Jehovah: Difference between revisions

'''Jehovah''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}}) is a [[Romanization|Latinization]] of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} {{transliteration|hbo|Yəhōwā}}, one [[Tiberian vocalization|vocalization]] of the [[Tetragrammaton]] {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}}} (YHWH), the proper name of the [[God in Judaism|God of Israel]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]]/[[Old Testament]].<ref name="Stahl 2021">{{cite book | first=Michael J. | last=Stahl | title=The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition | chapter=The "'God of Israel"' and the Politics of Divinity in Ancient Israel | series=[[Vetus Testamentum|Vetus Testamentum: Supplements]] | volume=187 | pages=52–144 | year=2021 | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | location=[[Leiden]]; [[Boston]] | doi=10.1163/9789004447721_003 | isbn=978-90-04-44772-1 | doi=10.1163/9789004447721_003 | s2cid=236752143 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drMlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 }}</ref><ref>The Imperial Bible-Dictionary, Volume 1, p. 856. "Jehovah, on the other hand, the personality of the Supreme is more distinctly expressed. It is every where a proper name, denoting the personal God and him only; whereas Elohim partakes more of the character of a common noun, denoting usually, indeed, but not necessarily nor uniformly, the Supreme. Elohim may be grammatically defined by the article, or by having a suffix attached to it, or by being in construction with a following noun. The Hebrew may say the Elohim, the true God, in opposition to all false gods; but he never says the Jehovah, for Jehovah is the name of the true God only. He says again and again my God; but never my Jehovah, for when he says my God, he means Jehovah. He speaks of the God of Israel, but never of the Jehovah of Israel, for there is no other Jehovah. He speaks of the living God, but never of the living Jehovah, for he cannot conceive of Jehovah as other than living. It is obvious, therefore, that the name Elohim is the name of more general import, seeing that it admits of definition and limitation in these various ways; whereas Jehovah is the more specific and personal name, altogether incapable of limitation."</ref><ref name="TEOC">{{cite encyclopedia |title editor1-first=YahwehBromiley |encyclopedia editor1-last=[[TheGeoffrey EncyclopediaWilliam of| Christianity]]editor1-link=Geoffrey William Bromiley |publisher editor2-first=[[Wm.Erwin B.| Eerdmanseditor2-last=Fahlbusch Publishing]]| /editor2-link=Erwin [[BrillFahlbusch Publishers|Brill]] editor3-first=Jan Milic |url editor3-last=https://books.google.com/books?idLochman | editor3-link=lZUBZlth2qgCJan Milic Lochman |date editor4-first=2008John | editor4-02-15last=Mbiti |editor1 editor4-link=BromileyJohn Mbiti |editor editor5-first=GeoffreyJaroslav William| editor5-last=Pelikan |editor editor5-link=GeoffreyJaroslav William BromileyPelikan |volume editor6-first=5Lukas |pages editor6-last=823–824Vischer |isbn=978-90 editor6-04-14596link=Lukas Vischer (theologian) | translator-2first=Geoffrey William |editor2translator-last=[[ErwinBromiley Fahlbusch]]| title=Yahweh |editor3 encyclopedia=[[JanThe MilicEncyclopedia Lochmanof Christianity]] |editor4 volume=[[John5 Mbiti]]| pages=823–824 |editor5 year=2008 | publisher=[[JaroslavWm. PelikanB. Eerdmans Publishing]] |editor6=/ [[LukasBrill Vischer (theologian)Publishers|Lukas VischerBrill]] |translator location=GeoffreyLeiden William| Bromileyisbn=9789-00-41-45962- | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC}}</ref> The [[Tetragrammaton]] {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} is considered one of the [[Names of God in Judaism#Seven names of God|seven names of God in Judaism]] and a form of [[names of God in Christianity|God's name in Christianity]].<ref name="Parke-Taylor2006">{{cite book |last1=Parke-Taylor |first1first=G. H. | last=Parke-Taylor | title=Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible |date=1 January year=2006 | publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] | location=Waterloo | isbn=978-0-88920-652-6 | page=4 |language=en| quote=The Old Testament contains various titles and surrogates for God, such as El Shaddai, El Elyon, Haqqadosh (The Holy One), and Adonai. In chapter three, consideration will be given to names ascribed to God in the patriarchal period. Gerhard von Rad reminds us that these names became secondary after the name YHWH had been known to Israel, for "'these rudimentary names which derive from old traditions, and from the oldest of them, never had the function of extending the name so as to stand alongside the name Jahweh to serve as fuller forms of address; rather, they were occasionally made use of in place of the name Jahweh."' In this respect YHWH stands in contrast to the principal deities of the Babylonians and the Egyptians. "'Jahweh had only one name; Marduk had fifty with which his praises as victor over Tiamat were sung in hymns. Similarly, the Egyptian god Re is the god with many names.'}}</ref><ref name="Pfatteicher1990">{{cite book |last1=Pfatteicher |first1first=Philip H. | last=Pfatteicher | title=Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context |date page=384 | year=1990 | publisher=Augsburg Fortress | isbn=978-0-8006-0392-2 |page=384 |language=en|quote=The psalter in its Episcopal and Lutheran forms uses small capital letters to represent the tetragrammaton YHWH, the personal name of the deity: LORD; it uses "'Lord"' as a translation of Adonai.}}</ref><ref name="Krasovec2010">{{cite book |last1 first=KrasovecJoze |first1 last=JozeKrasovec | title=The Transformation of Biblical Proper Names |date page=857 March| year=2010 | publisher=A&C Black | isbn=978-0-567-45224-5 |page=57 |language=en |quote=In the Hebrew Bible, the specific personal name for the God of Israel is given using the four consonants, the "'Tetragrammaton'," ''yhwh'', which appears 6007 times.}}</ref>

