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Changing short description from "Hominin fossil" to "Hominin fossil found in Siberia" |
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{{Short description|Hominin fossil found in Siberia}}
'''{{coor|57.744|N|71.200|E|display=title}}'''
'''Ust'-Ishim man''' is the term given to the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the [[anatomically modern humans|early modern humans]] to inhabit western [[Siberia]].<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref> The fossil is notable in that it had intact DNA which permitted the complete [[genome sequence|sequencing]] of its [[genome]], one of the oldest modern [[human genome]]s to be so decoded.<ref name="SciAm"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prüfer |first1=Kay |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Yu |first3=He |last4=Stoessel |first4=Alexander |last5=Spyrou |first5=Maria A. |last6=Deviese |first6=Thibaut |last7=Mattonai |first7=Marco |last8=Ribechini |first8=Erika |last9=Higham |first9=Thomas |last10=Velemínský |first10=Petr |last11=Brůžek |first11=Jaroslav |last12=Krause |first12=Johannes |date=2021 |title=A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x |issn=2397-334X |pmc=8175239 |pmid=33828249}}</ref>▼
▲{{Infobox fossil|catalog number=|image=Femur ust-ishim 2.jpg|species=[[Human]]|age=45,000 years|place discovered=[[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]], [[Russia]]|date discovered=2008|common name=Ust'-Ishim man|discovered by=Nikolai Peristov|caption=Femur from the Ust'-Ishim man}}'''Ust'-Ishim man''' is the term given to the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the [[anatomically modern humans|early modern humans]] to inhabit western [[Siberia]].<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref> The fossil is notable in that it had intact DNA which permitted the complete [[genome sequence|sequencing]] of its [[genome]], one of the oldest modern [[human genome]]s to be so decoded.<ref name="SciAm"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prüfer |first1=Kay |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Yu |first3=He |last4=Stoessel |first4=Alexander |last5=Spyrou |first5=Maria A. |last6=Deviese |first6=Thibaut |last7=Mattonai |first7=Marco |last8=Ribechini |first8=Erika |last9=Higham |first9=Thomas |last10=Velemínský |first10=Petr |last11=Brůžek |first11=Jaroslav |last12=Krause |first12=Johannes |date=2021 |title=A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x |issn=2397-334X |pmc=8175239 |pmid=33828249|bibcode=2021NatEE...5..820P }}</ref>
The remains consist of a single bone—left femur—of a male [[hunter-gatherer]], which was discovered in 2008<ref name="MaxPlanck" /> protruding from the bank of the [[Irtysh River]] by Nikolai Peristov, a Russian sculptor who specialises in carving [[mammoth ivory]].<ref name="SciAm"/> Peristov showed the fossil to a forensic investigator who suggested that it might be of human origin.<ref name="SciAm"/> The fossil was named after the [[Ust'-Ishim District]] of Siberia where it had been discovered.<ref name="SciAm"/>▼
▲The remains consist of a single bone—left femur—of a male [[hunter-gatherer]], which was discovered in 2008<ref name="MaxPlanck" /> protruding from the bank of the [[Irtysh River]] by Nikolai Peristov, a Russian sculptor who specialises in carving [[mammoth ivory]].<ref name="SciAm"/> Peristov showed the fossil to a forensic investigator who suggested that it might be of human origin.<ref name="SciAm"/> The fossil was named after the [[Ust
==Genome sequencing==
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===Y-DNA and mtDNA===
Ust'-Ishim man belongs to [[Y-DNA haplogroup]] [[Haplogroup K2|K2]]. The two subclades of K2 are K2a and K2b, and he has been found to be positive for some but not all SNPs of the K2a (or NO*) subclade, such as M2308.