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{{Short description|Overview of the national symbols of England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Culture of England}}
The '''national symbols of England''' are things which are emblematic, representative, or otherwise characteristic of [[England]] or [[culture of England|English culture]]. Some are established, official symbols; for example, the [[Coat of arms of England|Royal Arms of England]], which has been codified in [[heraldry]]. Other symbols may not have official status, for one reason or another, but are likewise recognised at a national or international level.
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{{main|English cuisine}}
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:Set breakfast (1) - Café Belchers.jpg|100px]]
|A [[Full breakfast#England|full English breakfast]] usually consists of [[back bacon]], sausages (usually pork), eggs (fried, poached or scrambled), fried or grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, bread (either as it is, fried, toasted, or a combination of these), [[black pudding]], [[baked beans]], and sometimes [[hash browns]].<ref> {{cite book |last= O'Connor |first= Kaori |author-link= |date= 2013 |title= The English Breakfast The Biography of a National Meal, with Recipes |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gCWRzgEACAAJ |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn= 9781350042230}}</ref>
|-▼
|[[File:Fish and chips blackpool.jpg|100px]]
|[[Fish and chips]] has been a recognisable cultural and culinary symbol of England since the mid-19th century.<ref name=project/> A strong contender for the unofficial title of England's [[national dish]], it remains hugely popular as an affordable and nutritious [[Take-out|takeaway meal]].
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|[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (c. 1342/43–1400): "the first finder of our language", his [[Middle English]] collection of 24 stories ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' remains among the greatest poetic works of [[English literature]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Geoffrey-Chaucer |title=Geoffrey Chaucer: English writer |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
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|[[File:
|[[William Shakespeare]] (c. 1564–1616): English poet and dramatist often called the English [[national poet]] and commonly regarded as the greatest [[Playwright|dramatist]] of all time
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|[[File:Jane Austen, from A Memoir of Jane Austen (1870).jpg|171x171px]]
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|[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Oliver Cromwell]] (1599–1658): English soldier and statesman, who raised England's status once more to that of a [[Great power|leading power]] following a decline after the death of [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]]. He believed in religious toleration towards protestant denominations. He was also notable for his intense anti catholic belief and his brutal conquest and ethnic cleansing of Irish Catholics. His beliefs continued to influence political and social ideas until recent times{{Vague|date=June 2023}} in Ireland.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oliver-Cromwell |title=Oliver Cromwell: English statesman |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRXrAQAAQBAJ&q=++%22ethnic+cleansing%22&pg=PA65|title=Milton, Toleration, and Nationhood|first=Elizabeth|last=Sauer|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107041943|via=Google Books}}</ref>
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|[[File:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, Captain-General of the English forces and Master-General of the Ordnance, 1702 (c), attributed to Michael Dahl 91996.jpg|123x123px]]|| [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] (1650–1722) commanded the largest allied armies during the [[War of the Spanish Succession|Spanish War of Succession]] (1701–1714). He "fought ten campaigns on the [European] Continent and never lost a battle, never even failed to take a fortress to which he had laid siege".<ref>{{cite book |last=Manchester |first=William |title=The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874-1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_V-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83 |year=2015 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4472-7951-8 |page=82}}</ref>
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{|class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:
|[[Thomas Tallis]] (1505–1585): English Renaissance composer and considered one of England's greatest composers
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|[[Edward Elgar]] (1857–1934): Elgar's status as a symbol of artistic inspiration was celebrated on the English £20 banknote, 1999–2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/7861063/20-Elgar-note-withdrawal-a-national-disgrace.html |title=£20 Elgar note withdrawal 'a national disgrace' |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Elgar's numerous compositions include the music of the stirring patriotic song "[[Land of Hope and Glory]]".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Elgar |title=Sir Edward Elgar: English composer |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>
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|[[File:The Fabs.JPG|100x100px]]
|[[The Beatles]]: arguably the most significant musical and cultural force of the twentieth century<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-beatles-20110420 |title=100 Greatest Artists |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-35523070 |title=The Beatles 'add £82m a year to Liverpool economy' |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>
|}
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|[[File:Arth tapestry2.jpg|100px]]
|[[King Arthur]], the legendary sovereign of Britain who defeated the [[Anglo-Saxons]] in the late 5th and early 6th centuries and appears in an international cycle of [[chivalric romance]]s (known as the [[Matter of Britain]]). It is unknown
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|[[File:Robin-hood-and-maid-marion-01.png|100x100px]]
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|[[Saint George]] (280–303 [[Anno Domini|AD]]): the patron saint of England<ref name=George/>
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|[[File:
|[[Alfred the Great]] (848/49 – 899) was King of [[Wessex]], becoming the dominant ruler in England.<ref>{{citation | last = Yorke | first= B. A. E. | author-link=Barbara Yorke | contribution=Alfred, king of Wessex (871-899) | editor=Michael Lapidge| title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England | year = 2001 | publisher= Blackwell Publishing | pages = 27–28 | isbn=978-0-631-15565-2|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
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|[[File:Lady Godiva (John Collier, c. 1897).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Lady Godiva]] (died between 1066 and 1086) was a late Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who is regarded as an English hero for her gallant protection of her people against high taxation.
