Catheter: Difference between revisions

In [[medicine]], a '''catheter''' (/ˈkæθətər/){{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|θ|ə|t|ə|r|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/catheter |title=catheter noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes &#124; Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at |publisher=Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |date= |accessdate=2022-05-06}}</ref> {{Respell|KA|thə|tər}}) is a thin [[tubing (material)|tube]] made from [[medical grade]] materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are manufactured for specific applications, such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular and ophthalmic procedures. The process of inserting a catheter is called ''catheterization''.

Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel, brain, skin or adipose tissue. Functionally, they allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments, and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter.<ref>{{cite book |last=Diggery |first=Robert |title=Catheters: Types, applications and potential complications (medical devices and equipment |year=2012 |publisher=Nova Science |isbn=978-1621006305}}</ref> Special types of catheters, also called probes, are used in preclinical or clinical research for sampling of lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Altendorfer-Kroath|first1=Thomas|last2=Schimek|first2=Denise|last3=Eberl|first3=Anita|last4=Rauter|first4=Günther|last5=Ratzer|first5=Maria|last6=Raml|first6=Reingard|last7=Sinner|first7=Frank|last8=Birngruber|first8=Thomas|date=January 2019|title=Comparison of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis when sampling small lipophilic and small hydrophilic substances|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.024|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|volume=311|pages=394–401|doi=10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.024|pmid=30266621|s2cid=52883354|issn=0165-0270}}</ref> protein-bound and unbound drugs,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schaupp|first1=L.|last2=Ellmerer|first2=M.|last3=Brunner|first3=G. A.|last4=Wutte|first4=A.|last5=Sendlhofer|first5=G.|last6=Trajanoski|first6=Z.|last7=Skrabal|first7=F.|last8=Pieber|first8=T. R.|last9=Wach|first9=P.|authorlink8= Thomas Pieber|date=1999-02-01|title=Direct access to interstitial fluid in adipose tissue in humans by use of open-flow microperfusion|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e401|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=276|issue=2|pages=E401–E408|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e401|pmid=9950802|issn=0193-1849}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ellmerer|first1=Martin|last2=Schaupp|first2=Lukas|last3=Brunner|first3=Gernot A.|last4=Sendlhofer|first4=Gerald|last5=Wutte|first5=Andrea|last6=Wach|first6=Paul|last7=Pieber|first7=Thomas R.|date=2000-02-01|title=Measurement of interstitial albumin in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by open-flow microperfusion|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.2.e352|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=278|issue=2|pages=E352–E356|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.2.e352|pmid=10662720|s2cid=11616153 |issn=0193-1849}}</ref> neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dragatin|first1=Christian|last2=Polus|first2=Florine|last3=Bodenlenz|first3=Manfred|last4=Calonder|first4=Claudio|last5=Aigner|first5=Birgit|last6=Tiffner|first6=Katrin Irene|last7=Mader|first7=Julia Katharina|last8=Ratzer|first8=Maria|last9=Woessner|first9=Ralph|last10=Pieber|first10=Thomas Rudolf|last11=Cheng|first11=Yi|date=2015-11-23|title=Secukinumab distributes into dermal interstitial fluid of psoriasis patients as demonstrated by open flow microperfusion|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12863|journal=Experimental Dermatology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=157–159|doi=10.1111/exd.12863|pmid=26439798|s2cid=34556907|issn=0906-6705|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kolbinger|first1=Frank|last2=Loesche|first2=Christian|last3=Valentin|first3=Marie-Anne|last4=Jiang|first4=Xiaoyu|last5=Cheng|first5=Yi|last6=Jarvis|first6=Philip|last7=Peters|first7=Thomas|last8=Calonder|first8=Claudio|last9=Bruin|first9=Gerard|last10=Polus|first10=Florine|last11=Aigner|first11=Birgit|date=March 2017|title=β-Defensin 2 is a responsive biomarker of IL-17A–driven skin pathology in patients with psoriasis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.038|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=139|issue=3|pages=923–932.e8|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.038|pmid=27502297|s2cid=30272491|issn=0091-6749|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kleinert|first1=Maximilian|last2=Kotzbeck|first2=Petra|last3=Altendorfer-Kroath|first3=Thomas|last4=Birngruber|first4=Thomas|last5=Tschöp|first5=Matthias H.|last6=Clemmensen|first6=Christoffer|date=December 2019|title=Corrigendum to "Time-resolved hypothalamic open flow micro-perfusion reveals normal leptin transport across the blood–brain barrier in leptin resistant mice" [Molecular Metabolism 13 (2018) 77–82]|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.001|journal=Molecular Metabolism|volume=30|page=265|doi=10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.001|pmid=31767178|pmc=6889745|issn=2212-8778}}</ref> nanoparticles[[nanoparticle]]s and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.

