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{{Short description|American lawyer and economist}}
{{about|the American lawyer and economist|the filmmaker|Ian Ayres (filmmaker)}}
{{infobox person
| name = Ian Ayres
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| nationality = American
| education = [[Yale University]] ([[B. A.|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])<br>[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Lawyer
*economist
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Gerarda Brown|1993}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Ian Ayres''' (born 1959)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2012018382.html |title=Ayres, Ian, 1959- |website=Library of Congress Name Authority File |access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> is an American lawyer and economist. HeAyres is a professor at the [[Yale Law School]] and at the [[Yale School of Management]].<ref name=YaleLawfacultypage>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/ianayres.htm |title=Ian Ayres - Yale Law School |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |website=law.yale.edu |publisher=Yale Law School |accessdate=March 18, 2014 }}</ref>▼
 
==Early life and education==
▲'''Ian Ayres''' (born 1959)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2012018382.html |title=Ayres, Ian, 1959- |website=Library of Congress Name Authority File |access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> is an American lawyer and economist. He is a professor at the [[Yale Law School]] and at the [[Yale School of Management]].<ref name=YaleLawfacultypage>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/ianayres.htm |title=Ian Ayres - Yale Law School |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |website=law.yale.edu |publisher=Yale Law School |accessdate=March 18, 2014 }}</ref>
Ayres grew up in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], where hethey<ref>{{Cite news |quote=Ian Ayres is a professor and deputy dean at Yale Law School. Their preferred pronoun is "they". |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/09/15/until-im-told-otherwise-i-prefer-call-you-they/ |title=Opinion: Until I'm told otherwise, I prefer to call you 'they' |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref> graduated from [[Pembroke Hill School|Pembroke Country Day School]] in 1977. HeThey played varsity basketball, ran cross country, and served as executive editor of histheir high school newspaper. Ayres wrote an op-ed piece histheir senior year called "Black Like Me" (named for the 1961 [[Black Like Me|book of the same name]]), a controversial piece detailing the consequences of histheir checking the "African- American" box for race on his [[PSAT/NMSQT|PSAT]], which led to consideration for academic awards.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conniff |first=Richard |date=May 2004 |title=Flipping It |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_05/whynot.html |journal=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207083930/http://yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_05/whynot.html |archive-date=February 7, 2005 |accessdate=May 20, 2009 }}</ref> Ayres graduated summa cum laude in 1981 from [[Yale University]] with a dual degree in Russian studies and economics. HeAyres then received histheir J.D. at [[Yale Law School]] in 1986, where heAyres was an editor of the ''[[Yale Law Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 1986 |title=Yale Law Journal |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/images/mastheads/95.pdf |journal=Yale Law School |volume=95 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602235245/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/mastheads/95.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> HeAyres received histheir Ph.D. in economics at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1988.▼
 
==Biography==
▲Ayres grew up in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], where he graduated from [[Pembroke Hill School|Pembroke Country Day School]] in 1977. He played varsity basketball, ran cross country, and served as executive editor of his high school newspaper. Ayres wrote an op-ed piece his senior year called "Black Like Me" (named for the 1961 [[Black Like Me|book of the same name]]), a controversial piece detailing the consequences of his checking the "African- American" box for race on his [[PSAT/NMSQT|PSAT]], which led to consideration for academic awards.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conniff |first=Richard |date=May 2004 |title=Flipping It |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_05/whynot.html |journal=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207083930/http://yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_05/whynot.html |archive-date=February 7, 2005 |accessdate=May 20, 2009 }}</ref> Ayres graduated summa cum laude in 1981 from [[Yale University]] with a dual degree in Russian studies and economics. He then received his J.D. at [[Yale Law School]] in 1986, where he was an editor of the ''[[Yale Law Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 1986 |title=Yale Law Journal |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/images/mastheads/95.pdf |journal=Yale Law School |volume=95 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602235245/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/mastheads/95.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received his Ph.D. in economics at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1988.
 
==Career==
Ayres has taught at [[Northwestern University School of Law]], the [[University of Virginia School of Law]], the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]] Cardoza Law Institute, the [[University of Iowa College of Law]], the [[University of Illinois College of Law]], [[Stanford Law School]], the [[University of Toronto Law School]], and [[Yale University]].
 
