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{{About|the word ''Jehovah''|the deity|God in Abrahamic religions|other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{
[[File:Authorized King James Version.png|thumb|"Jehovah" at [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 6:3<ref>{{bibleverse|Exodus|6:3|KJV}}</ref> (''[[King James Version]]'')]]
'''Jehovah''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}}) is a [[Romanization|Latinization]] of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} {{transliteration|hbo|Yəhōwā}}, one [[Tiberian vocalization|vocalization]] of the [[Tetragrammaton]] {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}}} (YHWH), the proper name of the [[God in Judaism|God of Israel]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]]/[[Old Testament]].<ref name="Stahl 2021">{{cite book | first=Michael J. | last=Stahl | title=The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition | chapter=The
The [[Scholarly consensus|consensus among scholars]] is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the [[redaction]] of the [[Torah]] (6th century BCE) is most likely [[Yahweh]]. The historical vocalization was lost because in [[Second Temple Judaism]], during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with {{transliteration|hbo|[[Adonai]]}} (
==Pronunciation==
[[File:Sør-Fron church, IEHOVA.jpg|thumb|The name ''Iehova'' at a [[Lutheran]] church in Norway<ref>Source: [http://www.divinename.no/sorfron.htm The Divine Name in Norway] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020705/http://www.divinename.no/sorfron.htm |date=2007-09-27 }},</ref>]]
Most scholars believe the name ''Jehovah'' (also transliterated as ''Yehowah'')<ref name="Schaff-Herzog">[http://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/god-names-of.html GOD, NAMES OF] – 5. Yahweh (Yahweh) in ''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. XII: Trench – Zwingli''
Some [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] Jews,{{r|ngordon}} as proponents of the rendering ''Jehovah'', state that although the original pronunciation of {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to [[Oral Torah|oral Rabbinic law]], well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as [[Joshua]], [[Jeremiah]], [[Isaiah]] or [[Jesus]], for which the original pronunciations may be unknown.<ref name="ngordon">{{Cite web | url=http://karaite-korner.org/yhwh_2.pdf | title=yhwh | date=Aug 19, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819065046/http://karaite-korner.org/yhwh_2.pdf | access-date=May 26, 2020 | archive-date=2011-08-19}}</ref><ref name="jehovahOT">Dennio, Francis B., "On the Use of the Word Jehovah in Translating the Old Testament", ''Journal of Biblical Literature 46'', (1927), pages 147–148. Dennio wrote:
In an article he wrote in the ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Biblical scholar Francis B. Dennio said: "Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu. The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right." Dennio argued that the form ''Jehovah'' is not a barbarism, but is the best English form available, being that it has for centuries gathered the necessary connotations and associations for valid use in English.{{r|jehovahOT}}
According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Yəhōwā}}) appears in the text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar [[Wilhelm Gesenius]], that the vowels of the substitutes of the name—{{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}} (Lord) and {{transliteration|hbo|Elohim}} ([[God]])—were inserted by the [[Masoretes]] to indicate that these substitutes were to be used.{{efn|"{{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} Jehovah, pr[oper] name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews. The later Hebrews, for some centuries before the time of Christ, either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws (Ex. 20:7; Lev. 24:11), or else following some old superstition, regarded this name as so very holy, that it might not even be pronounced (see Philo, Vit. Mosis t.iii. p.519, 529). Whenever, therefore, this ''nomen tetragrammaton'' occurred in the sacred text, they were accustomed to substitute for it {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}}, and thus the vowels of the noun {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters {{lang|hbo|יהוה}}, but with this difference, that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh'va {{lang|hbo|({{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} [{{transliteration|hbo|Y'''ə'''hōvā}}], not ({{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֲהֹוָה}}}} [{{transliteration|hbo|Y'''ă'''hōvā}}]); prefixes, however, receive the same points as if they were followed by {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} [...] This custom was already in vogue in the days of the [[Septuagint|LXX. translators]]; and thus it is that they everywhere translated {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} by ὁ Κύριος ({{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}})."<ref>H. W. F. Gesenius, ''Gesenius's Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament'', (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979 [1847])</ref>{{rp|337}}}} When {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} precedes or follows {{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}}, the Masoretes placed the vowel points of {{transliteration|hbo|[[Elohim]]}} into the Tetragrammaton, producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Yĕhōvī}}), which was read as {{transliteration|hbo|Elohim}}.<ref>For example, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|3:24|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|9:26|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse|Judges|16:28|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse|Genesis|15:2|HE}}</ref> Based on this reasoning, the form {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Jehovah}}) has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form",{{r|Kotansky}}<ref>R. Laird Harris, "The Pronunciation of the Tetragram," in John H. Skilton (ed.), ''The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis'' (Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974), p. 224.</ref> and even "a philological impossibility".<ref name="JewishEncycloName">{{cite web | title=NAMES OF GOD
Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading {{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}} (or its equivalents in Greek and Latin, {{transliteration|grc|Κύριος}} and {{lang|la|Dominus}}){{efn|The Latin [[Vulgate]] of St. Jerome renders the name as {{lang|la|Adonai}} at {{bibleverse|Exodus|6:3}} rather than as {{lang|la|Dominus}}.}} in place of the Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that, except in synagogue scrolls, accompanied them, resulting in the form ''Jehovah''.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 | first=George Foot | last=Moore | wstitle=Jehovah | volume=15 | page=311 }}</ref> This form, which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303, was adopted in Tyndale's and some other
===Development===
The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} has the [[niqqud|vowel points]] of {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|adonai}}).<ref name="Jouon">Paul Joüon and T. Muraoka.
