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[[File:Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg|thumb|How the bokeh varies with the aperture.]]
In [[photography]], '''bokeh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|oʊ|k|ə}} {{respell|BOH|kə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|oʊ|k|eɪ}} {{respell|BOH|kay}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Nikon|title=Bokeh for Beginners|date=2017-03-30|url=https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/bokeh-for-beginners.html|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724152154/https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/bokeh-for-beginners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA
Some photographers incorrectly restrict use of the term bokeh to the appearance of bright spots in the out-of-focus area caused by [[Circle of confusion|circles of confusion]].<ref name="Gerry Kopelow 1998 118–119">{{cite book
| title = How to photograph buildings and interiors
| edition = 2nd
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==Etymology==
The term comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word {{nihongo||[[wikt:暈け|暈け]]/[[wikt:ボケ|ボケ]]|boke}}, which means [[wikt:bokeh|"blur"]] or "haze", resulting in {{Nihongo||ボケ味|boke-aji}}, the "blur quality". This is derived as a noun form of the verb {{transl|ja|bokeru}}, which is written in several ways,<ref name="wwwjdic-bokeru">{{cite web | url = https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%CA%F2%A4%B1%A4%EB | title = wwwjdic: bokeru entry | access-date = 2020-03-04 | archive-date = 2021-03-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308084448/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%CA%F2%A4%B1%A4%EB | url-status = live }}</ref> with additional meanings and nuances: {{Nihongo2|暈ける}} refers to being blurry, hazy or out-of-focus, whereas the {{Nihongo2|惚ける}} and {{Nihongo2|呆ける}} spellings refer to being mentally hazy, befuddled, childish, senile, or playing stupid. {{Nihongo||時差ボケ|Jisaboke}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%BB%FE%BA%B9%A5%DC%A5%B1 | title = wwwjdic: jisaboke entry | access-date = 2020-03-04 | archive-date = 2021-03-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308030352/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%BB%FE%BA%B9%A5%DC%A5%B1 | url-status = live }}</ref> (literally, "time difference fog") is the term for jet lag. {{Nihongo||寝ぼける|Nebokeru}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%CD%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB | title = wwwjdic: nebokeru entry | access-date = 2020-03-04 | archive-date = 2021-03-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308073325/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%CD%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB | url-status = live }}</ref> is a verb denoting the actions or condition of someone who is half-asleep, or nodding off. {{transl|ja|Tobokeru}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%C8%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB | title = wwwjdic: tobokeru entry | access-date = 2020-03-04 | archive-date = 2021-03-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203738/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%C8%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB | url-status = live }}</ref> means playing dumb, and {{transl|ja|toboketa kao}} refers to a poker face. The related term {{Nihongo||暈かし|[[bokashi (disambiguation)|bokashi]]}} means intentional blurring or gradation; that is a noun form of the transitive verb {{Nihongo||暈す|bokasu}}, which means to make something blurry, rather than to be blurry.
===Use abroad===
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}}</ref> The term ''bokeh'' has appeared in photography books as early as 1998.<ref name="Gerry Kopelow 1998 118–119"/>
It is sometimes pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|oʊ|k|ə}} {{respell|BOH|kə}}.<ref name="Wes McDermott 2009 198">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAlJgUyEs0C&q=bokeh+boke-uh&pg=PA198|title=Real World Modo: The Authorized Guide: In the Trenches with Modo|author=Wes McDermott|publisher=Focal Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-240-81199-4|page=198}}</ref>
==Bokeh and lens design==
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The shape of the aperture has an influence on the subjective quality of bokeh as well. For conventional lens designs (with bladed apertures), when a lens is stopped down smaller than its maximum [[aperture]] size (minimum [[f-number]]), out-of-focus points are blurred into the [[polygon]]al shape formed by the aperture blades. This is most apparent when a lens produces hard-edged bokeh. For this reason, some lenses have many aperture blades and/or blades with curved edges to make the aperture more closely approximate a circle rather than a polygon. Minolta has been on the forefront of promoting and introducing lenses with near-ideal circular apertures since 1987, but most other manufacturers now offer lenses with shape-optimized diaphragms, at least for the domain of portraiture photography. In contrast, a [[Catadioptric system|catadioptric]] [[telephoto lens]] renders bokehs resembling doughnuts, because its [[secondary mirror]] blocks the central part of the aperture opening. Recently, photographers have exploited the shape of the bokeh by creating a simple mask out of card with shapes such as hearts or stars, that the photographer wishes the bokeh to be, and placing it over the lens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diyphotography.net/diy_create_your_own_bokeh|author=Karsten Stroemvig|title=DIY — Create your own Bokeh|date=25 April 2007|access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-date=2009-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207203943/http://www.diyphotography.net/diy_create_your_own_bokeh|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lenses with 11, 12, or 15 blade iris diaphragms are often claimed to excel in bokeh quality. Because of this, the lenses do not need to reach wide apertures to get better circles (instead of polygons). In the past, wide aperture lenses (f/2, f/2.8) were very expensive, due to the complex mathematical design and manufacturing know-how required, at a time when all computations and glass making were done by hand. Leica could reach a good bokeh at f/4.5. Today it is much easier to make an f/1.8 lens, and a 9-bladed lens at f/1.8 is enough for an
Some lens manufacturers including [[Nikon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/nikkor-lenses/auto-focus-lenses/fx/single-focal-length/af-dc-nikkor-135mm-f-2d|title=AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2D Single Focal Length FX Auto Focus Lenses NIKKOR Lenses|work=europe-nikon.com|access-date=2015-05-01|archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190546/http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/nikkor-lenses/auto-focus-lenses/fx/single-focal-length/af-dc-nikkor-135mm-f-2d|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Minolta AF|Minolta]], and [[Sony Alpha|Sony]] make lenses designed with specific controls to change the rendering of the out-of-focus areas.