Since 1994, Ayres has served as the [[William K. Townsend]] professor at the [[Yale Law School]] and is a professor at the [[Yale School of Management]]. HeAyres teaches antitrust, civil rights, commercial law, contracts, corporations, corporate finance, law and economics, property, and quantitative methods. In 2006, Ayres was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref> and also currently serves as a research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]]'. Ayres has previously served as a research fellow of the [[American Bar Foundation]] and has clerked for James K. Logan of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. In a post-conviction petition, Ayres was successful in vacating the death sentence for histheir client.<ref name=AboutIanAyres>{{cite web |url=http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayres/indexbio.htm |title=About Ian Ayres |author=Ian Ayres |date=August 27, 2013 |website=islandia.law.yale.edu/ |publisher=Ian Ayres |accessdate=March 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20140319010956/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayres/indexbio.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Ayres has published eight books and over 100 articles in law reviews and magazines on a variety of subjects, and has been ranked as one of the 250 most prolific and most-cited legal scholars of his generation.<ref>James Lindgren and Daniel Seltzer, "The Most Prolific Law Professors and Faculties," 71 CHI.-KENT L.REV.781 (1996); Fred R. Shapiro, "The Most-Cited Legal Scholars," 29 J.LEGAL STUD.409 (2000)</ref>
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== Controversy ==
In a September 2007 review of Ayres's book ''[[Super Crunchers]]'', the ''New York Times''' [[David Leonhardt]] wrote that he "came across two sentences about a doctor in Atlanta that were nearly identical to two sentences I wrote in this newspaper last year." <ref name=Leonhardt>{{cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |date=September 16, 2007 |title=Let's Go to the Stats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/books/review/Leonhardt-t.html |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=May 20, 2009 }}</ref> Leonhardt was particularly disturbed that "many readers will surely assume that Ayres witnessed some events" that heAyres did not.<ref name="Leonhardt"/>
 
On October 4, the ''Yale Daily News'' reported that it had found nine passages in the book, some more than a couple paragraphs long, that were identical or similar to those in the ''Times'' and four other publications.<ref name=Torbati>{{cite news |last=Torbati |first=June |date=October 4, 2007 |title=Law prof. borrows text for book |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2007/oct/04/law-prof-borrows-text-for-book/ |newspaper=Yale Daily News |location=New Haven, Connecticut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126043109/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2007/oct/04/law-prof-borrows-text-for-book/ |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In reference to Ayres's case and a similar one in Illinois, George Washington University professor of English [[Margaret Soltan]] wrote in ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'': "Both men simply stuck passages from other writers into their text when it suited them, and gave either minimal or no attribution. In some of the passages in question, neither used quotation marks, even when they quoted at length, verbatim."<ref name=Soltan>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/university_diaries/plagiarism_yours_mine_and_ayres |title=Plagiarism: Yours, Mine, and Ayres' |last=Soltan |first=Margaret |date=October 8, 2007 |website=insidehighered.com |series=University Diaries |publisher=Inside Higher Ed |type=Blog }}</ref>
 
After some controversy over three weeks, Ayres apologized and said: "in several brief instances in the book, my language is too close to the sourced material and I should have used quotation marks to set it apart from my text." However, ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' noted that heAyres insisted: "his citations are proper for a book intended for a popular audience but that he will make changes in future printings of the book."<ref name="The Chronicle of Higher Education">[http://chronicle.com/article/Where-Plagiarism-and/43881/ "Where Plagiarism and Ghostwriting Intersect,"] The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 8, 2007.</ref> Critics were not satisfied with hisAyres's explanation that hethey had simply made a mistake nor did theycritics accept that these practices were acceptable in popular books. ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'' noted that the same behavior by students is "severely sanctioned."<ref name="Soltan"/> Professors at other universities were quite critical of Ayres's explanation and pointed out that the method used by the Yale Daily News to discover plagiarized passages was unlikely to catch them all.<ref name="McCullough">[http://www.sigkdd.org/sites/default/files/issues/10-1-2008-07/V10N1-review.pdf Bruce D. McCullough, "Ian Ayres's Super Crunchers is Not about Super Crunching,"] SIGKDD Explorations, July, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/university_diaries/plagiarism_ii_yours_mine_and_oz "Plagiarism II: Yours, Mine, and Oz,"] Inside Higher Ed, October 9, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://michaeldorf.org/2007/10/harvard-law-3-yale-law-1-plagiarism-or.html Michael Dorf, "Harvard Law 3, Yale Law 1: Plagiarism or Ghostwriting?,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922114927/http://michaeldorf.org/2007/10/harvard-law-3-yale-law-1-plagiarism-or.html |date=2008-09-22 }} Dorf on Law, October 4, 2007.</ref>
 