The [[Scholarly consensus|consensus among scholars]] is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the [[redaction]] of the [[Torah]] (6th century BCE) is most likely [[Yahweh]]. The historical vocalization was lost because in [[Second Temple Judaism]], during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with {{transliteration|hbo|[[Adonai]]}} ('my Lord'). The Hebrew vowel points of {{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}} were added to the Tetragrammaton by the [[Masoretes]], and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century CE as ''Yehowah''.<ref name="Schaff">{{Cite web |last=Schaff |first=Philip | last=Schaff | title=Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia Vol. : 0494=470 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library | page=480 | url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12/Page_470.html | website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library | access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.ccel.org |page=480}}</ref> The derived forms ''Iehouah'' and ''Jehovah'' first appeared in the 16th century.

The[[William Tyndale]] first introduced the vocalization of the Tetragrammaton ''Jehovah'' was first introduced by [[William Tyndale]] in his translation of Exodus 6:3, and appears in some other early English translations including the [[Geneva Bible]] and the [[King James Version]].<ref name="Driver">In the 7th paragraph of ''Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible'', [http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html Sir Godfrey Driver wrote], "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for [YHWH].{{nbsp}}[...] The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."</ref> The [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] states that in order to pronounce the Tetragrammaton "it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "'Yahweh"' or "'Jehovah"')."<ref name="USCCB2008">{{cite web | title=The Name of God in the Liturgy | url=http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/frequently-asked-questions/the-name-of-god-in-the-liturgy.cfm | publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | language=en | year=2008}}</ref> ''Jehovah'' appears in the Old Testament of some widely used translations including the [[American Standard Version]] (1901) and [[Young's Literal Translation]] (1862, 1899); the [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]] (1961, 2013) uses ''Jehovah'' in both the Old and New Testaments. ''Jehovah'' does not appear in most mainstream English translations, some of which use [[Yahweh]] but most continue to use "Lord" or "{{LORD}}" to represent the [[Tetragrammaton]].{{r|ESVpreface|NRSVpreface}}

Some [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] Jews,{{r|ngordon}} as proponents of the rendering ''Jehovah'', state that although the original pronunciation of {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to [[Oral Torah|oral Rabbinic law]], well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as [[Joshua]], [[Jeremiah]], [[Isaiah]] or [[Jesus]], for which the original pronunciations may be unknown.<ref name="ngordon">{{Cite web | url=http://karaite-korner.org/yhwh_2.pdf | title=yhwh | date=Aug 19, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819065046/http://karaite-korner.org/yhwh_2.pdf | access-date=May 26, 2020 | archive-date=2011-08-19}}</ref><ref name="jehovahOT">Dennio, Francis B., "On the Use of the Word Jehovah in Translating the Old Testament", ''Journal of Biblical Literature 46'', (1927), pages 147–148. Dennio wrote: "''Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu.'' The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right. Usage has given them the connotation proper for designating the personalities with which these words represent. Much the same is true of Jehovah. It is not a barbarism. It has already many of the connotations needed for the proper name of the Covenant God of Israel. ''There is no word which can faintly compare with it. For centuries it has been gathering these connotations.'' No other word approaches this name in the fullness [''sic''] of associations required. ''The use of any other word falls far short of the proper ideas that it is a serious blemish in a translation''."</ref> They also point out that "the English form ''Jehovah'' is simply an Anglicized form of Y{{sup|e}}hovah,"{{r|ngordon}} and preserves the four Hebrew consonants "YHVH" (with the introduction of the "J" sound in English).{{r|ngordon}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamblion.net/Articles/ScottJones/jehovah1.htm|title=יהוה Jehovah יהוה|first=Scott|last=Jones|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804213448/http://www.lamblion.net/Articles/ScottJones/jehovah1.htm|archive-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Carl D. Franklin – [http://www.cbcg.org/franklin/debunking1.pdf Debunking the Myths of Sacred Namers יהוה] – ''Christian Biblical Church of God'' – December 9, 1997 – Retrieved 25 August 2011.</ref> Some argue that ''Jehovah'' is preferable to ''Yahweh'', based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally, and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables.<ref name="Buchanan2">George Wesley Buchanan, "How God's Name Was Pronounced," Biblical Archaeology Review 21.2 (March–April 1995), pp. 31–32.</ref>