Taking the spellings at face value may have been as a result of not knowing about the [[Q're perpetuum]], resulting in the transliteration ''Yehowah'' and derived variants.{{r|Schaff}}<ref>Marvin H. Pope,
[[File:Sefer Yezira 1552 IEHOUAH.PNG|thumb|upright=1.8|A 1552 Latin translation of the [[Sefer Yetzirah]], using the form '''Iehouah''' for the {{lang|la|"magnum Nomen tetragrammatum"}}]]
{{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} appears 6,518 times in the traditional [[Masoretic Text]], in addition to 305 instances of {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Jehovih}}). The pronunciation ''Jehovah'' is believed to have arisen through the introduction of vowels of the {{transliteration|hbo|[[qere]]}}—the marginal notation used by the Masoretes. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the {{transliteration|hbo|qere}}) differed from the consonants of the written text (the {{transliteration|hbo|[[kethib]]}}), they wrote the {{transliteration|hbo|qere}} in the margin to indicate that the {{transliteration|hbo|kethib}} was read using the vowels of the {{transliteration|hbo|qere}}. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted, referred to as ''[[q're perpetuum]]''.{{r|JewishEncycloName}} One of these frequent cases was God's name, which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the "ineffable name". Instead, wherever {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|YHWH}}) appears in the {{transliteration|hbo|kethib}} of the biblical and [[liturgical book]]s, it was to be read as {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|adonai}}, "My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or as {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֱלֹהִים}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|elohim}}, "God") if {{transliteration|hbo|adonai}} appears next to it.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LX0oAAAAYAAJ&dq=%28yehovih%29&pg=PA89 The Divine Name] – New Church Review, Volume 15,
Scholars are not in total agreement as to why {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} does not have precisely the same vowel points as {{transliteration|hbo|adonai}}. The use of the composite {{transliteration|he|hataf segol}} ({{nbsp}}{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|ֱ}}}}{{nbsp}}) in cases where the name is to be read {{transliteration|hbo|elohim}}, has led to the opinion that the composite {{transliteration|he|hataf patah}} ({{nbsp}}{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|ֲ}}}}{{nbsp}}) ought to have been used to indicate the reading {{transliteration|hbo|adonai}}. It has been argued conversely that the disuse of the {{transliteration|he|patah}} is consistent with the [[Babylonian vocalization|Babylonian system]], in which the composite is uncommon.{{r|JewishEncycloName}}
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===Introduction into English===
[[File:Hutchinson, Roger 1550 JEHOVAH.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The "peculiar, special, honorable and most blessed name of God" '''Iehoua''', an older English form of Jehovah (Roger Hutchinson, ''The image of God'', 1550)]]
The earliest available [[Latin]] text to use a vocalization similar to ''Jehovah'' dates from the 13th century.<ref>''Pugio fidei'' by [[Raymund Martin]], written in about 1270.</ref> The ''Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon'' suggested that the pronunciation ''Jehovah'' was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by [[Galatinus]], who defended its use.<ref>
In English it appeared in [[William Tyndale]]'s translation of the [[Pentateuch]] ("The Five Books of Moses") published in 1530 in Germany, where Tyndale had studied since 1524, possibly in one or more of the universities at [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Wittenberg]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and [[Marburg University|Marburg]], where Hebrew was taught.
