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{{Short description|Chinese Catholic title for the Virgin Mary}}
{{Infobox Catholic apparition
|name = Our Lady of China<br><small>Nostra Domina de SinisSina<br>Our Lady of Donglü<br>{{lang|zh-hant|中 華 大 聖 母}} / {{lang|zh-hant|東 閭 聖 母}}</small>
|image = Our Lady of China MS.JPG
|caption = The Pontificallypontifically crowned image venerated in [[Chiayi]], [[Taiwan]], [[Republic of China]].
|size =
|location = [[Chiayi County]],<br>[[Taiwan (Republic of China)]]
|date = 1976
|type = Wooden image, bejewelled crown and scepter
|approval = [[Pope Francis]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|shrine = National Shrine of Our Lady of China, [[Meishan, Chiayi|Meishan]], [[Taiwan]]
|attributes = [[Madonna and Child]] wearing Chinese imperial regalia
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}}
 
'''Our Lady of China, the Great Mother''' ([[Latin]]: ''Nostra Domina de Sinis, Magna MaterSina'') ({{lang-zh|t=中華大聖母|s=中华大圣母|first=t|p=Jhōnghuá Da Shèngmǔ}}), also known as '''Our Lady of Donglü''' ({{lang-zh|t=東閭聖母|s=东闾圣母|first=t|p=Dōnglǘ Shèngmǔ|links=no}}), is a [[Roman Catholic]] title of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] associated with a purportedreputed [[Marian apparition]] in [[BaodingDonglü]], China]] in 1900.
 
[[Pope Pius XI]] declared the Marian title a national shrine in [[Donglu]] in 1937. [[Pope Francis]] granted aan Pontificalofficial decree of [[canonical coronation]] on 19 February 2021 towards a Marian image venerated at the ''National Shrine of Our Lady of China'' in [[Chiayi County]], [[Taiwan (Republic of China)|Taiwan, Republic of China]]. The rite of coronation was
executed on 14 August 2022.{{efn|FranciscusPope Francis, PapamCongregation —for Divine CongregatioWorship deand Cultuthe DivinoDiscipline etof Disciplinathe SacramentorumSacraments — PrænotandaProtocol NumerorumNumber: 464/20, 19 February 2021. [[Vatican Secret Archives]].}}
 
==History==
===In BaodingHebei, China===
[[File:Our Lady of China.jpg|thumb|The original statue image of "Our Lady of China" or "Our Lady of Donglü" ({{lang|zh-hant|東閭聖母}}) constructed in Yaoyang, [[Hebei]] province, destroyed in 1966 during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. A similar painting was reconstructed in 1989 now in its place. ]]
 
During the [[Boxer Rebellion]], a great number of soldiers attacked the village of [[Donglü]], Baoding, Hebei. The village consisted of a small community of Christians founded by the [[Congregation of the Mission|Vincentian Order]] of priests. Pious legends claim that the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] appeared in white, andwith a fiery horseman (believed to be [[Saint Michael the Archangel]]) who chased away the soldiers.
 
The local [[Catholic priest]], Father Rene Flament of the [[Congregation of the Mission]] hired a local French painter in Shanghai to make a Marian statue similar to the Chinese dowager Empress [[Ci Xi]]. This image was based in the Marian image of “Our Lady of Laeken” venerated in the [[Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] in [[Brussels]], Belgium. The Donglu statue was later destroyed in 1966 during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Nevertheless, Donglu became a place of pilgrimage in 1924.
 
Accordingly, Donglu became a place of pilgrimage in 1924. The image was blessed and promulgated by [[Pope Pius XI]] issuedin a1928.<ref>[http://www.dominicansmacau.org/?p=2280 decree"Our ''QuodLady, TeQueen Delegimus'of China", St Dominic's onPriory, 20Macau]</ref> JanuaryAt the close of the 1924 whichShanghai designatedSynod of Bishops in China, the first national conference of bishops in the country, the [[Apostolic Chancellor]] of China, Cardinal [[Celso Costantini]] to convokeas the firstApostolic Synod of BishopsDelegate in ShanghaiChina, China.along Thiswith first national conference withall the bishops of China, consecrated the Chinese people to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The[[Pope samePius PopeXII]] favoreddesignated the devotionfeast today thisas veneratedan titleofficial feast of the Catholic liturgical calendar in 19281941.<ref name=Kung>[http://www.dominicansmacaucardinalkungfoundation.org/?p=2280pm/PMourladyofchina.php "Our Lady, Queen of China", StThe Dominic'sCardinal Priory,Kung MacauFoundation]</ref> He later approved the formal request of the latter Apostolic Delegate to China, Bishop [[Mario Zanin]] an official Marian title with a designated national shrine in [[Donglu]] in 1937.
 