==Personal life==
Ayres married Jennifer Gerarda Brown, the Dean of the [[Quinnipiac University School of Law]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Quinnipiac-School-of-Law-names-Jennifer-Gerarda-11423297.php|title = Quinnipiac School of Law names Jennifer Gerarda Brown as dean| newspaper=New Haven Register |date = 20 February 2013}}</ref> in 1993.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayres|2010|p=131}}</ref> They have two kids.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayres|2010|p=192}}</ref> They support various gay rights and marriage equality causes, including [[Freedom to Marry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/straight-not-narrow-how-straight-couples-can-support-gay-marriage-op-ed-profs-ian-ayres-and-jennifer|title = "Straight, Not Narrow: How Straight Couples Can Support Gay Marriage"--An Op-Ed by Profs. Ian Ayres and Jennifer Brown| date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
 
==Publications==
Ian Ayres's books include:
* {{cite book | last=Ayres | first=Ian | title=Pervasive Prejudice?: Non-Traditional Evidence of Race and Gender Discrimination | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=9780226033518 | year=2001 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/pervasi_ayr_2001_00_7496/page/445 445pp] | no-pp=y | url=https://archive.org/details/pervasi_ayr_2001_00_7496/page/445 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Ackerman | first1=Bruce | last2=Ayres | author-link1=Bruce Ackerman | first2=Ian | title=Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0300092622 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/votingwithdollar00acke/page/314 314pp] | no-pp=y | url=https://archive.org/details/votingwithdollar00acke/page/314 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Nalebuff | firstfirst1=Barry | author-link1=Barry Nalebuff | last2=Ayres | first2=Ian | title=Why Not?: How to Use Everyday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small | publisher=Harvard Business School Press | year=2003 | isbn=1-59139-153-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/whynothowtouseev00barr/page/238 238pp] | no-pp=y | url=https://archive.org/details/whynothowtouseev00barr/page/238 }}
** 2nd ed, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1591391531}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ayres | first1=Ian | last2=Klass | first2=Gregory | title= Insincere Promises: The Law of Misrepresented Intent | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0300106756 | pages=316pp | no-pp=y }}
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** 9th edition with Gregory Klass, 2018, {{ISBN|978-1634603256}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ayres | first1=Ian | last2=Nalebuff | first2=Barry | author-link2=Barry Nalebuff | title=LifeCycle investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio | year=2010 | publisher=Basic Books | isbn=978-0465018291 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465018291/page/240 240pp] | no-pp=y | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465018291/page/240 }}
* {{cite book| ref={{harvid|Ayres|2010}}| last1=Ayres |first1=Ian | title=Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done | publisher=Bantam | year=2010 | isbn=978-0553807639 | pages=240pp | no-pp=y }}
** {{cite book | last1=Ayres | first1=Ian | title=The $500 Diet: Weight Loss for People Who Are Committed to Change | publisher=Kindle Singles | year=2011 | pages=50pp | no-pp=y }}
 
Ian Ayres's two most well-known articles are:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140827180319/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayers/fairdriv.htm “Fair Driving: Gender and Race Discrimination in Retail Car Negotiations”], 104 ''Harvard Law Review'' 817 (1991)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829222521/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayers/FillingGapsinIncompleteContracts.pdf “Filling Gaps in Incomplete Contracts: An Economic Theory of Default Rules”], with Robert Gertner, 99 ''Yale Law Journal'' 87 (1989)
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==External links==
* [https://archive.istoday/20121215114656/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayres Ian Ayres's profile] at [[Yale Law School]]
* {{Google Scholar id|ij81S0QAAAAJ}}
* [http://www.whynot.net Why Not? How to Use EverdayEveryday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990125092730/http://whynot.net/ |date=1999-01-25 }}, with Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140047/http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/ayres-uncovers-hidden-bias-in-racial-stats-1.577464 Ayres uncovers hidden bias in racial stats] in the ''[[Harvard Law Record]]''
* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Ayres on Super Crunchers and the Power of Data |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/ian_ayres/ |work=[[EconTalk]] |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=October 22, 2007}}
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[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Yale UniversityLaw School faculty]]
[[Category:Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty]]
[[Category:University of Virginia School of Law faculty]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbana-Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto faculty]]
[[Category:University of Iowa College of Law faculty]]
[[Category:Pembroke Hill School alumni]]
[[Category:Yale School of Management faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
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