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{{Short description|Small roll of cut tobacco designedmade to be smoked}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{About||other uses|Cigarette (disambiguation)|and|Cigarettes (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Cigarette DS.jpg|thumb|A filtered cigarette]]
[[File:2015 E-papieros mod 01.JPG|thumb|An [[electronic cigarette]] (vape)]]
A '''cigarette''' is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically [[tobacco]], that is rolled into [[Rolling paper|thin paper]] for [[smoking]]. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite end. Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption. The term ''cigarette'', as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette, but the word is sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a [[joint (cannabis)|cannabis cigarette]] or ana [[herbal cigarette]]. A cigarette is distinguished from a [[cigar]] by its usually smaller size, use of processed leaf, different smoking method, and paper wrapping, which is typically white.
 
There are significant negative health effects from smoking cigarettes such as [[cancer]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], [[birth defect]]s, and other [[Health effects of tobacco|health problems]] relating to nearly every organ of the body. Most modern cigarettes are [[cigarette filter|filtered]], although this does not make the smoke inhaled from them contain fewer carcinogens and harmful chemicals. [[Nicotine]], the [[psychoactive drug]] in tobacco, makes cigarettes [[Substance dependence|highly addictive]]. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Every year, tobaccocigarette cigarettessmoking killcauses more than 8 million peopledeaths worldwide; withmore than 1.23 million of thosethese beingare non-smokers dying as the result of exposure to [[second-handsecondhand smoke]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> These harmful effects have led to strict legislation that has prohibited smoking in many workplaces and public areas, regulated marketing and [[Smoking age|purchasing age]] of tobacco, and levied taxes to discourage cigarette use.
 
In the 21st century, a product called an [[electronic cigarette]] (also called an e-cigarette or [[Electronic cigarette|vape]]) was developed, in which the substance contained within it (typically a liquid [[Construction of electronic cigarettes#E-cigarette liquid|solution]] containing nicotine) is vaporized by a battery-powered heating element, as opposed to being burned. Such devices are commonly promoted by their manufacturers as safer alternatives to conventional cigarettes, although there are [[Safety of electronic cigarettes|some health risks associated with their use]]. Since e-cigarettes are a relatively new product, scientists do not possess data on their possible long-term health effects.
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By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name ''cigarette''; and in 1845, the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them.<ref name=Goodman93/> The French word made its way into English in the 1840s.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/33001 s.v.]''</ref> Some American reformers promoted the spelling ''cigaret'',<ref>Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, ''The Spelling Reform'', No. 7-1880, 1881, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gLoV7NUHXBQC&pg=PA25#q=%22cigaret%22 p. 25]</ref><ref>Henry Gallup Paine, [[Simplified Spelling Board]], ''Handbook of Simplified Spelling'', New York, 1920, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofsimpli00simprich/page/6 p. 6]</ref> but this was never widespread and is now largely abandoned.<ref>Google Books Ngram Viewer for [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigaret%2Fcigarette%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012&year_start=1860&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%20/%20cigarette%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012%29%3B%2Cc0 ''cigaret'' vs. ''cigarette''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729131018/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigaret%2Fcigarette%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012&year_start=1860&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%20/%20cigarette%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012%29%3B%2Cc0 |date=July 29, 2020 }} in US and British corpora</ref> Cigarettes are sometimes also called a ''fag'' in British slang.<ref>{{Cite OED|fag|id=67609}}</ref>
 
The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoThFsOZfskC&q=Cigarette+Patent+Abridgment&pg=PA180|title=Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications|date=December 29, 1870|via=Google Books|last1=Office|first1=Patent}}</ref> In the 1850s, Turkish cigarette leaves had become popular.{{Sfn|Cox|2000|p=21}} However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by [[James Albert Bonsack]], which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million.<ref name=advertising>{{cite magazine|last=James |first=Randy |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1905530,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921054816/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1905530,00.html |archive-date=September 21, 2011 |title=A Brief History Of Cigarette Advertising |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 15, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref> At the time, these imported cigarettes from Americathe United States had significant sales among British smokers.{{Sfn|Cox|2000|p=21}}
 