According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Yəhōwā}}) appears in the text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar [[Wilhelm Gesenius]], that the vowels of the substitutes of the name—{{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}} (Lord) and {{transliteration|hbo|Elohim}} ([[God]])—were inserted by the [[Masoretes]] to indicate that these substitutes were to be used.{{efn|"{{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} Jehovah, pr[oper] name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews. The later Hebrews, for some centuries before the time of Christ, either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws (Ex. 20:7; Lev. 24:11), or else following some old superstition, regarded this name as so very holy, that it might not even be pronounced (see Philo, Vit. Mosis t.iii. p.519, 529). Whenever, therefore, this ''nomen tetragrammaton'' occurred in the sacred text, they were accustomed to substitute for it {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}}, and thus the vowels of the noun {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters {{lang|hbo|יהוה}}, but with this difference, that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh'va {{lang|hbo|({{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} [{{transliteration|hbo|Y'''ə'''hōvā}}], not ({{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֲהֹוָה}}}} [{{transliteration|hbo|Y'''ă'''hōvā}}]); prefixes, however, receive the same points as if they were followed by {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}} [...] This custom was already in vogue in the days of the [[Septuagint|LXX. translators]]; and thus it is that they everywhere translated {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} by ὁ Κύριος ({{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}}})."<ref>H. W. F. Gesenius, ''Gesenius's Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament'', (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979 [1847])</ref>{{rp|337}}}} When {{lang|hbo|יהוה}} precedes or follows {{transliteration|hbo|Adonai}}, the Masoretes placed the vowel points of {{transliteration|hbo|[[Elohim]]}} into the Tetragrammaton, producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Yĕhōvī}}), which was read as {{transliteration|hbo|Elohim}}.<ref>For example, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|3:24|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|9:26|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse|Judges|16:28|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse|Genesis|15:2|HE}}</ref> Based on this reasoning, the form {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Jehovah}}) has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form",{{r|Kotansky}}<ref>R. Laird Harris, "The Pronunciation of the Tetragram," in John H. Skilton (ed.), ''The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis'' (Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974), p. 224.</ref> and even "a philological impossibility".<ref name="JewishEncycloName">{{cite web | title=NAMES OF GOD – JewishEncyclopedia.com | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N#164}}</ref>

The earliest available [[Latin]] text to use a vocalization similar to ''Jehovah'' dates from the 13th century.<ref>''Pugio fidei'' by [[Raymund Martin]], written in about 1270.</ref> The ''Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon'' suggested that the pronunciation ''Jehovah'' was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by [[Galatinus]], who defended its use.<ref>{{Cite book |last first1=Francis | last1=Brown |first first2=FrancisEdward |url last2=http://archive.org/details/hebrewenglishlex00browuoftRobinson | first3=Samuel Rolles | last3=Driver |first4=Charles Augustus | last4=Briggs | others=Kelly | title=A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament – with an appendix containing the biblical Aramaic |last2=Robinson |first2pages=Edward218 |last3=Driver |first3year=Samuel Rolles1906 |last4=Briggs |first4=Charles Augustus |last5=Gesenius |first5=Wilhelm |date=1906 |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Kelly – University of Toronto |location=Oxford, England |pages=218 |languageurl=en-ukhttp://archive.org/details/hebrewenglishlex00browuoft}}</ref>{{rp|218}}

In English it appeared in [[William Tyndale]]'s translation of the [[Pentateuch]] ("The Five Books of Moses") published in 1530 in Germany, where Tyndale had studied since 1524, possibly in one or more of the universities at [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Wittenberg]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and [[Marburg University|Marburg]], where Hebrew was taught.<ref>Dahlia M. Karpman "Tyndale's Response to the Hebraic Tradition" in ''Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol. 14 (1967)), {{r|karpman|pp. =113, 118, 119. }}<ref>Note: Westcott, in his survey of the English Bible, wrote that Tyndale "felt by a happy instinct the potential affinity between Hebrew and English idioms, and enriched our language and thought for ever with the characteristics of the Semitic mind."</ref> The spelling used by Tyndale was "Iehouah"; at that time, "I" was not distinguished from [[J]], and [[U]] was not distinguished from [[V]].<ref>The first English-language book to make a clear distinction between ''I'' and ''J'' was published in 1634. ([https://books{{Cite book | first=Richard M.google.com/books?id | last=CCvMbntWth8CHogg ''| title=The Cambridge History of the English Language''], Richard| M.page=39 Hogg,| ([[year=1992 | publisher=Cambridge University Press]] 1992| location=Cambridge {{ISBN| isbn=0-521-26476-6}}, p.| 39url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCvMbntWth8C}}). It was also only by the mid-1500s that ''V'' was used to represent the [[consonant]] and ''U'' the vowel sound, while capital ''U'' was not accepted as a distinct letter until many years later ([https://books.google.com/books?id{{Cite book | first=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pgLaurent | last=PA124Pflughaupt ''| title=Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany''], Laurent| Pflughaupt,date=2007 (| pages=123–124 | publisher=Princeton Architectural Press {{ISBN| isbn=978-1-56898-737-8}}) pp.| 123–124url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pg=PA124}}).</ref> The original 1611 printing of the [[Authorized King James Version]] used "Iehouah". Tyndale wrote about the divine name: "IEHOUAH [Jehovah], is God's name; neither is any creature so called; and it is as much to say as, One that is of himself, and dependeth of nothing. Moreover, as oft as thou seest {{LORD}} in great letters (except there be any error in the printing), it is in Hebrew ''Iehouah'', Thou that art; or, He that is."<ref>William Tyndale, ''Doctrinal Treatises'', ed. [[Henry Walter (antiquary)|Henry Walter]] (Cambridge, 1848)</ref>{{rp|408}} The name is also found in a 1651 edition of [[Ramón Martí]]'s {{lang|la|Pugio fidei}}.<ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia | first=Anthony John | last=Maas | wstitle=Jehovah | display=Jehovah (Yahweh) | volume=8 |first=Anthony John |last=Maas}}</ref>