The name ''Jehovah'' (initially as ''Iehouah'') appeared in all early Protestant Bibles in English, except [[Myles Coverdale|Coverdale]]'s translation in 1535.{{r|Driver}} The Roman Catholic [[Douay–Rheims Bible]] used "the Lord", corresponding to the Latin [[Vulgate]]'s use of {{lang|la|Dominus}} (Latin for {{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}}, "Lord") to represent the Tetragrammaton. The ''[[Authorized King James Version]]'', which used "{{Smallcaps|Jehovah}}" in a few places, most frequently gave "the {{LORD}}" as the equivalent of the Tetragrammaton. The form ''Iehouah'' appeared in John Rogers' ''[[Matthew Bible]]'' in 1537, the ''[[Great Bible]]'' of 1539, the ''[[Geneva Bible]]'' of 1560, ''[[Bishop's Bible]]'' of 1568 and the ''[[King James Version]]'' of 1611. More recently, ''Jehovah'' has been used in the ''[[Revised Version]]'' of 1885, the ''[[American Standard Version]]'' in 1901, and the ''[[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]]'' of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in 1961.
At Exodus 6:3–6,<ref>{{bibleverse|Exodus|6:3–6}}</ref> where the King James Version has ''Jehovah'', the ''[[Revised Standard Version]]'' (1952),<ref>
==Hebrew vowel points==
Modern guides to [[Biblical Hebrew]] grammar, such as Duane A Garrett's ''A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew''<ref>{{Cite book | first=Duane A. | last=Garrett
"Jehovist" scholars, largely earlier than the 20th century, who believe {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}} to be the original pronunciation of the divine name, argue that the Hebraic vowel-points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ''[[:wikt:ab origine|ab origine]]'' status to the Hebrew language. Some members of [[Karaite Judaism]], such as Nehemia Gordon, hold this view.{{r|ngordon}} The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering ''Jehovah'' was defended by various scholars, including Michaelis,<ref name="scribd.com">
===Proponents of pre-Christian origin===
18th-century theologian [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] puts forward the arguments of 17th-century [[Johannes Buxtorf II]] and others in his writing, ''A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points and Accents''.{{r|johngill}} He argued for an extreme antiquity of their use,{{r|johngill
* [[Kuzari|The Book of Cosri]] and commentator [[Rabbi]] Judab Muscatus, which claim that the vowel points were taught to [[Adam]] by God.{{r|johngill
* [[Saadiah Gaon]] (927
* [[Jerome]] (380
* [[Origen]] (250
* The [[Zohar]] (120
* [[Jesus Christ]] (31
* [[Hillel the Elder]] and [[Shammai]] division (30
* [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaites]] (120 BCE){{r|johngill
* [[Demetrius Phalereus]], librarian for [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] king of Egypt (277 BCE){{r|johngill
Gill quoted [[Elia Levita]], who said, "There is no syllable without a point, and there is no word without an accent," as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have a dependence on each other, and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points.{{r|johngill
[[William Fulke]], John Gill, [[John Owen (theologian)|John Owen]], and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at {{bibleverse||Matthew|5:18|KJV}}, indicated in the King James Version by the word ''[[tittle]]''.<ref>One of the definitions of "tittle" in the [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tittle Merriam-Webster Dictionary] is "a point or small sign used as a [[diacritic]]al mark in writing or printing".</ref><ref>
The 1602 Spanish Bible ([[Reina-Valera]]/[[Cipriano de Valera]]) used the name ''Iehova'' and gave a lengthy defense of the pronunciation ''Jehovah'' in its preface.{{r|scribd.com}}
===Proponents of later origin===
Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew, modern Hebrew (apart from young children's books, some formal poetry and Hebrew primers for new immigrants), is written without vowel points.<ref name="V&P">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet|title=The Hebrew Alphabet (Aleph-Bet)|
The [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], discovered in 1946 and dated from 400
Gill's view that the Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th-century study in opposition to "the opinion of most learned men in modern times", according to whom the vowel points had been "invented since the time of Christ".<ref>{{Cite
* The argument that vowel points are necessary for learning to read Hebrew is refuted by the fact that the [[Samaritan]] text of the Bible is read without them and that several other Semitic languages, kindred to Hebrew, are written without any indications of the vowels.
* The books used in synagogue worship have always been without vowel points, which, unlike the letters, have thus never been treated as sacred.