In the English-speaking world, the use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly widespread during and after the [[Crimean War]], when British soldiers began emulating their [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman Turkish]] comrades and Russian enemies, who had begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old newspaper for lack of proper cigar-rolling leaf.<ref name=Goodman93/> This was helped by the development of tobaccos suitable for cigarette use, and by the development of the [[Egyptian cigarette industry|Egyptian cigarette export industry]].
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Cigarettes may have been initially used in a manner similar to [[Smoking pipe|pipe]]s, [[cigar]]s, and [[cigarillo]]s and not inhaled.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} As cigarette tobacco became milder and more acidic, inhaling may have become perceived as more agreeable;{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} a sentiment supported by advertising in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Do you inhale? |url=https://tobacco.stanford.edu/cigarettes/for-your-health/do-you-inhale/# |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> However, [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|Helmuth von Moltke]] noticed in the 1830s that Ottomans (and he himself) inhaled the [[Turkish tobacco]] and [[Latakia (tobacco)|Latakia]] from their pipes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3038/30 |title=Projekt Gutenberg-DE - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten - Kultur |publisher=Gutenberg.spiegel.de |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053202/http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3038/30 |url-status=live }}</ref> (which are both initially sun-cured, acidic leaf varieties).
[[File:There's nothing like a Camel, 1942.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A 1942 ad encourages women to smoke [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] brand cigarettes.]]
The widespread smoking of cigarettes in the Western world is largely a 20th-century phenomenon. By the late 19th century cigarettes were known as ''coffin nails''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffin%20nail | title=Definition of coffin nail | access-date=January 9, 2019 | archive-date=January 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014005/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffin%20nail | url-status=live }}</ref> but the link between [[lung cancer]] and smoking was not established until the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Study That Helped Spur the U.S. Stop-Smoking Movement |url=https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/the-study-that-helped-spur-the-us-stop-smoking-movement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150108/https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/the-study-that-helped-spur-the-us-stop-smoking-movement.html |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 25, 2021 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> German doctors were the first to make the link, and it led to the first [[Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany|antitobacco movement in Nazi Germany]].<ref>Roffo, A. H. (January 8, 1940). "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung" [Carcingogenic effects of tobacco]. (in German). Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2471/BLT.06.031682
| last1 = Proctor | first1 = R. N.
| title = Angel H Roffo: The forgotten father of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis
| journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization
| volume = 84
| issue = 6
| pages = 494–496
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16799735
| pmc = 2627373
|issn = 0042-9686 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morabia |first=Alfredo |date=November 2017 |title=Anti-Tobacco Propaganda: Soviet Union Versus Nazi Germany |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=1708–1710 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.304087 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5637694 |pmid=29019774}}</ref>
 
[[File:London , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield edit.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cigarette brands, including [[Craven A|Craven "A"]], advertised in [[Shaftesbury Avenue]], London in 1949]]
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The "holy grail" for cigarette companies has been a cancer-free cigarette. On record, the closest historical attempt was produced by scientist James Mold. Under the name project TAME, he produced the XA cigarette. However, in 1978, his project was terminated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/9509679/Will-smoking-ever-be-safe.html |title=Quest for a safer cigarette |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Will |last=Storr |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091309/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/9509679/Will-smoking-ever-be-safe.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_D._Mold |title=Project XA |access-date=September 25, 2012 |archive-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220122352/http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_D._Mold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|title= Safer cigarette history|website= [[PBS]]|date= October 2, 2001|access-date= August 25, 2017|archive-date= April 23, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105102/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
 
Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of cigarettes has steadily fallen. Research has shown that the fall in overall nicotine content has led to smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The changing cigarette, 1950-1995 | last1=Hoffmann | first1=D | journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health |date=March 1997 | volume=50 | issue=4 |pages=307&ndash;364307–364 | pmid=9120872 | doi=10.1080/009841097160393| bibcode=1997JTEHA..50..307H }}</ref>
 