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|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|141x141px]]
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|[[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|127x127px]]
|[[Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965): voted top of the BBC's 2002 [[100 Greatest Britons]] poll, Churchill is among the most influential people in English history.<ref name=project/>
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|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg|133x133px]]
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{|class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:
|[[Big Ben]] is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the [[Palace of Westminster]] in London, and often extended to refer to the clock and the [[clock tower]]. The tower is officially known as ''Elizabeth Tower'', as it was renamed in 2012 to celebrate the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II]]. Previously it was known simply as the Clock Tower. Big Ben has become one of England's most prominent symbols.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelguard.com/travel-news/big-ben-is-a-symbol-of-the-grandness-of-british-achievement |title=Big Ben is a symbol of the grandness of British achievement |publisher=[[Travel Guard]] |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
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|[[File:Buckingham Palace
|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the historic London residence and the administrative headquarters of the reigning [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]]. The palace is often the site of state occasions, and has been a focal point at times of national celebration and mourning.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buckingham-Palace |title=Buckingham Palace: Palace, Westminster, London, United Kingdom |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
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|[[File:
|The oldest regiment in the [[British Army|Regular Army]] in continuous active service, the origin of the [[Coldstream Guards]] lies in the [[English Civil War]] when [[Oliver Cromwell]] gave Colonel [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]] permission to form his own regiment as part of the [[New Model Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coldstreamguards.org.uk/ |title=Coldstream Guards |publisher=Coldstream Guards |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
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|[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Village Fête (Flemish Kermis) - WGA20406.jpg|100x100px]]
|There are many local [[fête]]s in spring and summer. These are outdoor events, usually organised by a volunteer committee, possibly the local church, which feature bunting, ribbons, and marquees with various attractions, and serve food such as tea and cake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/Quintessential-England-activities/village-fete/|title=Quintessential England: activities|date=1 November 2019|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
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|[[File:Stonehenge2007 07 30.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[Stonehenge]] is an ancient monument constructed from around 3000 BC to 2000 BC that is considered a cultural icon and has been [[Cultural depictions of Stonehenge|depicted many times]] in british culture, including on stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonehenge 'brings two British icons together' to celebrate Queen's Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-05-30/stonehenge-brings-two-british-icons-together-to-celebrate-jubilee}}</ref> This is demonstrated by the [[Royal Navy]] exploiting this sense of identification by naming an [[S-class destroyer (1917)|S-class destroyer]] and one of their [[British S-class submarine (1931)|S-class submarines]] [[HMS Stonehenge|HMS ''Stonehenge'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMS Stonehenge (P 232) |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3449.html}}</ref> Thousands of people continue to gather at the stones every summer and winter [[Solstice|solistice]]..<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-21 |title=Thousands welcome summer solstice at Stonehenge |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-65970567 |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref>
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* {{cite book|first=Andrew Stewart|last=Jamieson|year=1998|title=Coats of Arms|publisher=Pitkin|isbn=978-0-85372-870-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/coatsofarms00jami}}
* {{cite book|title=The crusaders; or, Scenes, events, and characters, from the times of the crusades|volume=2|first=Thomas|last=Keightley|edition=3rd|publisher=J. W. Parker|year=1834}}
* {{cite book|title=Fifty Years of Art, 1849–1899: Being Articles and Illustrations Selected from 'The Art Journal'|first=
{{Refend}}
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