The ancient [[Syria]]nsEgyptians created catheters from [[Reed (plant)|reed]]s.

An early modern application of the catheter was employed by [[Claude Bernard]] for the purpose of cardiac catheterization in 1844. The procedure involved entering a horse's ventricles via the jugular vein and carotid artery. This appears to be an earlier and modern application of the catheter because this catheter approach technique is still performed by neurosurgeons, cardiologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons.<ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Donald S. Baim |last=Baim |first=Donald |title=Grossman's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention |year=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0781755672}}</ref>

Other reusable catheters consisted of red rubber tubes. Although sterilized prior to reuse, they still posed a high risk of infection and often led to the spread of disease.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineers |first=NPCS Board of Consultants & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWJAgAAQBAJ&q=david+S.+Sheridan+Forbes+Magazine&pg=PA142 |title=Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products|first=NPCS Board of Consultants &|last=Engineers|date=January 1, 2014 |publisher=Niir Project Consultancy Services |isbn=9789381039281 |via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|142}}

A range of [[polymer]]s are used for the construction of catheters, including [[silicone rubber]], [[nylon]], [[polyurethane]], polyethylene terephthalate (PET), [[latex]], and [[thermoplastic elastomer]]s. Silicone is one of the most common implantable choice because it is inert and unreactive to body fluids and a range of medical fluids with which it might come into contact. On the other hand, the polymer is weak mechanically, and a number of serious fractures have occurred in catheters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McKenzie |first1=J. M. |last2=Flahiff |first2=C. M. |last3=Nelson |first3=C. L. |date=1 October 1993 |title=Retention and strength of silicone-rubber catheters. A report of five cases of retention and analysis of catheter strength. |url=http://jbjs.org/content/75/10/1505 |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am |language=en |volume=75 |issue=10 |pages=1505–1507 |doi=10.2106/00004623-199310000-00011 |issn=0021-9355 |pmid=8408139 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923221049/http://jbjs.org/content/75/10/1505 |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=May 12, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Shaleen |last2=Gandhi |first2=Mamatha |last3=Kashyap |first3=Randeep |last4=Liebman |first4=Scott |date=1 March 2011 |title=Spontaneous Rupture of a Silicone Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Presenting Outflow Failure and Peritonitis |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3747/pdi.2010.00123 |journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=204–206 |doi=10.3747/pdi.2010.00123 |doi-broken-date=DecemberSeptember 3112, 20222024 |issn=0896-8608 |pmid=21427251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508150819/http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/31/2/204 |archive-date=8 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mirza |first1=Bilal |last2=Saleem |first2=Muhammad |last3=Sheikh |first3=Afzal |date=14 August 2010 |title=Broken Piece of Silicone Suction Catheter in Upper Alimentary Tract of a Neonate |journal=APSP Journal of Case Reports |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=8 |issn=2218-8185 |pmc=3417984 |pmid=22953251}}</ref> For example, silicone is used in [[Foley catheter]]s where fractures have been reported, often requiring surgery to remove the tip left in the bladder.