===United States===
One entrepreneur who was quick to spot the advantages
of machine-made cigarettes was [[James Buchanan Duke]]. Previously a producer of smoking tobacco only, his firm, W. Duke & Sons & Co., entered the cigarette industry in the early 1880s. After installing two Bonsack machines, Duke spent heavily on advertising and sales promotion with the result that by 1889 his was the largest cigarette manufacturer in the country. The new Bonsack machines were of decisive importance in rapid, cheap manufacture of all tobacco products but one. Cigars needed slow, laborious hand rolling and were produced in hundreds of small workshops, especially in New York City. In 1890 Duke and the other four major cigarette companies combined to form the [[American Tobacco Company]], a firm that dominated the market and used aggressive tactics on hundreds of small competitors until they sold out. It was called the "Tobacco Trust."
The trust soon expanded its operations to include cigars, smoking, chewing tobacco and snuff. Among the companies drawn into this organization were plug manufacturers, [[Liggett & Myers]] and [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]], which at the time produced twist and flat plug, and [[Lorillard Tobacco Company|P. Lorillard]], an old-line manufacturer of snuff. By 1910 the trust produced 86% of all cigarettes produced in the United States, and 75% to 95% of other forms, but only 14% of the cigars.<ref>Richard B. Tennant, "The Cigarette Industry" in ''The Structure of American Industry,'' edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357-392, at pp 358-362.</ref>
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Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing byproducts in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several byproducts such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate").<ref name=DEMerrill/> To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these byproducts are processed separately into forms where they can then be added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco byproducts include:
 
* Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf stem, and [[pectin]].<ref name="PCL Sheet">{{cite web|url=http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/ |title=Legacy Tobacco Documents Library |publisher=G2public.library.ucsf.edu |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212175208/http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/ |archive-date=February 12, 2009 }}</ref>
* Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like material made from recycled tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30 [[mesh (scale)|mesh]] in size (about 0.6&nbsp;mm) that are collected at any stage of tobacco processing:<ref name=Gellatly>Grant Gellatly, {{cite web | title= Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco | url= http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html | access-date= November 4, 2006 | archive-date= September 29, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120436/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html | url-status= live }}. Retrieved November 2, 2006.</ref> RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco byproducts, processing the leftover tobacco fibers from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in [[sizing|paper sizing]]. At this stage, [[ammonium]] additives are applied to make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system.<ref name=WigandWHOReport/>
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According to data from the World Health Organization,<ref name="WHO Manufacturing Tobacco">{{cite web|title=13 Manufacturing Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203212748/http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en/ |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}. Retrieved May 11, 2011.</ref> the amount of tobacco per 1000 cigarettes fell from {{convert|2.28|lb|kg|abbr=in|order=flip}} in 1960 to {{convert|0.91|lb|kg|abbr=in|order=flip}} in 1999, largely as a result of reconstituting tobacco, fluffing, and additives.
 
A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf, burley-leaf, and oriental-leaf tobacco is mixed with various additives to improve its flavors. Most commercially available cigarettes today contain tobacco that is treated with sugar to counter the harshness of the smoke.
 
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Various additives are combined into the shredded tobacco product mixtures, with [[humectant]]s such as [[propylene glycol]] or [[glycerol]], as well as flavoring products and enhancers such as [[cocoa solids]], [[liquorice|licorice]], tobacco extracts, and various sugars, which are known collectively as "casings". The leaf tobacco is then shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES, and IS. A perfume-like flavor/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is most often formulated by [[:Category:flavor companies|flavor companies]], is then blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavor and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain [[brand|brand name]].<ref name=DEMerrill/> Additionally, they replace lost flavors due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally, the tobacco mixture is filled into cigarette tubes and packaged.
 
A list of 599 [[List of additives in cigarettes|cigarette additives]], created by five major American cigarette companies, was approved by the Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994. None of these additives is listed as an ingredient on the cigarette pack(s)packs. Chemicals are added for [[organoleptic]] purposes and many boost the addictive properties of cigarettes, especially when burned.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
 