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In 2017, [[Vivo (smartphone)|Vivo]] released a smartphone with dual front lenses for [[selfie|selfies]] with bokeh. The first, a 20 MP lens, uses a 1/2.78" sensor with f/2.0 aperture, while the second, an 8 MP f/2.0 lens, captures depth information. Bokeh can be made with a combination of both lenses, and shots can be refocused even after they are captured, adding bokeh effects with different depths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsmarena.com/vivo_v5_plus_becomes_official_with_dual_front_camera_snapdragon_625-news-22831.php |title=vivo V5 Plus becomes official with dual front camera, Snapdragon 625 |date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=2017-02-07 |archive-date=2017-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033207/http://www.gsmarena.com/vivo_v5_plus_becomes_official_with_dual_front_camera_snapdragon_625-news-22831.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
In early 2018, the [[Honor (brand)|Honor]] 9 Lite smartphone was released with quad cameras (two dual-lens). Both the front and back cameras have a
<gallery widths="220" heights="160">
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File:Donut bokeh.jpg|[[Catadioptric system|Catadioptric lens]] bokeh seen in more detail.
File:Christmas Tree Lights Bokeh.jpg|An example of the creative application of bokeh.
File:Bokeh.JPG|An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon
File:Bokeh1 DSC 0959.jpg|A bokeh created with Nikon D3300 Camera
File:Photography by Victor Albert Grigas (1919-2017) 000172050002 (37159721864).jpg|Subtle swirly bokeh in the background
File:Christmas Tree out of focus copy.jpg|Swirly bokeh
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| year = 1982
| title = Synthetic Image Generation with a Lens and Aperture Camera Model
| journal = ACM Trans. Graph.
| series = ACM Transactions on Graphics
| publisher = ACM
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| issue = 2 (1982)
| pages = 85–108
| issn = 0730-0301
| doi = 10.1145/357299.357300
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| doi-access = free
}}
</ref> Also, bokeh is not just any blur. To a first approximation, defocus blur is convolution by a uniform [[disk (mathematics)|disk]], a more computationally intensive operation than the "standard" [[Gaussian blur]]; the former produces sharp circles around highlights whereas the latter is a much softer effect. [[Diffraction]] may alter the effective shape of the blur. Some graphics editors have a filter to do this, usually called "Lens Blur".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop//10.0/help.html?content=WSA75837E3-FE05-4f86-A9DF-3C0DD602CA63.html|author=Adobe Photoshop CS3 Livedocs|title=Add lens blur|access-date=2014-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225356/http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop//10.0/help.html?content=WSA75837E3-FE05-4f86-A9DF-3C0DD602CA63.html|archive-date=2014-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accurate bokeh simulation requires running the blur in linear, HDR space. For low dynamic range images,
An alternative mechanical mechanism has been proposed for generating bokeh in small aperture cameras such as compacts or cellphone cameras, called image destabilisation,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427346.700-nextgeneration-cameras-bring-photography-tricks-to-the-masses.html |first=Jim |last=Giles |work=New Scientist (Subscription required) |title=Next-generation cameras bring photography tricks to the masses |access-date=2011-04-04 |archive-date=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114015051/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427346.700-nextgeneration-cameras-bring-photography-tricks-to-the-masses.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/id/|author=Ankit Mohan and Douglas Lanman and Shinsaku Hiura and Ramesh Raskar|title=Image Destabilization: Programmable Defocus using Lens and Sensor Motion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924193620/http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/id/|archive-date=2009-09-24}}</ref> in which both the lens and sensor are moved in order to maintain focus at one focal plane, while defocusing nearby ones. This effect currently generates blur in only one axis.
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==See also==
*[[Airy disk]]
*[[Light-field camera]]
*[[Mandelbaum effect]]
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{{Commons category|Bokeh}}
{{Wiktionary}}
*[https://howmuchblur.com/#lens-1x-50mm-f1.4-vs-1x-85mm-f1.8-on-0.9m-subject Tool allowing to compare background blur of different lenses and cameras] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729130820/https://www.howmuchblur.com/#lens-1x-50mm-f1.4-vs-1x-85mm-f1.8-on-0.9m-subject |date=2020-07-29 }}
{{Photography}}
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