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{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=[[Second WorldConvoy War]]PQ 11
|partof= [[Arctic Convoys]] of the [[Second World War]]
|date=14–22 FebuaryFebruary 1942
|image=File:Barents Sea map.png
|image_size = 250 px
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|combatant1=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[Royal Navy]]<br /> [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Luftwaffe]]<br />[[File:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|22px]] [[Kriegsmarine]]
|commander1=
|commander2= [[Hans-Jürgen Stumpff]]<br />[[Hermann Böhm (admiral)|Hermann Böhm]]
|commander2=
|strength1= 13 Freighters<br />15 Escorts (in relays)
|strength2=
Line 20 ⟶ 21:
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arctic Naval Operations of WWII}}
}}
'''Convoy PQ 11''' (14–22 February 1942) was an [[Arctic convoy]] sent from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] by the [[Western Allies]] to aid the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Second World War]]. The voyage took place amidst storms, fog and the almost permanent darkness of the Arctic winter. The convoy was not found by German [[U-boats]] or reconnaissance aircraft from Norway and reached at [[Murmansk]] without loss.
 
It sailed in February 1942 and arrived in [[Murmansk]] without loss.
The commander of the [[Home Fleet]], [[John Tovey]], made representations to the [[Soviet]] authorities to rid the [[Kola Inlet]] of German U-boats, to provide air cover for convoys as they arrived and to send more escorts for the mid-part of the convoy route between [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]].
 
To be ready for attacks by German surface ships the British prepared to send a distant escort of battleships and aircraft carriers to support the close convoy escorts and to sail outbound and homeward convoys at the same time, for both to benefit from the distant escort. Convoy PQ 12 and Convoy QP 8 were opposed by German ships in [[Operation Sportpalast]].
 
==Background==
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===British grand strategy===
[[File:Enigma Decoder Machine.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|{{center|An Enigma coding machine}}]]
The growing German air strength in Norway and increasing losses to convoys and their escorts, led Rear-Admiral [[Stuart Bonham Carter]], commander of the [[18th Cruiser Squadron]], Admiral sir [[John Tovey]], Commander in Chief [[Home Fleet]] and Admiral Sir [[Dudley Pound]] the [[First Sea Lord]], the professional head of the [[Royal Navy]], unanimously to advocate the suspension of Arctic convoys during the summer months. The small number of Russian ships available to meet Arctic convoys, losses inflicted by {{lang|de|[[Luftflotte 5]]}} based in Norway and the presence of the German battleship {{lang|de|[[German battleship Tirpitz|Tirpitz]]}} in Norway from early 1942, had led to ships full of supplies to Russia becoming stranded at Iceland and empty and damaged ships waiting at Murmansk.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=144–145}}
 
====Bletchley Park====
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{{main|Ultra (cryptography)}}
 
The British [[Government Communications Headquarters|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) based at [[Bletchley Park]] housed a small industry of code-breakers and [[Traffic analysis|traffic analysts]]. By June 1941, the German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] machine Home Waters (''Heimish'') settings used by surface ships and U-boats could quickly be read. On 1 February 1942, the Enigma machines used in U-boats in the Atlantic and Mediterranean were changed but German ships and the U-boats in Arctic waters continued with the older ''Heimish'' (''Hydra'' from 1942, Dolphin to the British). By mid-1941, British [[Y-stations]] were able to receive and read ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' [[Wireless telegraphy|W/T]] transmissions and give advance warning of ''Luftwaffe'' operations. In 1941, naval ''Headache'' personnel, with receivers to eavesdrop on ''Luftwaffe'' wireless transmissions, were embarked on warships and from May 1942, ships gained RAF Y ''computor'' parties, which sailed with cruiser admirals in command of convoy escorts, to interpret ''Luftwaffe'' W/T signals intercepted by the Headaches. The Admiralty sent details of ''Luftwaffe'' wireless frequencies, call signs and the daily local codes to the computors, which combined with their knowledge of ''Luftwaffe'' procedures, could glean fairly accurate details of German reconnaissance sorties. Sometimes computors predicted attacks twenty minutes before they were detected by radar.{{sfnsfnm|1a1=Macksey|1y=2004|pp1pp=141–142}}{{sfn|2a1=Hinsley|2y=1994|pp2pp=141, 145–146}}
 