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yfull.com/tree/K-M2308 | title=K-M2308 YTree }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yfull.com/tree/K-Y28299/|title = K-Y28299 YTree}}</ref><ref name="poznik">{{cite journal|pmc=4884158|year=2016|last1=Poznik|first1=G. D|title=Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=48|issue=6|pages=593–599|last2=Xue|first2=Y|last3=Mendez|first3=F. L|last4=Willems|first4=T. F|last5=Massaia|first5=A|last6=Wilson Sayres|first6=M. A|last7=Ayub|first7=Q|last8=McCarthy|first8=S. A|last9=Narechania|first9=A|last10=Kashin|first10=S|last11=Chen|first11=Y|last12=Banerjee|first12=R|last13=Rodriguez-Flores|first13=J. L|last14=Cerezo|first14=M|last15=Shao|first15=H|last16=Gymrek|first16=M|last17=Malhotra|first17=A|last18=Louzada|first18=S|last19=Desalle|first19=R|last20=Ritchie|first20=G. R|last21=Cerveira|first21=E|last22=Fitzgerald|first22=T. W|last23=Garrison|first23=E|last24=Marcketta|first24=A|last25=Mittelman|first25=D|last26=Romanovitch|first26=M|last27=Zhang|first27=C|last28=Zheng-Bradley|first28=X|last29=Abecasis|first29=G. R|last30=McCarroll|first30=S. A|display-authors=29|doi=10.1038/ng.3559|pmid=27111036}}</ref> In the original paper, he was classified only as [[Haplogroup K-M9]] (KxLT).<ref name = "poznik" /><ref name = "YFull">[https://www.yfull.com/tree/NO/ YFull] Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017</ref><ref name = "Karmin2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Karmin | first1 = Monika | last2 = Saag | first2 = Lauri | last3 = Vicente | first3 = Mário |display-authors=etal | year = 2015 | title = ", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture | journal = Genome Research | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 459–466 | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518 }}</ref>
He belonged to [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial DNA haplogroup]] [[haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R*]], differing from the root sequence of R by a single mutation.
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Both of these haplogroups and descendant [[subclades]] are now found among populations throughout [[Eurasia]], [[Oceania]] and [[The Americas]], although no direct descendants of Ust Ishim man's specific lineages are known from modern populations.
Examination of the sequenced genome indicates that Ust'-Ishim man lived at a point in time between the [[Recent African origin of modern humans|first wave]] of [[anatomically modern humans]] (270,000 years ago) that migrated out of Africa and the divergence of that population into distinct populations (45,000 years ago), in terms of [[autosomal DNA]] in different parts of Eurasia.<ref name="MaxPlanck">{{cite web|url=http://www.mpg.de/8710423/genome-earliest-modern-human|title=Earliest modern human sequenced |date=22 October 2014 |website=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> Consequently, Ust'-Ishim man is not more closely related to the first two major migrations of ''Homo Sapiens'' eastward from Africa into Asia: a group that migrated along the coast of [[South Asia]], or a group that moved north-east through [[Central Asia]].<ref name=Nature>{{cite journal|author= Qiaomei Fu, Heng Li, Priya Moorjani, Flora Jay, Sergey M. Slepchenko, Aleksei A. Bondarev, Philip L. F. Johnson, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Kay Prüfer, Cesare de Filippo, Matthias Meyer, Nicolas Zwyns, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Susan G. Keates, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Dmitry I. Razhev, Michael P. Richards, Nikolai V. Peristov, Michael Lachmann, Katerina Douka, Thomas F. G. Higham, Montgomery Slatkin, Jean-Jacques Hublin, David Reich, Janet Kelso, T. Bence Viola & Svante Pääbo|title=Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature | issue= 7523| pages=445–449|date=23 October 2014|doi=10.1038/nature13810 | pmid=25341783 | volume=514 | pmc=4753769|bibcode=2014Natur.514..445F |hdl= 10550/42071}}</ref> When compared to other ancient remains, Ust'-Ishim man is more closely related, in terms of autosomal DNA to [[Tianyuan man]], found near Beijing and dating from 42,000 to 39,000 years ago; [[Mal'ta boy]] (or MA-1), a child who lived 24,000 years ago along the [[Bolshaya Belaya River]] near today's [[Irkutsk]] in Siberia, or; [[La Braña man]] – a hunter-gatherer who lived in [[La Braña]] (modern [[Spain]]) about 8,000 years ago.<ref name="ScienceMag">{{cite web| url=https://www.science.org/content/article/oldest-human-genome-reveals-when-our-ancestors-had-sex-neandertals |title=Oldest human genome reveals when our ancestors had sex with Neandertals | author= Wade, Lizzie | date= 22 October 2014| website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="ScienceMag25Oct13">{{cite journal |title=Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe |author=Balter, Michael |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6157 |pages=409–410 | date= 25 October 2013|doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.409 |pmid=24159019 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..409B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ScienceMag26Jan14">{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-farming-reshaped-our-genomes |title=How Farming Reshaped Our Genomes |author=Balter, Michael |website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | date= 26 January 2014|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>