One of the classes of chemicals on the list, [[ammonia]] salts, convert bound nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules. This process, known as [[free base|freebasing]], could potentially increase the effect of nicotine on the smoker, but experimental data suggests that absorption is, in practice, unaffected.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.021 |pmid=18450355 |title=The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1863–81 |year=2008 |last1=Seeman |first1=Jeffrey I. |last2=Carchman |first2=Richard A. }}</ref>
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[[File:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Various types of electronic cigarettes|alt=Various types of electronic cigarettes.]]
<!-- Definition and Construction -->
An electronic cigarette (commonly known as a '''vape''') is a handheld [[battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizer]] that simulates [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] by providing some of the behavioral aspects of smoking, including the hand-to-mouth action of smoking, but without [[combustion|combusting]] tobacco.<ref name=Caponnetto2012>{{cite journal|last1=Caponnetto|first1=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580|s2cid=207223131}}</ref> Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping" and the user is referred to as a "vaper" or “vapist”.<ref name="Orellana-Barrios2015">{{cite journal |last1 = Orellana-Barrios |first1 = Menfil A. |last2 = Payne |first2 = Drew |last3 = Mulkey |first3 = Zachary |last4 = Nugent |first4 = Kenneth |title = Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians |journal = The American Journal of Medicine |year = 2015 |issn = 0002-9343 |doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033 |pmid = 25731134 |volume=128 |issue = 7 |pages=674–81|doi-access = free }}</ref> Instead of [[tobacco smoke|cigarette smoke]], the user inhales an [[aerosol]], commonly called [[vapor]].<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> E-cigarettes typically have a [[heating element]] that atomizes a [[liquid solution]] called [[construction of electronic cigarettes#E-cigarette liquid|e-liquid]].<ref name=Weaver2014>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=Michael|last2=Breland|first2=Alison|last3=Spindle|first3=Tory|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|title=Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=8|issue=4|year=2014|pages=234–240|issn=1932-0620|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043|pmc=4123220|pmid=25089953}}</ref> E-cigarettes are automatically activated by taking a puff;<ref name=Rahman2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Muhammad|last2=Hann|first2=Nicholas|last3=Wilson|first3=Andrew|last4=Worrall-Carter|first4=Linda|title=Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues|journal=Tobacco Induced Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|year=2014|pages=21|doi=10.1186/1617-9625-12-21|pmc=4350653|pmid=25745382 |doi-access=free }}</ref> others turn on manually by pressing a button.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015/> Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes,<ref name=Pepper2013>{{cite journal |last1=Pepper |first1=J. K. |last2=Brewer |first2=N. T. |title=Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=23 |issue=5 |year=2013 |pages=375–384 |issn=0964-4563 |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122 |pmid=24259045 |pmc=4520227}}</ref> but they come in many variations.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015/> Most versions are reusable, though some are disposable.<ref name=DropeCahn2017>{{cite journal|last1=Drope|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Cahn|first2=Zachary|last3=Kennedy|first3=Rosemary|last4=Liber|first4=Alex C.