====''B-Dienst''====
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{{main|B-Dienst}}
 
The rival German [[B-Dienst|''Beobachtungsdienst'']] (''B-Dienst'', Observation Service) of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' [[German Naval Intelligence Service|''Marinenachrichtendienst'']] (''MND'', Naval Intelligence Service) had broken several Admiralty codes and cyphers by 1939, which were used to help ''Kriegsmarine'' ships elude British forces and provide opportunities for surprise attacks. From June to August 1940, six British submarines were sunk in the Skaggerak using information gleaned from British wireless signals. In 1941, ''B-Dienst'' read signals from the Commander in Chief Western Approaches informing convoys of areas patrolled by U-boats, enabling the submarines to move into "safe" zones.{{sfn|Kahn|1973|pp=238–241}} ''B-Dienst'' had broken Naval Cypher No 3 in February 1942 and by March was reading up to 80 per cent of the traffic, which continued until 15 December 1943. By coincidence, the British lost access to the ''Shark'' cypher and had no information to send in Cypher No 3 which might compromise Ultra.{{sfn|Budiansky|2000|pp=250, 289}} In early September, [[Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency#1939–1944|Finnish Radio Intelligence]] deciphered a Soviet Air Force transmission which divulged the convoy itinerary, which was forwarded it to the Germans.{{sfn|FIB|1996}}
 
===Arctic Ocean===
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Between Greenland and Norway are some of the most stormy waters of the world's oceans, {{cvt|1440|km|order=flip}} of water under gales full of snow, sleet and hail.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=195–197}} The cold Arctic water was met by the [[Gulf Stream]], warm water from the [[Gulf of Mexico]], which became the [[North Atlantic Drift]]. Arriving at the south-west of England the drift moves between Scotland and Iceland; north of Norway the drift splits. One stream bears north of [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]] to [[Svalbard]] and a southern stream follows the coast of Murmansk into the Barents Sea. The mingling of cold Arctic water and warmer water of higher salinity generates thick banks of fog for convoys to hide in but the waters drastically reduced the effectiveness of [[ASDIC]] as U-boats moved in waters of differing temperatures and density.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=195–197}}
 
In winter, polar ice can form as far south as {{cvt|80|km|order=flip}} off the North Cape and in summer it can recede to Svalbard. The area is in perpetual darkness in winter and permanent daylight in the summer and can make air reconnaissance almost impossible.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=195–197}} Around the [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]] and in the [[Barents Sea]] the sea temperature rarely rises about 4° [[Celsius]] and a man in the water will die unless rescued immediately.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=195–197}} The cold water and air makes spray freeze on the superstructure of ships, which has to be removed quickly to avoid the ship becoming top-heavy. Conditions in U-boats were, if anything, worse, the boats having to submerge in warmer water to rid the superstructure of ice. Crewmen on watch were exposed to the elements, oil lost its viscosity; nuts froze and sheared off bolts. Heaters in the hull wee too demanding of current and could not be run continuously.{{sfn|Paterson|2016|pp=100–101}}
 
==Prelude==
===''Kriegsmarine''===
 
{{main|Kriegsmarine}}
 
German naval forces in Norway were commanded by [[Hermann Böhm (admiral)|Hermann Böhm]], the {{lang|de|[[Kommandierender Admiral Norwegen]]}}. In 1941, British [[Commando]] raids on the [[Lofoten Islands]] ([[Operation Claymore]] and [[Operation Anklet]]) led [[Adolf Hitler]] to order [[U-boats]] to be transferred from the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] to Norway and on 24 January 1942, eight U-boats were ordered to the area of [[Iceland]]–[[Faroes]]–[[Scotland]]. Two U-boats were based in Norway in July 1941, four in September, five in December and four in January 1942.{{sfn|Rahn|2001|p=348}} By mid-February twenty U-boats were anticipated in the region, with six based in Norway, two in [[Narvik]] or [[Tromsø]], two at [[Trondheim]] and two at Bergen. Hitler contemplated establishing a unified command but decided against it. The German battleship ''Tirpitz'' arrived at Trondheim on 16 January, the first ship of a general move of surface ships to Norway. British convoys to Russia had received little attention since they averaged only eight ships each and the long Arctic winter nights negated even the limited {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} effort that was available.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=190–192, 194}}
 