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* The [[Kabbalah|Kabbalists]] drew their mysteries only from the letters and completely disregarded the points, if there were any.
* In several cases, ancient translations from the Hebrew Bible ([[Septuagint]], [[Targum]], [[Aquila of Sinope]], [[Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus]], [[Theodotion]], [[Jerome]]) read the letters with vowels different from those indicated by the points, an indication that the texts from which they were translating were without points. The same holds for [[Origen]]'s transliteration of the Hebrew text into Greek letters. Jerome expressly speaks of a word in Habakkuk 3:5,<ref>{{bibleverse|Habakkuk|3:5|HE}}</ref> which in the present [[Masoretic Text]] has three consonant letters and two vowel points, as being of three letters and no vowel whatever.
* Neither the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] nor the [[Babylonian Talmud]] (in all their recounting of Rabbinical disputes about the meaning of words), nor [[Philo]] nor [[Josephus]], nor any Christian writer for several centuries after Christ make any reference to vowel points.<ref>Higgins, pp. 146–149</ref><ref>
==Early modern arguments==
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|valign=top align=left|John Drusius ([[Johannes Van den Driesche]]) (1550–1616)
|valign=top align=left|{{lang|la|Tetragrammaton, sive de Nomine Die proprio, quod Tetragrammaton vocant}} (1604)
|Drusius stated "Galatinus first led us to this mistake [...] I know [of] nobody who read [it] thus earlier").<ref name="georgefmoore">{{Cite journal | last1=Moore | first1=George F. | title=Notes on the Name <RLE>הוהי<PDF> | journal=The American Journal of Theology | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=34–52 | year=1908 | doi=10.1086/478733 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3154641 | jstor=3154641 }}</ref> An editor of Drusius in 1698, however, knows of an earlier reading in Porchetus de Salvaticis.{{Clarify|date=December 2009}}<ref>{{Cite journal |
|-
|valign=top align=left|[[Sixtinus Amama]] (1593–1659)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.lycos.nl/breukelm/Latijnsebijbelvertalingen16deeeuw.pdf|title=Build a Free Website with Web Hosting – Tripod|access-date=2007-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930150428/http://members.lycos.nl/breukelm/Latijnsebijbelvertalingen16deeeuw.pdf|archive-date=2009-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|valign=top align=left|[[Nicholas Fuller]] (1557–1626)
|valign=top align=left|{{lang|la|Dissertatio de nomine}} {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} (before 1626)
|valign=top align=left|Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Nicholas Fuller : Oxford Biography Index entry | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101010234/ | url-status=dead | access-date=2007-07-01 | archive-date=2007-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182848/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101010234/
|-
|valign=top align=left|[[Johannes Buxtorf|John Buxtorf]] (1564–1629)
|valign=top align=left|{{lang|la|Disserto de nomine JHVH}} (1620); {{lang|la|Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masoreticus}} (1664)
|valign=top align=left|John Buxtorf the elder<ref>{{cite web | title=Biblical Criticism Catalogue Number 74 | url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/gatt/catalog.php?num=74
|-
|valign=top align=left|[[Johannes Buxtorf II]] (1599–1664)
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* The [[Geneva Bible]] (1560) translates the Tetragrammaton as ''{{Smallcaps|Jehovah}}'' in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, and two other times as place-names, Genesis 22:14 and Exodus 17:15.
* In the [[Bishop's Bible]] (1568), the word ''Jehovah'' occurs in Exodus 6:3 and Psalm 83:18.
* The [[Authorized King James Version]] (1611) renders ''{{Smallcaps|Jehovah}}'' in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 (see image), Isaiah 26:4, and three times in compound place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15 and Judges 6:24.
* [[Webster's Revision|Webster's Bible Translation]] (1833) by [[Noah Webster]], a revision of the King James Bible, contains the form ''Jehovah'' in all cases where it appears in the original King James Version, as well as another seven times in Isaiah 51:21, Jeremiah 16:21; 23:6; 32:18; 33:16, Amos 5:8 and Micah 4:13.
[[File:King James Bible-Isaiah 12 2 Jehovah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jehovah in [[King James Bible]] 1853 Isaiah 12:2]]
* [[Young's Literal Translation]] by [[Robert Young (biblical scholar)|Robert Young]] (1862, 1898) renders the Tetragrammaton as ''Jehovah'' 6,831 times.