At Exodus 6:3–6,<ref>{{bibleverse|Exodus|6:3–6}}</ref> where the King James Version has ''Jehovah'', the ''[[Revised Standard Version]]'' (1952),<ref>{{Cite web | title=Exodus 6:3-11 – I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as Go... | website=Bible Study Tools | url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/exodus/passage/?q=exodus+6:3-11 | access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Bible Study Tools |language=en}}</ref> the ''[[New American Standard Bible]]'' (1971), the ''[[New International Version]]'' (1978), the ''[[New King James Version]]'' (1982), the ''[[New Revised Standard Version]]'' (1989), the ''[[New Century Version]]'' (1991), and the ''[[Contemporary English Version]]'' (1995) give "{{LORD}}" or "Lord" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while the ''[[New Jerusalem Bible]]'' (1985), the ''[[Amplified Bible]]'' (1987), the ''[[New Living Translation]]'' (1996, revised 2007), and the ''[[Holman Christian Standard Bible]]'' (2004) use the form ''Yahweh''.

Modern guides to [[Biblical Hebrew]] grammar, such as Duane A Garrett's ''A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew''<ref>{{Cite book | first=Duane A. | last=Garrett, | title=A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew (| page=13 | year=2002 | publisher=Broadman & Holman 2002 {{ISBN| isbn=0-8054-2159-9}}), p. 13</ref> state that the Hebrew vowel points now found in printed Hebrew Bibles were invented in the second half of the first millennium AD, long after the texts were written. This is indicated in the authoritative ''Hebrew Grammar'' of Gesenius,<ref>[[s:Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/62|Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition), p. 38]]</ref><ref>Christo H. J. Van der Merwe, Jackie A. Naude and Jan H. Kroeze, A Biblical Reference Grammar (Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002), and Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 2001).</ref> and ''Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=David |url last=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eCrFWY01d0C&dq=diacritical+cabalistic+hermetic&pg=PR18Godwin | title=Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia: A Complete Guide to Cabalistic Magick |date page=xviii | year=1994 | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-1-56718-324-5 |page=xviii |languageurl=en-ushttps://books.google.com/books?id=2eCrFWY01d0C&dq=diacritical+cabalistic+hermetic&pg=PR18}}</ref> and is acknowledged even by those who say that guides to Hebrew are perpetuating "scholarly myths".<ref>[http://www.deanburgonsociety.org/CriticalTexts/myths.htm Thomas M. Strouse, Scholarly Myths Perpetuated on Rejecting the Masoretic Text of the Old Testament.] The writer mentions in particular Christo H. J. Van der Merwe, Jackie A. Naude and Jan H. Kroeze, A Biblical Reference Grammar (Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002), and Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 2001).</ref>