|last5=Stoklosa|first5=Michal|last6=Henson|first6=Rosemarie|last7=Douglas|first7=Clifford E.|last8=Drope|first8=Jacqui|title=Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=67|issue=6|pages=449–471|year=2017|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.21413|pmid=28961314|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are first-generation,<ref name=Bhatnagar2014>{{cite journal |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=A. |last2=Whitsel |first2=L.P. |last3=Ribisl |first3=K.M. |last4=Bullen |first4=C. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=F. |last6=Piano |first6=M.R. |last7=Robertson |first7=R.M. |last8=McAuley |first8=T. |last9=Goff |first9=D. |last10=Benowitz |first10=N. |title=Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |date=August 24, 2014 |volume=130 |issue=16 |pages=1418–1436 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107 |pmid=25156991 |pmc=7643636 |s2cid=16075813 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt52p2317d/qt52p2317d.pdf?t=otldep |access-date=September 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314040852/https://escholarship.org/content/qt52p2317d/qt52p2317d.pdf?t=otldep |url-status=live }}</ref> second-generation,<ref name=McRobbie2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsct.co.uk/usr/pub/e-cigarette_briefing.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ncsct.co.uk/usr/pub/e-cigarette_briefing.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Electronic cigarettes |first=Hayden |last=McRobbie |pages=1–16 |publisher=National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training |date=2014}}</ref> third-generation,<ref name=Farsalinos2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsalinos KE, Spyrou A, Tsimopoulou K, Stefopoulos C, Romagna G, Voudris V | title=Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=4 |pages=4133 |year=2014 |doi=10.1038/srep04133 |pmc=3935206 |pmid=24569565| bibcode=2014NatSR...4E4133F }}</ref> and fourth-generation devices.<ref name=Farsalinos2015>{{cite web |first1=Konstantinos |last1=Farsalinos |title=Electronic cigarette evolution from the first to fourth generation and beyond |url=https://gfn.net.co/downloads/2015/Plenary%203/Konstantinos%20Farsalinos.pdf |website=gfn.net.co |page=23 |publisher=Global Forum on Nicotine |access-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708172614/http://gfn.net.co/downloads/2015/Plenary%203/Konstantinos%20Farsalinos.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2015 }}</ref> E-liquids usually contain [[propylene glycol]], [[glycerol|glycerin]], [[nicotine]], [[Flavoring#Flavorants or flavorings|flavorings]], additives, and differing amounts of contaminants.<ref name=England2015>{{cite journal|last1=England|first1=Lucinda J.|last2=Bunnell|first2=Rebecca E.|last3=Pechacek|first3=Terry F.|last4=Tong|first4=Van T.|last5=McAfee|first5=Tim A.|title=Nicotine and the Developing Human|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|year=2015|volume=49|issue=2|pages=286–93|issn=0749-3797|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015|pmc=4594223|pmid=25794473}}</ref> E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol,<ref name=Kacker2014>{{cite journal |last1=Oh |first1=Anne Y. |last2=Kacker |first2=Ashutosh |s2cid=10560264 |title=Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke |journal=The Laryngoscope |date=December 2014 |volume=124 |issue=12 |pages=2702–2706 |doi=10.1002/lary.24750 |pmid=25302452|doi-access=free }}</ref> nicotine,<ref name=LeducQuoix2016>{{cite journal|last1=Leduc|first1=Charlotte|last2=Quoix|first2=Elisabeth|title=Is there a role for e-cigarettes in smoking cessation?|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease|volume=10|issue=2|year=2016|pages=130–135|issn=1753-4658|doi=10.1177/1753465815621233|pmid=26668136|pmc=5933562}}</ref> or flavors.{{sfn|Wilder|2016|p=82}}
 