* The [[Julia E. Smith Parker Translation]] (1876) considered the first complete translation of the Bible into English by a woman. This Bible version was titled The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues. This translation prominently renders the Tetragrammaton as ''Jehovah'' throughout the entire Old Testament.
* The [[English Revised Version]] (
* The [[Darby Bible]] (1890) by [[John Nelson Darby]] renders the Tetragrammaton as ''Jehovah'' 6,810 times.
* The [[American Standard Version]] (1901) renders the Tetragrammaton as ''Je-
* The Modern Reader's Bible (1914) an annotated reference study Bible based on the English Revised Version of 1894 by Richard Moulton, renders ''Jehovah'' where it appears in the English Revised Version of 1894.
* The Holy Scriptures (1936, 1951), Hebrew Publishing Company, revised by [[Alexander Harkavy]], a Hebrew Bible translation in English, contains the form ''Jehovah'' where it appears in the King James Version except in Isaiah 26:4.
* The [[Modern Language Bible]]—''The New Berkeley Version in Modern English'' (1969) renders ''Jehovah'' in Genesis 22:14, Exodus 3:15, Exodus 6:3 and Isaiah 12:2. This translation was a revision of an earlier translation by [[Gerrit Verkuyl]].
* The [[New English Bible]] (1970) published by Oxford University Press uses ''{{Smallcaps|Jehovah}}'' in Exodus 3:
* The King James II Version (1971) by [[Jay P. Green|Jay P. Green, Sr.]], published by Associated Publishers and Authors, renders ''Jehovah'' at Psalms 68:4 in addition to where it appears in the Authorized King James Version, a total of 8 times.
* The [[Living Bible]] (1971) by [[Kenneth N. Taylor]], published by [[Tyndale House]] Publishers, Illinois, ''Jehovah'' appears 428 times according to the Living Bible Concordance by Jack Atkeson Speer and published by Poolesville Presbyterian Church; 2nd edition (1973).
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* The [[American King James Version]] (1999) by Michael Engelbrite renders ''Jehovah'' in all the places where it appears in the Authorized King James Version.
* The [[Recovery Version]] (1999, 2003, 2016) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the Old Testament 6,841 times.
* The [[Sacred Name Bibles|New Heart English Translation (Jehovah Edition)]] (2010) [a Public Domain work with no copyright] uses "Jehovah"
'''Bible translations with the divine name in the New Testament:'''
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* The [[Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation]] (1900) by [[William Gunion Rutherford]] uses the name ''Jehovah'' six times in the Book of Romans.
'''Bible translations with the divine name in both the Old Testament and the New Testament:''' render the Tetragrammaton as ''Jehovah'' either exclusively or in selected verses:
* In the [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] (1961, 1984, 2013) published by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|
* The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English (2010) by David Bauscher, a self-published English translation of the New Testament, from the Aramaic of The Peshitta New Testament with a translation of the ancient [[Peshitta|Aramaic Peshitta]] version of Psalms & Proverbs, contains the word "JEHOVAH" approximately 239 times in the New Testament, where the Peshitta itself does not. In addition, "Jehovah" also appears 695 times in the Psalms and 87 times in Proverbs, totaling 1,021 instances.
* The [[Sacred Name Bibles|Divine Name King James Bible]] (2011)
===Non-usage===
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A few sacred name Bibles use the [[Tetragrammaton]] instead of a generic title (e.g., the LORD) or a conjectural transliteration (e.g., Yahweh or Jehovah):
* [[Sacred Name Bibles|The Scriptures (ISR) Version]] (1993, 1998, 2009)
* [[Sacred Name Bibles|Sacred Name King James Bible]] (2005)
* [[Sacred Name Bibles|HalleluYah Scriptures]] (2009, 2015)
* [[Literal English Version]] (2014)
Most modern translations exclusively use ''Lord'' or ''{{LORD}}'', generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is ''[[Yahweh]]'' or ''[[YHWH]]'' (not ''JHVH''), and in some cases saying that this name is "traditionally" transliterated as ''Jehovah'':<ref name="ESVpreface">English Standard Version Translation Oversight Committee [http://about.esvbible.org/about/preface/ Preface to the English Standard Version] Quote: "When the vowels of the word adonai are placed with the consonants of YHWH, this results in the familiar word Jehovah that was used in some earlier English Bible translations. As is common among English translations today, the ESV usually renders the personal name of God (YHWH) with the word Lord (printed in small capitals)."</ref><ref name="NRSVpreface">Bruce M. Metzger for the New Revised Standard Version Committee.