"Jehovist" scholars, largely earlier than the 20th century, who believe {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}} to be the original pronunciation of the divine name, argue that the Hebraic vowel-points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ''[[:wikt:ab origine|ab origine]]'' status to the Hebrew language. Some members of [[Karaite Judaism]], such as Nehemia Gordon, hold this view.{{r|ngordon}} The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering ''Jehovah'' was defended by various scholars, including Michaelis,<ref name="scribd.com">{{Cite web |title=Awe 11 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Jehovah {{!}} Tetragrammaton |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/11539822/Awe-11 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Scribd |page=416 (Chapter 11) |language=en}}</ref> Drach,{{r|scribd.com}} Stier,{{r|scribd.com}} [[William Fulke]] (1583), [[Johannes Buxtorf]],<ref>''Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masoreticus (1620; quarto edition, improved and enlarged by J. Buxtorf the younger, 1665)''</ref> his son [[Johannes Buxtorf II]],<ref>''Tractatus de punctorum origine, antiquitate, et authoritate, oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli (1648)''</ref> and [[John Owen (theologian)|John Owen]]<ref>''Biblical Theology (Morgan, Pennsylvania: Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 1996 reprint of the 1661 edition), pp. 495–533.''</ref> (17th century); Peter Whitfield<ref name="andgodsaidlet.com">''[http://andgodsaidlet.com/Books/A%20Dissertation%20on%20the%20Hebrew%20Vowel-Points.%20Shewing%20that%20they%20are%20an%20Original%20and%20Essential%20Part%20of%20the%20Language.%20P.%20Whitfield%201748%20PDF.pdf A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel-Points (PDF 58.6 MB)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313062915/http://andgodsaidlet.com/Books/A%20Dissertation%20on%20the%20Hebrew%20Vowel-Points.%20Shewing%20that%20they%20are%20an%20Original%20and%20Essential%20Part%20of%20the%20Language.%20P.%20Whitfield%201748%20PDF.pdf |date=2012-03-13 }}'', (Liverpoole: Peter Whitfield, 1748)</ref><ref name="whitfield">''[https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B315fGUHb_mmNzRmNWJmZDItZWIxYi00ZWNlLWEyMDktNmJmYjJkMDNkN2M3&hl=en A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel-Points]'', (Liverpoole: Peter Whitfield, 1748)</ref> and [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] (18th century),<ref name="johngill">{{Cite book | first=John | last=Gill | author-link=John Gill (theologian) | title=A collection of sermons and tracts ...: To which are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Life, Writing, and Character of the Author | chapter=A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points, and Accents | volume=3 | year=1778 | publisher=G. Keith | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59wOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA429}}</ref>{{rp|1767}} John Moncrieff<ref>''An Essay on the Antiquity and Utility of the Hebrew Vowel-Points (Glasgow: John Reid & Co., 1833)''.</ref> (19th century), [[Johann Friedrich von Meyer]] (1832)<ref>''Blätter für höhere Wahrheit'' vol. 11, 1832, pp. 305, 306.</ref> Thomas D. Ross has given an account of the controversy on this matter in England down to 1833.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20151010210236/http://46bza31pal0t21oxbq212zea.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/VowelPointPaper.pdf The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England]'', by Thomas D. Ross</ref> G. A. Riplinger,<ref>(''In Awe of Thy Word, G. A. Riplinger –'' Chapter 11, pp. 413-435413–435)[https://www.scribd.com/doc/11539822/Awe-11 Online].</ref> John Hinton,<ref name="av1611.com">{{cite web|url=http://av1611.com/kjbp/ridiculous-kjv-bible-corrections/Yahweh-Jehova-YHVH.html |title=Who is Yahweh? – Ridiculous KJV Bible Corrections |publisher=Av1611.com |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> Thomas M. Strouse,<ref name="docs.google.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emmanuel-newington.org/seminary/resources/Whitfield.pdf|title=Whitfield PDF|date=May 28, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528075336/http://www.emmanuel-newington.org/seminary/resources/Whitfield.pdf|access-date=May 26, 2020|archive-date=2006-05-28}}</ref> are more recent defenders of the authenticity of the vowel points.

18th-century theologian [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] puts forward the arguments of 17th-century [[Johannes Buxtorf II]] and others in his writing, ''A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points and Accents''.{{r|johngill}} He argued for an extreme antiquity of their use,{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=499–560}} rejecting the idea that the vowel points were invented by the Masoretes. Gill presented writings, including passages of scripture, that he interpreted as supportive of his "Jehovist" viewpoint that the Old Testament must have included vowel-points and accents.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=549–560}} He claimed that the use of Hebrew vowel points of {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}, and therefore of the name ''Jehovah'' {{IPAc-en|j|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}}, is documented from before 200 BCE, and even back to [[Adam]], citing Jewish tradition that Hebrew was the first language. He argued that throughout this history the Masoretes did not invent the vowel points and accents, but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai, citing{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=538–542}} [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] authorities<ref>''[https://www.scribd.com/doc/11539822/Awe-11 In Awe of Thy Word], G. A. Riplinger –'' Chapter 11, pp.&nbsp;422–435.</ref>{{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=540}} Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov (1699) and his associates, who stated that "all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented, as it came out of the hands of Moses, the man of God."{{r|scribd.com}} The argument between [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] and [[Rabbinic Judaism]] on whether it was lawful to pronounce the name represented by the Tetragrammaton{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=538–542}} is claimed to show that some copies have always been pointed (voweled){{r|av1611.com}} and that some copies were not pointed with the vowels because of "[[oral law]]", for control of interpretation by some Judeo sects, including non-pointed copies in synagogues.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=548–560}} Gill claimed that the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|j|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|v|ə}} can be traced back to early historical sources which indicate that vowel points and/or accents were used in their time.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=462}} Sources Gill claimed supported his view include:

* [[Kuzari|The Book of Cosri]] and commentator [[Rabbi]] Judab Muscatus, which claim that the vowel points were taught to [[Adam]] by God.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=461–462}}

* [[Saadiah Gaon]] (927 CE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=501}}

* [[Jerome]] (380 CE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=512–516}}

* [[Origen]] (250 CE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=522}}

* The [[Zohar]] (120 CE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=531}}