==={{lang|de|Luftflotte}} 5===
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In large convoys, the commodore was assisted by vice- and rear-commodores with whom he directed the speed, course and zig-zagging of the merchant ships and liaised with the escort commander.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=22–23}}{{efn|Code-books were carried in a weighted bag which was to be dumped overboard to prevent capture.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=22–23}}}} By the end of 1941, 187 [[Matilda II]] and 249 [[Valentine tank]]s had been delivered, comprising 25 per cent of the medium-heavy tanks in the Red Army and 30 to 40 per cent of the medium-heavy tanks defending Moscow. In December 1941, 16 per cent of the fighters defending Moscow were [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] and [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk|Tomahawks]] from Britain; by 1 January 1942, 96 Hurricane fighters were flying in the [[Soviet Air Forces]] ({{lang|ru|Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily}}, VVS). The British supplied radar apparatuses, machine tools, ASDIC and other commodities.{{sfn|Edgerton|2011|p=75}} During the summer months, convoys went as far north as 75 N latitude then south into the Barents Sea and to the ports of Murmansk in the [[Kola Inlet]] and Archangel in the [[White Sea]]. In winter, due to the [[Arctic ice pack|polar ice]] expanding southwards, the convoy route ran closer to Norway.{{sfn|Roskill|1962|p=119}} The voyage was between {{cvt|1400|and|2000|nmi}} each way, taking at least three weeks for a round trip.{{sfn|Butler|1964|p=507}}
 
===Convoy escorts===
==Voyage==▼
The escorts were joined by the [[Flower-class corvette]] {{HMS|Oxlip|K123|6}} from Iceland, convoy escorts by this time comprising ships from different commands, which required relays of ships. The complexity of convoy escort operations required organisation by the Rear-Admiral, Home Fleet Destroyers, [[Robert Burnett]], at [[Scapa Flow]], the base of the Home Fleet. ''Sweetbriar'' and ''Oxlip'' had been detached from [[Western Approaches Command]] for the convoy. ''Oxlip'' had been on a Patrol White in the [[Denmark Strait]] and then refuelled in {{lang|is|[[Seyðisfjörður]]}} on the east coast of Iceland to sail to meet Convoy PQ 11, which looked like "an undistinguished collection of grey-hulled ships low in the water".{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=60–61}}
{{wide image|Loch Ewe Panorama - November 7th 2014.jpg|800px|alt=Panoramic view of Loch Ewe|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Loch Ewe looking North with the villages of [[Aultbea]], [[Ormiscaig]] and [[Mellon Charles]] visible along the Western shore (right-hand side); The NATO POL depot can be seen in the foreground, with the [[Isle of Ewe]] a little further out.}}▼
Convoy PQ 11 sailed from [[Loch Ewe]] in Scotland on 6 February 1942 for Kirkwall in the [[Orkneys]], where storms prevented the convoy from sailing and where the escorts were joined by the corvette {{HMS|Oxlip|K123|6}} from [[Iceland]].{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=60–62}} The convoy was the first to have [[Hunt-class destroyer]]s and [[Flower-class corvette]]s amongst the escorts.{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=27}} On 14 February the convoy sailed for [[Murmansk]] and arrived on 22 February. The convoy was undetected by German aircraft or [[U-boat]]s in the continuous darkness of the [[polar night]] and arrived safely at the Soviet Union's only ice-free [[Arctic]] port. Convoy PQ 11 was the last convoy to escape attack from the German air and naval forces in Norway.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=60–62}}
 