* The [[Revised Standard Version]] (1952), an authorized revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, replaced all 6,823 usages of ''Jehovah'' in the 1901 text with "{{LORD}}" or "{{GOD}}", depending on whether the Hebrew of the verse in question is read "Adonai" or "Elohim" in Jewish practice. A footnote on Exodus 3:15 says: "The word {{LORD}} when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH." The preface states: "The word 'Jehovah' does not accurately represent any form of the name ever used in Hebrew".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/rsvpreface.html|title=Preface to the Revised Standard Version of the Bible (1971)}}</ref>
* The [[New American Bible]] (1970, revised 1986, 1991). Its footnote to Genesis 4:25–26 says: "... men began to call God by his personal name, Yahweh, rendered as "the {{LORD}}" in this version of the Bible."<ref>[http://old.usccb.org/nab/bible/genesis/genesis4.htm New American Bible, Genesis, Chapter 4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128174557/http://old.usccb.org/nab/bible/genesis/genesis4.htm |date=2012-01-28
* The [[New American Standard Bible]] (1971, updated 1995), another revision of the 1901 American Standard Version, followed the example of the Revised Standard Version. Its footnotes to {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:14|NASB}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Exodus|6:3|NASB}} state: "Related to the name of God, YHWH, rendered {{LORD}}, which is derived from the verb HAYAH, to be"; "Heb YHWH, usually rendered {{LORD}}". In its preface it says: "It is known that for many years YHWH has been transliterated as Yahweh, however no complete certainty attaches to this pronunciation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |title=Preface to the New American Standard Bible |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207004013/http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |archive-date=2006-12-07
* The Bible in Today's English ([[Good News Bible]]), published by the American Bible Society (1976). Its preface states: "the distinctive Hebrew name for God (usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh) is in this translation represented by 'The Lord'." A footnote to {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:14|GNB}} states: "I am sounds like the Hebrew name Yahweh traditionally transliterated as Jehovah."
* The [[New International Version]] (1978, revised 2011). Footnote to {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:15|NIV}}, "The Hebrew for {{LORD}} sounds like and may be related to the Hebrew for I AM in verse 14."
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* The [[Contemporary English Version]] or CEV (also known as Bible for Today's Family) (1995).
* The [[English Standard Version]] (2001). Footnote to {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:15|ESV}}, "The word {{LORD}}, when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH, which is here connected with the verb hayah, 'to be'."
* The [[Common English Bible]]
* The [[Modern English Version]] (2014).
A few translations use titles such as The ''Eternal'':
* [[Moffatt, New Translation]] (1922).
* [[The Voice (Bible translation)|The Voice]] (2012).
Some translations use both ''Yahweh'' and ''{{LORD}}'':
* The Bible, [[An American Translation]] (1939) by J. M. Powis Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed. Generally uses "{{LORD}}" but uses ''Yahweh'' and/or "Yah" exactly where ''
* The [[Amplified Bible]] (1965, revised 1987) generally uses ''Lord'', but translates {{bibleverse||Exodus|6:3|AB}} as: "I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty [El-Shaddai], but by My name the Lord [Yahweh—the redemptive name of God] I did not make Myself known to them [in acts and great miracles]."
* The [[New Living Translation]] (1996), produced by [[Tyndale House]] Publishers as a successor to the Living Bible, generally uses ''{{LORD}}'', but uses ''Yahweh'' in {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:15|NLT}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Exodus|6:3|NLT}}.
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* The [[Christian Community Bible]] (1988) is a translation of the Christian Bible in the English language originally produced in the Philippines and uses "Yahweh".
* The [[World English Bible]] (1997) is based on the 1901 American Standard Version, but uses "Yahweh" instead of "Jehovah".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebible.org/web/webfaq.htm|title=The World English Bible (WEB) FAQ}}</ref>
* Hebraic Roots Bible (2009, 2012).<ref>[http://www.coyhwh.com/en/bible/hebraicRootsBible.pdf ''Hebraic Roots Bible''] by Esposito.</ref>
* The [[Lexham English Bible]] (2011) uses "Yahweh" in the Old Testament.