* [[Jesus Christ]] (31 CE), based on Gill's interpretation of Matthew 5:18{{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=535–536}}

* [[Hillel the Elder]] and [[Shammai]] division (30 BCE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=536–537}}

* [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaites]] (120 BCE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|pp=538–542}}

* [[Demetrius Phalereus]], librarian for [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] king of Egypt (277 BCE){{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=544}}

Gill quoted [[Elia Levita]], who said, "There is no syllable without a point, and there is no word without an accent," as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have a dependence on each other, and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=499}} Gill acknowledged that Levita, "first asserted the vowel points were invented by "[[Masoretic Text#The Age of the Masoretes|the men of Tiberias]]", but made reference to his condition that "if anyone could convince him that his opinion was contrary to the book of Zohar, he should be content to have it rejected." Gill then alludes to the book of Zohar, stating that rabbis declared it older than the Masoretes, and that it attests to the vowel-points and accents.{{r|johngill}}{{rp|p=531}}

[[William Fulke]], John Gill, [[John Owen (theologian)|John Owen]], and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at {{bibleverse||Matthew|5:18|KJV}}, indicated in the King James Version by the word ''[[tittle]]''.<ref>One of the definitions of "tittle" in the [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tittle Merriam-Webster Dictionary] is "a point or small sign used as a [[diacritic]]al mark in writing or printing".</ref><ref>''{{Cite book | editor1-first=William H. | editor1-last=Gould | editor2-first=Charles W. | editor2-last=Quick | title=The Works of John Owen | chapter=Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew and Greek Text of the Scripture; with Considerations on the Prolegomena and Appendix to the Late "Biblia Polyglotta," in| vol.volume=9 IX,| Thepage=110 Works| ofyear=1865 John| Owen,''publisher=Leighton ed.Publications Gould, William H., & Quick, Charles W.,| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Leighton Publications, 1865), p. 110.}}</ref><ref>For the meanings of the word {{lang|el|κεραία}} in the original texts of {{bibleverse||Matthew|5:18}} and {{bibleverse||Luke|16:17}} see [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%E1%BD%B7%CE%B1#lexicon Liddell and Scott] and for a more modern scholarly view of its meaning in that context see [http://ulrikp.dk/strongsgreek/goto.php?strongs=2762 Strong's Greek Dictionary.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719134035/http://ulrikp.dk/strongsgreek/goto.php?strongs=2762 |date=2011-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/search/word,tittle | title=Search'Tittle' => [word&#93; => tittle :: 1828 Dictionary :: Search the 1828 Noahin Webster's 1828 Dictionary of| the English Language (FREE) |publisher=1828.mshaffer.com | date=2009-10-16 | access-date=20132024-0305-2605}}</ref>

The [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BCE to 70 CE,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kukis.org/Doctrines/OTmanuscripts.pdf|title=Old Testament Manuscripts|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> include texts from the Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible,<ref>{{Cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |url=http://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsto00jame |title=The Dead Sea scrolls today |date=1994 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8028-0736-6 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |pages=30 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accordancebible.com/about/articles/dssb.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141849/http://www.accordancebible.com/about/articles/dssb.php|url-status=dead|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Manuscripts|archive-date=July 20, 2008|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> and have provided documentary evidence that, in spite of claims to the contrary, the original Hebrew texts were written without vowel points.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Graphological Investigation | url=http://www.handwritingfoundation.org/deadsea.htm | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202125134/http://handwritingfoundation.org/deadsea.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Graphological Investigation| archive-date=February 2, 2009 | access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SBL Publications | url=http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/article.aspx?articleId=675|title=SBL Publications}}</ref> Menahem Mansoor's ''The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide'' claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Dead Sea Scrolls | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exAVAAAAIAAJ&q=%22vowel+points%22+%22Dead+Sea+Scrolls%22&pg=PA75 |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls|year=1964}}</ref>

Gill's view that the Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th-century study in opposition to "the opinion of most learned men in modern times", according to whom the vowel points had been "invented since the time of Christ".<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Godfrey | last=Higgins | title=On the Vowel Points of the Hebrew Language | journal=The Classical Journal | page=145 | date=June 1826 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vW0SAAAAIAAJ&dq=hebrew+vowel+points&pg=PA145}}</ref> The study presented the following considerations:

|Drusius stated "Galatinus first led us to this mistake [...] I know [of] nobody who read [it] thus earlier").<ref name="georgefmoore">{{Cite journal | last1=Moore | first1=George F. | title=Notes on the Name <RLE>הוהי<PDF> | journal=The American Journal of Theology | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=34–52 | year=1908 | doi=10.1086/478733 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3154641 | jstor=3154641 }}</ref> An editor of Drusius in 1698, however, knows of an earlier reading in Porchetus de Salvaticis.{{Clarify|date=December 2009}}<ref>{{Cite journal | first1first=George F. | last1last=Moore | title=Notes on the Name הוהי | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures | volume=28 | issue=1 | pages=56–62 | year=1911 | doi=10.1086/369679 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/528133 | jstor=528133 | s2cid=170242955 }}</ref><!--According to [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/BDBYahwehtrimmed.jpg the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon], {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} (Qr {{Script/Hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}) occurs 6518 times, and {{Script/Hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} (Qr {{Script/Hebrew|אֱלֹהִים}}) occurs 305 times in the Masoretic Text. [already in article, not directly related to Drusius]--> John Drusius wrote that neither {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}} nor {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}}}} accurately represented God's name.