In 1973, the Chinese Bishops' national conference in [[Shanghai]], upon approval from the Holy See, placed the feast day on the [[vigil]] (day preceding) of [[Mothers Day]] (the second Sunday of May).<ref name=Kung/>▼
[[Pope Pius XII]] designated the feast day as an official feast of the Catholic liturgical calendar in 1941.<ref name=Kung>[http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/pm/PMourladyofchina.php "Our Lady of China", The Cardinal Kung Foundation]</ref>
 
In 1989, a painted canvas of the same Madonna with Child Jesus dressed in golden imperial robes was recreated, now enshrined at the altar of the “Our Lady of Donglu” parish.
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===In the United States of America===
[[File:Israel Nazareth7 tango7174.jpg|thumb|upright|An image of the [[Madonna and child]] as ''Queen of China'' (Latin: Regina Sinarum) displayed at the [[Basilica of the Annunciation]] in [[Nazareth]]. ]]
InOn 22 January 1982, an American shrine dedicated to the namesake Marian title was erected in [[Rockville, Maryland]], United States under the auspices of the former [[Archbishop of Washington]], Cardinal [[James Aloysius Hickey]]. The Catholic shrine serves as a pastoral mission to the Chinese peoples.
 
===In the Republic of China===
Alternatively in 1976, another Marian statue was reconstructed in [[Taiwan]], now venerated in the “National Shrine of Our Lady of China”, a parish which was originally constructed in 1913.▼
 
In 1973, the [[Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference of Taiwan]], upon approval from the Holy See, placed the feast day on the [[vigil]] (day preceding) of [[Mothers Day]] (the second Sunday of May).<ref name=Kung/>
 
▲Alternatively in 1976, another Marian statue was reconstructed in [[Taiwan]], now venerated in the “National Shrine of Our Lady of China”, a parish which was originally constructed in 1913.
 
In 2020, the now Archbishop of Taipei, [[Thomas Chung An-Zu]] requested a formal coronation for the Marian image, which was granted and merited a decree of pontifical coronation from [[Pope Francis]] on 19 February 2021. The official decree was released to the Taiwanese media on 2 March 2021. The image was crowned on 14 August 2022.
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===In Shanghai, China===
The namesake Marian title is also honored by its Marian devotees as a variant name for the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] of “[[Mary, Help of Christians]]” venerated at the [[Sheshan Basilica]] for [[communist]]—nationalist sentiments. Though the stylistic iconographies of both images of the enshrined Marian images differ.
 
▲In 1973, the Chinese Bishops' national conference in [[Shanghai]], upon approval from the Holy See, placed the feast day on the [[vigil]] (day preceding) of [[Mothers Day]] (the second Sunday of May).<ref name=Kung/>
 
Since 2014, a namesake image was enshrined at the [[St. Ignatius Cathedral|national Cathedral of Shanghai]]. The Marian image was created by the renowned Spaniard sculptor Antonio Jesús Yuste y Navarro (recipient of the 8th ''La Hornacina'' Award of Spain).
 
To date, the Donglu shrine in [[Baoding]] and the Sheshan Basilica in [[Shanghai]] are the only two designated national shrines by the [[Holy Office]] in China.
 
==The Order of the Sisters of Our Lady of China==
[[File:Ignatius Cardina Tin.jpg|thumb|The first [[Asian]] Cardinal, the former [[Archbishop of Peking]], [[Thomas Tien Ken-sin]]. ]]
An Order of missionary [[Catholic nun]]s with the namesake title was founded by the former [[Archbishop of Peking]], Cardinal [[Thomas Tien Ken-sin]] in [[Shandong, China]] in 23 December 1938. The [[Holy Office]] issued a decree which approved their congregation in 23 December 1940.
 
