritual called ''ud- udung''. In this ritual, the ''herbolario'' places rice or raw eggs on the patient's forehead first to determine what causes the illness and repeats this several times to confirm. After the ''herbolario'' is satisfied, the patient will be asked to bathe with ricewash, and then to offer food to appease the offended spirit.<ref name="Mijares, Sharon Grace, 1942">{{Cite book |title=Modern psychology and ancient wisdom : psychological healing practices from the world's religious traditions |last=Mijares
The Aeta communities take pride in their use of herbal medicines and their own natural ways of curing the sick. Finding their main source of herbal medicines in their habitat rather than buying costly medicines, emphasizing the mutual relationship with the nature, also has a great attitudinal impact pertaining to sustainability approach and practices in healthcare.<ref name="Mijares, Sharon Grace, 1942"/>
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Over time, this egalitarian political structure was disturbed due to recurring contacts with the lowland Filipinos wherein the local officials and individuals they interact with forced Aeta communities to create government structure resembling those in the lowlands. At times, Aeta communities do organize themselves in government-like system with a ''Capitan'' (Captain), ''Conseyal'' (Council) and ''Policia'' (Police). But mostly, they resist such imposed organization. In particular, they refuse to appoint a chief (or a president) that will govern them although they do have one elder that takes the responsibility of leadership. This informal kind of government can also be found in their judicial process. When someone in their community did something wrong, they would deliberate about it, but more importantly, they do not talk about what kind of punishment they will hand to the wrong-doer. Instead, the deliberation is about understanding the motivation behind the action and prevent the consequence of the action from developing into something worse. Young men and women are excluded from the deliberation process. In this particular case, women are also largely excluded from the deliberation process even when they are allowed to attend the hearing or even when sometimes they can make their opinion about the problem. For the most part, women are not given room within the decision making process because the Aeta communities also follow a strict gender role where women are mostly expected take care of the children and the husband.<ref name=":1" />
== See also ==
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