|valign=top align=left|Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Nicholas Fuller : Oxford Biography Index entry | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101010234/ | url-status=dead | access-date=2007-07-01 | archive-date=2007-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182848/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101010234/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

|valign=top align=left|John Buxtorf the elder<ref>{{cite web | title=Biblical Criticism Catalogue Number 74 | url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/gatt/catalog.php?num=74 | title=Biblical Criticism Catalogue Number 74 }}</ref> opposed the views of [[Elia Levita]] regarding the late origin (invention by the Masoretes) of the Hebrew vowel points, a subject which gave rise to the controversy between [[Louis Cappel]] and his (e.g. John Buxtorf the elder's) son, [[Johannes Buxtorf II]] the younger.

* In the [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] (1961, 1984, 2013) published by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|WatchtowerWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society]], ''Jehovah'' appears 7,199 times in the 1961 edition, 7,210 times in the 1984 revision and 7,216 times in the 2013 revision, comprising 6,979 instances in the Old Testament,<ref>[http://www.jw.org/en/news/headlines/?v=2552828400#mid702013141 Revised ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144808/http://www.jw.org/en/news/headlines/?v=2552828400#mid702013141 |date=2013-11-01 }}. Accessed 14 October 2013.</ref> and 237 in the New Testament—including 70 of the 78 times where the New Testament quotes an Old Testament passage containing the Tetragrammaton,<ref>Of the 78 passages where the New Testament, using Κύριος (Lord) for the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text, quotes an Old Testament passage, the New World Translation puts "Jehovah" for Κύριος in 70 instances, "God" for Κύριος in 5 (Rom 11:2, 8; Gal 1:15; Heb 9:20; 1 Pet 4:14), and "Lord" for Κύριος in 3 (2 Thes 1:9; 1 Pet 2:3, 3:15) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=EgnIp2Bzdi8C&q=seventy-eight Jason BeDuhn, ''Truth in Translation'' (University Press of America 2003] {{ISBN|0-7618-2556-8}}), pp. 174–175</ref> where the Tetragrammaton does not appear in any extant Greek manuscript.

Lyrics of some Christian hymns, for example, "Guide me, O thou great Jehovah",<ref>e.g. [http://www.hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh127.sht "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah"] (1771)</ref> include "Jehovah". The form also appears in some reference books and novels, appearing several times in the novel ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told#Pre-production|The Greatest Story Ever Told]],'' by Catholic author [[Fulton Oursler]].<ref>[https{{Cite book |last=Oursler |first=Fulton |url=http://archive.org/streamdetails/greateststoryeve012599mbp/greateststoryeve012599mbp_djvu.txt Full text of "|title=The Greatest Story Ever Told A Tale Of The Greatest Life Ever Lived"] –|date=1949 ''Internet|publisher=Doubleday Archive''& –Company, RetrievedInc. 2|others=Universal SeptemberDigital 2011.Library}}</ref>

* {{lang|grc|Ιουω}} ({{transliteration|grc|Iouō}}, {{IPA|el|juɔ|label=Modern:}}): ''[[Pistis Sophia]]'' cited by Charles William King, which also gives {{lang|grc|Ιαω}} ({{transliteration|grc|Iaō}}, {{IPA|el|jaɔ|label=Modern:}})<ref name="gnosticsremains">{{Cite book |last=King |first=C.Charles W.William | lasturl=Kinghttps://books.google.com/books?id=OtwENFWoBWoC&q=Lugdunum | title=Gnostics and Their Remains: Ancient and Mediaeval (1887) | datepublisher=FebBell 1,& 1998Daldy | publisheryear=Kessinger Publishing1864 | isbn=9780766103818 | urllocation=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtwENFWoBWoC&q=LugdunumLondon, England | access-date=May 26, 2020 | via=Google Books}}</ref> (2nd century)

* {{lang|grc|ΙΕΗΩΟΥΑ}} ({{transliteration|grc|I-E-Ē-Ō-O-Y-A}}, {{IPA|el|ieɛɔoya|label=Modern:}}), the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet arranged in this order. Charles William King attributes to a work that he calls ''On Interpretations''<ref>He speaks of it as anonymous: "the writer 'On Interpretations{{'"}}. Aristotle's ''[[De Interpretatione]]'' does not speak of Egyptians.</ref> the statement that this was the Egyptian name of the supreme God. He comments: "This is in fact a very correct representation, if we give each vowel its true Greek sound, of the Hebrew pronunciation of the word Jehovah."<ref>{{Cite bookr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtwENFWoBWoC&q=Miletusgnosticsremains|titlepp=Gnostics and Their Remains: Ancient and Mediaeval (1887)|first=C. W.|last=King|date=Feb 1, 1998|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9780766103818|access199-date=May 26, 2020|via=Google Books200}}</ref> (2nd century)