After the [[Second World War]], the nuns moved to the [[Republic of China]] in 1952. They later obtained a parcel of land and constructed their own motherhouse [[convent]] in [[Chiayi, Taiwan]] in the Marian year of 1954. The Order presently operates in the mainland of China, the island of Taiwan, and [[Australia]].
 
==Marian cult and veneration==
[[File:NostraSignoraLaeken 12.jpg|thumb|The Marian image venerated in the [[Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] in [[Brussels]], where the Donglu image was patterned on. [[Pope Pius XI]] crowned this image on 17 May 1936. ]]
In 2002, aA namesake [[mosaic]] wasis enshrineddisplayed at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in Washington D.C., Unitedestablished States.in 2002.<ref>[http://www.nationalshrine.com/site/c.osJRKVPBJnH/b.4953557/k.7180/Upper_Church_Floor_Plan.htm Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate conception]</ref>▼
 
During the 1960s, political controversyControversy arose due to the Marian iconography allegedly having syncretist associations to the Buddhist goddess [[Kuan Yin]] and not being officially sanctioned by the [[Holy Office]] for religious propagation. Adding more political issues, thea formerChinese [[Archbishop of Peking]]cardinal, Cardinal [[Thomas Tien KenKeng-sin]]Hsin, sanctioned this variant image for a religious prayer card for the persecuted in China, and was widely promoted in America and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq2/yq328.html |title="Our Lady of China", The Marian Library, University of Dayton |access-date=2014-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071334/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq2/yq328.html |archive-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Efn|Several churches, chapels, and pastoral centers around the world, predominantly those focused on ministry to [[Chinese language|Chinese-speaking]] [[Catholics]], have adopted the name, including a mission in [[Washington, D.C.]] St. Genevieve's Chinese Roman Catholic Church, Fresno, California also honors Our Lady of China. There is a Chapel of Our Lady of China in the Diocese of Brooklyn, New York.<ref>[http://www.olc.faithweb.com/ R.C. Our Lady of China Chapel]</ref>
 
In the Philippines where the Chinese and Chinese-Filipinos comprise the biggest ethnic community, the Santa Maria Parish of the Jesuit Fathers, located at the old Ateneo campus in Iloilo City, is the only church in the country dedicated to Our Lady of China that is duly recognized by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). The Archdiocesan Shrine of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in D. Jakosalem, Cebu City, still by the Jesuits, also houses an image of Our Lady of China. It used to be dedicated to this title of Our Lady until the patronage was changed to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Although Binondo in Manila is the country's Chinese capital, both the Minor Basilica of Saint Lorenzo Ruiz (Filipino Parish) and the Binondo Chinese Parish does not house an image of the Chinese Madonna (as clarified by representatives of both parishes). As of October 2020, images of Our Lady of China (sometimes referred to as Our Lady of Sheshan) can be found at the following Chinese-Filipino Catholic communities: Santa Maria- Our Lady of China Parish, Iloilo City; [[Ateneo de Iloilo]] - Santa Maria Catholic School, Iloilo City; Archdiocesan Shrine of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Cebu City; [[Sacred Heart School - Ateneo de Cebu]], Mandaue City; Saint Peter the Apostle Parish, Paco, Manila; Lorenzo Ruiz Mission Society Seminary, Manila; Saint Jude Catholic School ([[National Shrine of Saint Jude Thaddeus]]), Manila; St. Jude Thaddeus Parish, Legazpi City; Queen of Peace Parish, Bacolod City; Resurrection of the Lord Parish, Iligan City; and Our Lady of Lourdes Parish in Butuan City (P. Burgos Street).}}
 
Nevertheless, Pope Francis granted a canonical coronation to the image, as existing at a shrine in Taiwan, in 2022.
▲In 2002, a namesake [[mosaic]] was enshrined at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in Washington D.C., United States. <ref>[http://www.nationalshrine.com/site/c.osJRKVPBJnH/b.4953557/k.7180/Upper_Church_Floor_Plan.htm Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate conception]</ref>
 
== References ==
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[[Category:Catholicism in China]]
[[Category:Marian apparitions|China, Our Lady of]]
[[Category:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus]]
[[Category:1900 in Christianity]]
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