* [[Sacred Name Bibles|Names of God Bible]] (2011, 2014), edited by Ann Spangler and published by [[Baker Publishing Group]].<ref>[http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/kjv-names-of-god-bible-hardcover/315389 Baker Publishing Group information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106170826/http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/kjv-names-of-god-bible-hardcover/315389 |date=2017-01-06 }}, accessed 12 December 2015</ref> The core text of the 2011 edition uses the [[God's Word Translation|''God's Word'' translation]]. The core text of the 2014 edition uses the [[King James Version]], and includes ''Jehovah'' next to ''Yahweh'' where "LORD Jehovah" appears in the source text. The print edition of both versions have divine names printed in brown and includes a commentary. Both editions use "Yahweh" in the Old Testament.
* The [[Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition]] (1981) is a Sacred Name Bible which uses the name "Yahweh" in both the Old and New Testaments (Chamberlin
==Other usage==
[[File:JEHOVAH at RomanCatholic Church Martinskirche Olten.JPG|thumb|
Following the [[Middle Ages]], before and after the [[Protestant Reformation]], some churches and public buildings across Europe were decorated with variants and cognates of "Jehovah". For example, the [[
Lyrics of some Christian hymns, for example, "Guide me, O thou great Jehovah",<ref>e.g. [http://www.hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh127.sht "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah"] (1771)</ref> include "Jehovah". The form also appears in some reference books and novels, appearing several times in the novel ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told#Pre-production|The Greatest Story Ever Told]],'' by Catholic author [[Fulton Oursler]].<ref>
Some religious groups, notably [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Awake!|date=December 2007|page=20|title=How God's Name Has Been Made Known|quote=The commonly used form of
==Similar Greek names==
===Ancient===
[[File:Ιεωα in Col. 15 line 10 (PGM VII 531) Papyri Graecae Magicae 121.jpg|thumb|Similar Greek name Ιεωα in Col. 15 line 10 in [[Papyrus 121 (Greek magical papyrus)|PGM VII 531]] dated to the 3rd-century CE.]]
* {{lang|grc|Ιουω}} ({{transliteration|grc|Iouō}}, {{IPA
* {{lang|grc|Ιεου}} ({{transliteration|grc|Ieou}}, {{IPA
* {{lang|grc|ΙΕΗΩΟΥΑ}} ({{transliteration|grc|I-E-Ē-Ō-O-Y-A}}, {{IPA
* {{lang|grc|Ιευώ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Ievō}}): [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], who says that [[Sanchuniathon]] received the records of the Jews from Hierombalus, priest of the god Ieuo.<ref>''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' 10.9.</ref> (c. 315)
* {{lang|grc|Ιεωά}} ({{transliteration|grc|Ieōa}}): [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] magical text<ref>The Grecised Hebrew text "{{lang|grc|εληιε Ιεωα ρουβα}}" is interpreted as meaning "my God Ieoa is mightier". ("La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme", O.T.S. vol. 5, 1948, pp. 57, 58. [Greek papyrus CXXI 1.528–540 (3rd century), Library of the British Museum]</ref> (2nd–3rd centuries), M. Kyriakakes<ref>Article in the ''Aster'' magazine ([http://www.gec.gr/astir/JAN2000.htm January 2000]), the official periodical of the Greek Evangelical Church.</ref> (2000)
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==Similar Latin and English transcriptions==
[[File:JEHOVA Raymundus Pugio Fidei 1270 a.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Excerpts from [[Ramón Martí|Raymond Martin]]'s ''Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Judaeos'' (1270, p. 559), containing the phrase "Jehova, sive Adonay, qvia Dominus es omnium" (Jehovah, or Adonay, for you are the Lord of all){{r|raymundus}}]]
[[File:IEHOUAH Geneva Bible 1560 Psalm 83 18.PNG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Geneva Bible]], 1560 (Psalm 83:18)]]
[[File:Tetragrammaton Lat JOVA Hexapla Prov 3 19.JPG|thumb|upright=2|A Latin rendering of the Tetragrammaton has been the form "Jova".<br />(''Origenis Hexaplorum'', edited by Frederick Field, 1875)]]
Transcriptions of {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} similar to ''Jehovah'' occurred as early as the 12th century.<!--IPA pron?-->
* ''Ieve'': [[Petrus Alphonsi]]<ref name="karpman">{{Cite journal | first=Dahlia M. | last=Karpman
* ''Jehova'': [[Ramón Martí|Raymond Martin]] (Raymundus Martini)<ref name="raymundus">''Pugio Fidei'', in which Martin argued that the vowel points were added to the Hebrew text only in the 10th century (
* ''Yohoua'': Raymond Martin{{r|raymundus}} (1278)
