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{{Short description|Punishment in the Holy Roman Empire}}
The '''imperial ban''' ({{lang-de|Reichsacht}}) was a form of [[outlaw]]ry in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Starn|1982|p=23}} At different times, it could be declared by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], by the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]], or by courts like the [[League of the Holy Court]] (''Vehmgericht'') or the ''[[Reichskammergericht]]''.
The '''imperial ban''' ({{lang-de|Reichsacht}}) was a form of [[outlaw]]ry in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Starn|first=Randolph|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8052509|title=Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1982|isbn=0-520-04615-3|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|pages=23|oclc=8052509}}</ref> At different times, it could be declared by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], by the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]], or by courts like the [[League of the Holy Court]] (''Vehmgericht'') or the ''[[Reichskammergericht]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marquardt|first=Bernd|date=2015|title=Imperial ban|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-SIM_026352|journal=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online|language=en|doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_sim_026352}}</ref>
 
People under imperial ban, known as ''Geächtete'' (from about the 17th century, colloquially also as ''VogelfreiereiVogelfreie'', lit. "free as a bird"), lost all their rights and possessions. They were legally considered dead, and anyone was allowed to rob, injure, or kill them without legal consequences. The imperial ban automatically followed the [[excommunication]] of a person, as well as extending to anyone offering help to a person under the imperial ban.
 
Those banned could reverse the ban by submitting to the legal authority. The ''Aberaxt'''Aberacht''''', a stronger version of the imperial ban, could not be reversed.{{Citation needed|reason=Aberacht or Oberacht appears to be ecclesiastical excommunication and not another version of the Imperial Ban. It is also a very difficult word to find information on in general.|date=March 2020}}
 
The imperial ban was sometimes imposed on whole [[Imperial State|Imperial Estates]]. In that case, other estates could attack and seek to conquer them. The effect of the ban on a city or other Estate was that it lost its [[Imperial immediacy]] and in the future would have a second overlord in addition to the emperor.
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Famous people placed under the imperial ban included:
 
* 1180 - [[Henry the Lion]], for refusing military support to [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] against the cities of the [[Lombard League]].
* 1225 - Count [[Frederick of Isenberg]], for killing his uncle [[Engelbert II of Berg]], Archbishop of [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]].
* 1235 - King [[Henry (VII) of Germany]], for his rebellion against his father the [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]].
* 1276 - King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], for his capture of imperial lands from [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]].
* 1309 - [[John Parricida]], for the murder of his uncle King [[Albert I of Germany]].
* 1415 - [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria]] was banned on 30 March 1415 for aiding the flight of [[Antipope John XXIII]] from the [[Council of Constance]].
* 1512 and 1518 - [[Götz von Berlichingen]], the first time for [[robbery]], the second for [[kidnapping]].
* 1521 - [[Martin Luther]] and his supporters, for spreadingclaiming that some doctrines practiced by the [[heresy|hereticCatholic beliefsChurch]] andwere forcontrary splittingto the churchBible or had no biblical basis.
* 1546 - [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]] and [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]], for leading the [[Schmalkaldic League]].
* 1566 - [[Wilhelm von Grumbach]], for [[insurgency]].
* 1621 - [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]], and his supporters [[Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg|Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg]] and [[Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim]], for seizing power in [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]].
* 1706 - [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]], and [[Joseph Clemens of Bavaria|Joseph Clemens, Elector of Cologne]], for supporting France in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (ban reversed in 1714).
* 1708 - [[Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat]], for supporting France in the War of the Spanish Succession. The [[Duchy of Mantua]] was confiscated by the emperor as a result.
* 1793 - [[Georg Forster]], for collaboration with the [[French First Republic|French Republic]].
 
The imperial ban imposed by the [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolf II]] on the city of [[Donauwörth]] after an anti-Catholic riot was one of the [[Catholic League (German)#The foundation of the Catholic League|incidents]] leading to the [[Thirty Years' War]].
 
An imperial ban on Bremen preceded the [[Swedish Wars on Bremen|1654 Swedish attack on Bremen]].
 
== See also ==
* [[King's ban]], a royal order or prohibition in the Holy Roman Empire.
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}▼
 
== References ==
▲{{reflist}}
* {{cite book | title= Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy | first= Randolph | last= Starn | publisher= [[University of California Press]] | year= 1982 | isbn= 978-0-520-04615-3 | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=jj_w3HUBW8AC&pg=PA23 | ref= harv}}
 
{{Authority control}}
{{law-stub}}
 
[[Category:Punishments]]
[[Category:Legal historyLaw of the Holy Roman Empire]]
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