===Relationship with Neanderthals===
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| image = Principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations (clear).png
| image-width = <!-- Do not change image width (300) as this will affect the layout --> 301
| caption = Genetic proximity of Ust'-Ishim to [[Ancient North Eurasian]] populations ([[Yana RHS|Yana]], [[Mal'ta]] and [[Afontova Gora]]), within a principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.<ref name="TG">{{cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |date=25 August 2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=Fig.1 A, B |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01162-2 |language=en |issn=2399-3642|hdl=20.500.12000/50006 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| annotations = {{Annotation|125|104|[[File:Red circle 50%.svg|30px]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
}}
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In a 2016 study, modern [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] were identified as the modern population that has the most alleles in common with Ust'-Ishim man.<ref name="Lu 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Dongsheng|display-authors=etal|title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders|journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=September 1, 2016|volume=99|issue=3|pages=580–594|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002|pmid=27569548|pmc=5011065}}</ref> According to a 2017 study, "Siberian and East Asian populations shared 38% of their ancestry" with Ust’-Ishim man.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Emily H. M.|last2=Khrunin|first2=Andrey|last3=Nichols|first3=Larissa|last4=Pushkarev|first4=Dmitry|last5=Khokhrin|first5=Denis|last6=Verbenko|first6=Dmitry|last7=Evgrafov|first7=Oleg|last8=Knowles|first8=James|last9=Novembre|first9=John|date=2017-01-01|title=Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations|journal=Genome Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1101/gr.202945.115|issn=1088-9051|pmid=27965293|pmc=5204334}}</ref> A 2021 study argues that the Ust’Ishim and [[Oase 1]] individuals showed no more affinity to any modern western or eastern Eurasian populations, suggesting that they did not contribute ancestry to later Eurasian populations, as previously shown.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hajdinjak |first1=Mateja |last2=Mafessoni |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Skov |first3=Laurits |last4=Vernot |first4=Benjamin |last5=Hübner |first5=Alexander |last6=Fu |first6=Qiaomei |last7=Essel |first7=Elena |last8=Nagel |first8=Sarah |last9=Nickel |first9=Birgit |last10=Richter |first10=Julia |last11=Moldovan |first11=Oana Teodora |last12=Constantin |first12=Silviu |last13=Endarova |first13=Elena |last14=Zahariev |first14=Nikolay |last15=Spasov |first15=Rosen |date=April 2021 |title=Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=253–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=8026394 |pmid=33828320|bibcode=2021Natur.592..253H }}</ref>
In 2022, a study determined that the Ust'Ishim man was part of an [[Initial Upper Paleolithic]] wave (>45kya) "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" ([[Ancient East Eurasians]]), and sharing deep ancestry with [[Bacho Kiro cave|Bacho Kiro]] and the [[Tianyuan man]], as well as ancestors of modern-day [[Papuans]] (Australasians). The Ust’Ishim man is best described as basal to all modern East Eurasian populations, and diverged from their ancestor shortly after the divergence from Ancient Western Eurasians (represented by the [[Kostenki-14]] specimen).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/14/4/evac045/6563828 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
==References==
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[[Category:Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens fossils]]
[[Category:People from Siberia]]
[[Category:History of Omsk Oblast]]
[[Category:2008 in Russia]]
[[Category:2008 archaeological discoveries]]
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