There are various catheters used in [[angiography]] procedures. Diagnostic catheters<ref name="Ali 2012"/><ref name="Themes 2016">{{cite web|last=Themes|first=U. F. O.|date=2016-06-20|title=Catheter-Based Technology and Devices|url=https://thoracickey.com/catheter-based-technology-and-devices/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Thoracic Key|language=en-US}}</ref> direct wires through blood vessels. [[Radiocontrast agent]] is then injected through the catheter to visualise the vessels via various imaging methods such as [[computed tomography]] (CT), [[projectional radiography]], and [[fluoroscopy]].<ref name="Themes 2016"/> Pigtail catheter is a non-selective catheter with multiple side holes that can deliver large volumes of contrast into a blood vessel for imaging purposes.<ref name="Davies 2005"/> Cobra catheter is a selective catheter used to catheterise downgoing vessels in the abdomen. Cobra catheters move forward by pushing and are removed by pulling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bakal |first1=CW |last2=Flacke |first2=S |title=Diagnostic Catheters and Guidewires |date=December 23, 2015 |url=https://radiologykey.com/diagnostic-catheters-and-guidewires/ |publisher=Radiology Key |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220203112342/https://radiologykey.com/diagnostic-catheters-and-guidewires/ |archive-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Sidewinder catheter is a selective catheter is used to navigate the aorta.<ref name="Davies 2005">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=AH |last2=Brophy |first2=CM |title=Vascular surgery |date=10 October 2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781852332884 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_FcvqJvmhsC&pg=PA239 |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Headhunter, Newton, Simmons, Bentson, and Berenstein catheters are used to navigate the into one of the three branches of the [[arch of aorta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Angiography peripheral intervention |url=https://www.merit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PI-Angiography.pdf |publisher=Merit Medical |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414170251/https://www.merit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PI-Angiography.pdf |archive-date=414 FebruaryApril 20222021 |page=21}}</ref> Yashiro Catheter is a selective, hydrophilic catheter designed for optimal entry into [[celiac trunk]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Golowa |first1=Yosef S. |last2=Kalva |first2=Sanjeeva P. |last3=D'Othee |first3=Bertrand Janne |date=April 2009 |title=Use of a Yashiro Catheter to Facilitate Complex Visceral Catheterization |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1051044309000165 |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=557–559 |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2009.01.014|pmid=19243973 }}</ref> Whereas endothelial cell sampling through endovascular sampling with coils, stents, stent retrievers, or guidewires suffer from poor selectivity and a low or highly variable cell yield, a micro-3D-printed device adapted for endovascular techniques can harvest endothelial cells for transcriptomic analysis.<ref name="SandellChirehSpyrou2022">{{cite journal | last1 = Sandell | first1 = Mikael | last2 = Chireh | first2 = Arvin | last3 = Spyrou | first3 = Argyris | last4 = Grankvist | first4 = Rikard | last5 = Al-Saadi | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Jonsson | first6 = Stefan | last7 = van der Wijngaart | first7 = Wouter | last8 = Stemme | first8 = Göran | last9 = Holmin | first9 = Staffan | last10 = Roxhed | first10 = Niclas | title = Endovascular Device for Endothelial Cell Sampling | journal = Advanced NanoBiomed Research | date = 21 August 2022 | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | page = 2200023 | issn = 2699-9307 | eissn = 2699-9307 | doi = 10.1002/anbr.202200023 | pmid = | s2cid = 251730092 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There is no difference in achieving adequacy of blood flow, period of catheter usage, infection, and thromboembolism risk whether the dialysis catheter has step-tip, split-tip, or symmetrical tip.<ref name="pmid30905366">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ling XC, Lu HP, Loh EW, Lin YK, Li YS, Lin CH, Ko YC, Wu MY, Lin YF, Tam KW | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of the comparison of performance among step-tip, split-tip, and symmetrical-tip hemodialysis catheters | journal = Journal of Vascular Surgery | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 1282–1292 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30905366 | doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.09.029 | s2cid = 85497739 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Palidrome catheter is superior to Permcath catheter in terms of maximum blood flow, dialysis adequacy, and annual patency rate. Similar to Permcath, Palidrome catheter has high infection and [[thromboembolism]] rate.<ref name="pmid24685735">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li M, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Chen H, Li X, Ma J, Dong Z | title = Clinical application of long-term Palindrome catheter in hemodialysis patients | journal = Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–9 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24685735 | doi = | url = }}</ref>