* ''Yohouah'': Porchetus de Salvaticis (1303)
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* ''Iehova'': Nicholas of Cusa (1428), [[Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples]] (1514), [[Sebastian Münster]] (1526), [[Leo Jud]] (1543), [[Robert Estienne]] (1557)
* ''Ihehoua'': Nicholas of Cusa (1428)
* ''Jova'': 16th century,<ref>Sir Godfrey Driver, ''Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible''.</ref> Rosenmüller<ref name="rosenmuller">
* ''Jehovah'': [[Paul Fagius]] (1546), [[John Calvin]] (1557), King James Bible (1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT]), [[Matthew Poole]]<ref>See Poole's comments at Exodus 6:2, 3 in his ''[[Synopsis criticorum biblicorum]]''.</ref> (1676), [[Benjamin Kennicott]]<ref>
* ''Iehouáh'': [[Geneva Bible]] (1560)
* ''Iehovah'': [[Authorized King James Version]] (1611), [[Henry Ainsworth]] (1627)
* ''Jovae'': Rosenmüller{{r|rosenmuller}} (1820)
* ''Yehovah'': William Baillie<ref>
* ''Jahovah'': Sebastian Schmidt<ref>{{cite book |
{{Wikiquote}}
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==See also==
* [[El (deity)|El]]
* [[God in Christianity]], [[God in Islam]], [[God in Mormonism]], [[God in the Bahá'í Faith]]
* [[I am that I am]]
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* [[Names of God]]
* [[Theophoric name]]
{{clear}}
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{{notelist}}
==
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Sources ===
*{{cite encyclopedia|editor=Encyclopaedia Britannica staff, The|date=2017-09-20|title=Jehovah|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jehovah-2108642|access-date=2024-06-19}}
*{{cite journal|last=Kitz |first=Anne Marie |date=2019 |title=The Verb *yahway|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=138 |number=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first1=George Thomas|editor-last1=Kurian|editor-link1=George Thomas Kurian|editor-first2=Mark A.|editor-last2=Lamport|editor-link2=Mark A. Lamport|title=Sacred Name Movement|volume=5|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States]]|year=2016|isbn=9781442244320|pages=2003–2005}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fahlbusch |editor-first1=Erwin |editor-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch|editor-first2=Jan Milič |editor-last2=Lochman |editor-link2=Jan Milič Lochman |editor-first3=John |editor-last3=Mbiti |editor-link3=John Mbiti |editor-first4=Jaroslav |editor-last4=Pelikan |editor-link4=Jaroslav Pelikan |editor-first5=Lukas |editor-last5=Vischer |editor-link5=Lukas Vischer (theologian) |title=Yahweh |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Christianity]] |volume=5 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] / Brill Publishers |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |pages=823–824 |lang=en-US |translator-first=Geoffrey William |translator-last=Bromiley |translator-link=Geoffrey William Bromiley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ramelli |first=Ilaria |author-link=Ilaria Ramelli |editor-first=Angelo |editor-last=Di Berardino |title=Name |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity |volume=2 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |date=2014-02-28 |lang=en-US |isbn=978-0-8308-2941-5 |pages=862–866}}
*{{cite journal|last=Schoenfeld |first=Aviv |date=2020-06-18 |title=Abishai, Daniel and Hezekiah. Lexical Secreted Affixation in Biblical Hebrew personal names |journal=Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics |volume=12 |number=1 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=74–98 |doi=10.1163/18776930-01201006 |issn=1876-6633}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Pavlos D.|last=Vasileiadis |author-link=Pavlos D. Vasileiadis|date=2011 |editor-first=Petros |editor-last=Vassiliadis |editor-link=Petros Vassiliadis |title=Γιαχβέ |chapter=ΜΟΧΕ: «Γιαχβέ», τόμ. 5, σσ. 212–217. |trans-title=Yahweh |encyclopedia=Μεγάλη Ορθόδοξη Χριστιανική Εγυκλοπαίδεια (ΜΟΧΕ) |volume=5 |pages=212–217 |lang=el |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4309130}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911 | wstitle=Tetragrammaton
* {{Cite EB1911 | wstitle=Jehovah | last=Moore | first=George Foot | short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE | wstitle=Jehovah | year=1905 | short=x}}
* {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia | last=Maas | first=Anthony John | wstitle=Jehovah | display=Jehovah (Yahweh) | volume=8 |
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14346-tetragrammaton "Tetragrammaton", ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' 1906]
|