* ''Ieve'': [[Petrus Alphonsi]]<ref name="karpman">{{Cite journal | first=Dahlia M. | last=Karpman, "| title=Tyndale's Response to the Hebraic Tradition" (''| journal=Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol.| volume=14 (| page=121 | year=1967)), p.| 121publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York | doi=10.2307/2857163 | jstor=i333696}}</ref> (c. 1106), [[Alexander Geddes]]<ref name="Geddes">See comments at Exodus 6:2, 3 in his ''Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures'' (1800).</ref><ref>Rev. Richard Barrett's ''A Synopsis of Criticisms upon Passages of the Old Testament'' (1847) p. 219.</ref> (1800)

* ''Jehova'': [[Ramón Martí|Raymond Martin]] (Raymundus Martini)<ref name="raymundus">''Pugio Fidei'', in which Martin argued that the vowel points were added to the Hebrew text only in the 10th century ([https://{{Cite web.archive.org/web/20151010210011/http://faithsaves.net/history-hebrew-vowel-points/ | first=Thomas D. | last=Ross, ''| title=The Battle over the Hebrew Vowel Points Examined Particularly as Waged in England''], p| date=11 March 2014 | url=http://faithsaves.net/history-hebrew-vowel-points | page=5| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010210011/http://faithsaves.net/history-hebrew-vowel-points | archive-date=2015-10-10 }}).</ref> (1278), [[Porchetus de Salvaticis]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/528133 | jstor=528133 | last1=Moore | first1=George F. | title=Notes on the Name הוהי | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures | date=1911 | volume=28 | issue=1 | pages=56–62 | doi=10.1086/369679 | s2cid=170242955 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (1303), [[Immanuel Tremellius|Tremellius]] (1575), Marcus Marinus (1593), [[Charles IX of Sweden]]<ref>Charles IX of Sweden instituted the [[Jehova Order|Royal Order of Jehova]] in 1606.</ref> (1606), [[Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller|Rosenmüller]]{{r|rosenmuller}} (1820), [[Wilhelm Gesenius]] (c. 1830)<ref>For example, Gesenius rendered Proverbs 8:22 in Latin as: "Jehova creavit me ab initio creationis". (Samuel Lee, ''A lexicon, Hebrew, Chaldee, and English'' (1840) p. 143)</ref>

* ''Jova'': 16th century,<ref>Sir Godfrey Driver, ''Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible''.</ref> Rosenmüller<ref name="rosenmuller">''{{Cite book | first=Ernst Friedrich Karl | last=Rosenmüller | title=Scholia in Vetus Testamentum'', vol.| volume=3, part| issue=3, pp.| pages=8–9 | year=1820 | 8,publisher=Barth 9,| etc.location=Leipzig}}</ref> (1820)

* ''Jehovah'': [[Paul Fagius]] (1546), [[John Calvin]] (1557), King James Bible (1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT]), [[Matthew Poole]]<ref>See Poole's comments at Exodus 6:2, 3 in his ''[[Synopsis criticorum biblicorum]]''.</ref> (1676), [[Benjamin Kennicott]]<ref>''{{Cite book | first=Benjamin | last=Kennicott | title=The State of the printedPrinted Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered: A Dissertation in two parts'' (| pages=158–159 | year=1753), pp.| publisher=Fletcher & Prince 158,| 159)location=Oxford}}</ref> (1753), Alexander Geddes{{r|Geddes}} (1800)

* ''Yehovah'': William Baillie<ref>''{{Cite book |last=Baillie |first=William |title=The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew'', [[commons:File:BAILLIEwith WILLIAMLatin 1843Version, ThePronunciation, Firstand TwelveGrammatical PsalmsPraxis in|publisher=Longmand Hebrewand Company 21.png|p.year=1843 |location=Dublin |page=22]].}}</ref> (1843)

* ''Jahovah'': Sebastian Schmidt<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Sebastian | last=Schmidt | title=Biblia sacraSacra, sive Testamentum vetusVetus et novumNovum, ex linguis originalibus in linguam latinamLatinam translatum à Sebastiano Schmidt, Argentorati, 1696 | page=207 | year=1872 | publisher=John Friderici Spoor | location=Strasbourg}}</ref> (18721696), Samuel Hammond<ref>{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Samuel |title last=Hammond | title=Lessons Drawn from the Scriptures | pages=7, 24, 69 | year=1899 }}</ref> (1899)

==Notes References ==

* {{Cite EB1911 | wstitle=Tetragrammaton | short=x}}

* {{Cite EB1911 | wstitle=Jehovah | last=Moore | first=George Foot | short=x}}

* {{Cite NIE | wstitle=Jehovah | year=1905 | short=x}}

* {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia | last=Maas | first=Anthony John | wstitle=Jehovah | display=Jehovah (Yahweh) | volume=8 |first=Anthony John |last=Maas |short=x}}