==Ships=Convoy PQ 11===
▲{{wide image|Loch Ewe Panorama - November 7th 2014.jpg|800px|alt=Panoramic view of Loch Ewe|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Loch Ewe looking North with the villages of [[Aultbea]], [[Ormiscaig]] and [[Mellon Charles]] visible along the Western shore (right-hand side); The NATO POL depot can be seen in the foreground, with the [[Isle of Ewe]] is a little further out.}}
PQ 11 consisted of 13 merchant ships; eight [[United Kingdom|British]], two [[Soviet]], one [[United States|American]], one of [[Panama]]nian and one of [[Honduras|Honduran]] registry.
Convoy PQ 11 assembled at [[Loch Ewe]] in Scotland and sailed on 6 February 1942 for Kirkwall in the [[Orkneys]], where storms prevented the convoy from sailing until 14 February.{{sfnm|1a1=Woodman|1y=2004|1pp=60–62|2a1=Rohwer|2a2=Hümmelchen|2y=2005|2p=141}} The convoy was the first to have [[Hunt-class destroyer]]s and Flower-class corvettes among the escorts.{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=27}}
The convoy was escorted by two destroyers, {{HMS|Airedale|L07|2}} and {{HMS|Middleton|L74|2}}, two corvettes and four [[Anti submarine warfare|ASW]] [[Naval Trawler|Trawler]]s. These were supported by the cruiser {{HMS|Nigeria|60|6}}.
 
▲==Voyage==
PQ 11 consisted of 13 merchant ships; eight [[United Kingdom|British]], two [[Soviet]], one [[United States|American]], one of [[Panama]]nian and one of [[Honduras|Honduran]] registry. The convoy was escorted by two destroyers, {{HMS|Airedale|L07|2}} and {{HMS|Middleton|L74|2}}, the two corvettes and the [[Anti submarine warfare]] (ASW) [[Naval Trawler|Trawler]]s ''Blackfly'', ''Cape Argona'' and ''Cape Mariato'' until 17 February and the minesweepers ''Niger'' (Senior Officer Escort) and ''Hussar'', ''Sweetbriar'' joined on 17 February when the first relay departed.{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=27}} The convoy managed an average of {{cvt|8|kn}} in cloud, fog and gales, spray freezing on the superstructures of the ships. As soon as there was a lull in a storm the crews cleared the ice with steam hoses, picks and shovels to prevent the ships from becoming top-heavy. Station keeping by the escorts was made easier with [[type 271 radar]] and the convoy commodore was praised for his skill in preventing the convoy from straggling too much, despite the fog. The convoy went undetected by German aircraft or [[U-boat]]s in the continuous darkness of the [[polar night]], the convoy to escape attack from the German air and naval forces in Norway. As the convoy approached the Russian coast the cruiser {{HMS|Nigeria|60|6}}, based in Russia joined the convoy. On the last day of the voyage the convoy was accompanied by two Soviet destroyers and the minesweepers ''Harrier'', ''Hazard'' and ''Salamander'' of the [[6th Minesweeping Flotilla]] based at Murmansk.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=61–62}}
 
==Aftermath==
The convoy was joined in the last stage of the voyage by two Soviet destroyers and five [[Royal Navy]] minesweepers based at Murmansk.
Convoy PQ 11 was never found by the German forces based in Norway and arrived at Murmansk without loss but the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] knew that this might not last much longer as the increasing hours of daylight were to the disadvantage of Allied convoys when it would be up to three months before the polar ice receded and convoys could sail further away from the Norwegian coast. Tovey sent the captain of the cruiser ''Nigeria'' and commander of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, Rear-Admiral [[Harold Burrough]], who was in Murmansk during February to the Russian authorities to increase its anti-submarine effort off the Kola Inlet and to furnish land-based fighter cover for convoys as they approached their destination. The accumulation of German surface ships at Trondheim was increasing the anxiety of the Admiralty staff who also wanted more Soviet escorts for the route between [[Jan Mayen]] and Bear Island ({{lang|no|Bjørnøya}}) where they anticipated attacks by German ships, the last part of the route being left to U-boats and aircraft. Ships of the Home Fleet would be needed for distant cover against a German surface ship operation on the first half of the convoy route and Tovey asked that the next outbound and homeward convoys, Convoy PQ 12 from Iceland and Convoy QP 8 from Murmansk sail at the same time (1 March) so that Convoy QP 8 would be covered by the same Home Fleet sortie. The close convoy escort was to be reinforced, Coastal Command would increase its reconnaissance of the fiords around Trondheim to supplement the watch being kept by submarines and long-range [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Liberator]] patrols would be flown to the north-east from Iceland. Convoy PQ 12 and Convoy QP 8 were opposed by German ships in [[Operation Sportpalast]].{{sfn|Roskill|1962|pp=119–122}}
 
===Convoy=Merchant ships==
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
Line 102 ⟶ 109:
! scope="col" width="120px" |Flag
! scope="col" width="30px" |Tonnage [[gross register tons|(GRT)]]
! scope="col" width="30px" |Pos'n{{efn|Convoys had a standard formation of short columns, number 1 to port in the direction of travel. Each position in the column was numbered; 11 was the first ship in column 1 and 12 was the second ship in the column; 21 was the first ship in column 2.{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=31, inside front cover}}}}
! scope="col" width="400px" |Notes
|-
Line 107 ⟶ 115:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}
|align="center"|5,284
|align="center"|17
|align="left"|
|-
Line 112 ⟶ 121:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|4,998
|align="center"|29
|align="left"|
|-
Line 117 ⟶ 127:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="center"|4,963
|align="center"|20
|align="left"|
|-
Line 122 ⟶ 133:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|5,571
|align="center"|30
|align="left"|
|-
Line 127 ⟶ 139:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|6,978
|align="center"|41
|align="left"|Arrived Murmansk 24 February
|-
Line 132 ⟶ 145:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|6,211
|align="center"|19
|align="left"|Vice-Convoy Commodore
|-
Line 137 ⟶ 151:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|5,082
|align="center"|34
|align="left"|
|-
Line 142 ⟶ 157:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|5,080
|align="center"|29
|align="left"|Convoy Commodore
|-
Line 147 ⟶ 163:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|5,171
|align="center"|37
|align="left"|
|-
Line 152 ⟶ 169:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Honduras}}
|align="center"|3,253
|align="center"|21
|align="left"|
|-
Line 157 ⟶ 175:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UK|civil}}
|align="center"|4,555
|align="center"|30
|align="left"|
|-
Line 162 ⟶ 181:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="center"|4,934
|align="center"|03
|align="left"|
|-
Line 167 ⟶ 187:
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}
|align="center"|2,498
|align="center"|21
|align="left"|
|-
|}
 
===Escorts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
Line 178 ⟶ 199:
! scope="col" width="150px" |Name
! scope="col" width="120px" |Flag
! scope="col" width="160px180px" |Type
! scope="col" width="400px" |Notes
|-
Line 234 ⟶ 255:
|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}
|align="left"|Halcyon-class minesweeper
|align="left"|Escort 14–22 February; escort commander, Commander [[Arthur Cubison]]{{sfn|Woodman|2004|p=60}}
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Nigeria|60|6}}
Line 279 ⟶ 300:
* {{cite book |title=The Searchers: Radio Intercept in two World Wars |last=Macksey |first=K. |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |year=2004 |orig-year=2003 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |edition=Cassell Military Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-304-36651-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Lawrence |title=Steel and Ice: The U-Boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941–45 |location=Stroud |publisher=The History Press |date=2016 |isbn= 978-1-59114-258-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |author-link1=Jürgen Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |date=2005 |orig-date=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-86176-257-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |series=[[History of the Second World War]]: The War at Sea 1939–1945 |title=The Period of Balance |volume=II |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |year=1962 |orig-year=1956 |edition=3rd impression |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html |oclc=174453986 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306064640/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first1=Bob |last1=Ruegg |first2=Arnold |last2=Hague |title=Convoys to Russia |year=1993 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |edition=2nd rev. exp. pbk. |isbn=978-0-905617-66-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Woodman |author-link=Richard Woodman |year=2004 |orig-year=1994 |title=Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5752-1}}
{{refend}}
 
===Websites===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|FIB|1996}}|url=https://pkymasehist.fi/radtied.html |website=Pohjois–Kymenlaakson Asehistoriallinen Yhdistys Ry (North-Karelia Historical Association Ry) |title=Birth of Radio Intelligence in Finland and its Developer Reino Hallamaa |language=fi |year=1996 |access-date=1 July 2024}}
{{refend}}
 
Line 291 ⟶ 316:
* {{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Schofield |year=1964 |title=The Russian Convoys |url=https://archive.org/details/russianconvoys0000scho |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |publisher=BT Batsford |location=London |oclc=906102591|ref=none}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/russian/convoy1.php?convoy=PQ.11 PQ 11 at Convoyweb]
 
{{Arctic convoys}}
{{World War II}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Convoy Pq 11}}
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