<!-- Health effects, Safety, and Addiction and dependence -->
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The harm from smoking comes from the many toxic chemicals in the natural tobacco leaf and those formed in smoke from burning tobacco.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (March 5, 2018). 2014 SGR: The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201130315/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm |date=December 1, 2013 }}</ref> People keep smoking because the [[nicotine]], the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/QuitSmoking/QuittingSmoking/Why-is-it-so-hard-to-quit_UCM_324053_Article.jsp |title=Why is it so hard to quit? |publisher=Heart.org |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402173038/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/QuitSmoking/QuittingSmoking/Why-is-it-so-hard-to-quit_UCM_324053_Article.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> Cigarettes, like narcotics, have been described as "strategically addictive", with the addictive properties being a core component of the business strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Day|first=Ruby|title=Strategically Addictive Drugs|url=https://www.innowiki.org/strategically-addictive-drugs/|access-date=September 4, 2020|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030035000/https://www.innowiki.org/strategically-addictive-drugs/|url-status=live}}</ref> About half of smokers die from a smoking-related cause.<ref name="bmj.bmjjournals.com.331">{{Cite journal |last1=Doll |first1=R. |last2=Peto |first2=R. |last3=Boreham |first3=J. |last4=Sutherland |first4=I. |year=2004 |title=Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=328 |issue=7455 |pages=1519 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE |pmc=437139 |pmid=15213107}}</ref><ref>World Health Organization. (July 26, 2019). Tobacco. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709165139/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco |date=July 9, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="m11">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/chi/chi24-4-pktguide.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229042543/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/chi/chi24-4-pktguide.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009 |access-date=November 13, 2009}}</ref> Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Smoking leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart,<ref name="Nicotine Addiction">{{cite journal |last1=Benowitz |first1=Neal L. |title=Nicotine Addiction |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=June 17, 2010 |volume=362 |issue=24 |pages=2295–2303 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809890 |pmid=20554984 |issn=0028-4793|pmc=2928221 }}</ref> liver, and lungs, being a major risk factor for [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]], [[stroke]]s, [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD) (including [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|emphysema]] and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|chronic bronchitis]]), and [[cancer]]<ref name="Nicotine Addiction"/><ref name="framework-treaty">{{cite web |date=February 27, 2005 |title=WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906213831/http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2005 |access-date=January 12, 2009 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |quote=Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco has the potential to cause death, disease and disability}}</ref><ref name="sg-report">{{cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/ |access-date=June 16, 2014 |publisher=[[Surgeon General of the United States]] |pmid=20669524 |quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke |author1=Office on Smoking Health (US) |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215064658/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="calepa2005">{{cite report |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/context/tc/article/1194/type/pdf/viewcontent/ |title=Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant |last1=Board |date=June 24, 2005 |publisher=[[California Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=January 12, 2009 |via=University of California San Francisco: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education}}</ref><ref name="iarc-monograph">{{cite book |url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php |title=Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking |publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |year=2004 |isbn=9789283215837 |format=PDF |quote=There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) has the potential to cause lung cancer in humans |access-date=January 12, 2009 |archive-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607085206/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> (particularly [[lung cancer]], [[Laryngeal cancer|cancers of the larynx and mouth]], and [[pancreatic cancer]]). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and [[hypertension]]. Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy are at higher risk of congenital disorders, cancer, respiratory disease, and sudden death.<ref name="CsordasBernhard2013">{{cite journal |last1=Csordas |first1=Adam |last2=Bernhard |first2=David |year=2013 |title=The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke |journal=Nature Reviews Cardiology |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2013.8 |issn=1759-5002 |pmid=23380975 |s2cid=25491622}}</ref> On average, each cigarette smoked is estimated to shorten life by 11 minutes.<ref name="m11"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/583722.stm |title=Health &#124; Cigarettes 'cut life by 11 minutes' |work=BBC News |date=December 31, 1999 |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202074346/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/583722.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes |journal=BMJ |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7226.53 |volume=320 |year=2000 |page=53 | last1 = Shaw | first1 = M.|issue=7226 |pmid=10617536 |pmc=1117323 }}</ref> Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in [[Tar (tobacco residue)|tar]] increases the risk of these diseases. The [[World Health Organization]] <!-- (WHO) --> estimates that tobacco causes 8 million deaths each year as of 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco|title=Tobacco|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2019|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709165139/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco|url-status=live}}</ref> and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_prevalence_data_2008.pdf | archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080910041812/http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_prevalence_data_2008.pdf | archive-date =September 10, 2008 | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic | year = 2008 | publisher = World Health Organization }}</ref> Cigarettes produce an aerosol containing over 4,000 chemical compounds, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and oxidant substances.<ref name=CsordasBernhard2013/><ref name="Smoking Deformities">{{cite web |title=Smoking While Pregnant Causes Finger, Toe Deformities |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122922.htm |access-date=March 6, 2007 |work=Science Daily |archive-date=March 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304070934/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122922.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 70 of these are [[carcinogen]]s.<ref name="IARC">{{cite book |title=Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |year=2012 |volume=100E |page=44 |chapter=Tobacco Smoking |chapter-url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The most important chemical compounds [[carcinogenesis|causing cancer]] are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.<ref name="pmid18403632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kastan MB |title=DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture |journal=Mol. Cancer Res. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=517–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18403632 |doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cunningham et al.<ref name=Cunningham>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C |title=A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol. |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=2921–33 |year=2011 |pmid=21802474 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019 }}</ref> combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with the known [[Genotoxicity|genotoxic]] effect per microgram to identify the most [[Carcinogenesis|carcinogenic]] compounds in cigarette smoke. The seven most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are shown in the table, along with DNA alterations they cause.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''The most [[Genotoxicity|genotoxic]] cancer causing chemicals in cigarette smoke'''
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|[[Ethylene oxide]]
|align="right"|7.0
|Hydroxyethyl DNA adducts with adenine and guanine
|<ref name="pmid19477295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tompkins EM, McLuckie KI, Jones DJ, Farmer PB, Brown K |title=Mutagenicity of DNA adducts derived from ethylene oxide exposure in the pSP189 shuttle vector replicated in human Ad293 cells |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=678 |issue=2 |pages=129–37 |year=2009 |pmid=19477295 |doi=10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Isoprene]]
|align="right"|952.0
|Single and double strand breaks in DNA
|<ref name="pmid17317274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fabiani R, Rosignoli P, De Bartolomeo A, Fuccelli R, Morozzi G |title=DNA-damaging ability of isoprene and isoprene mono-epoxide (EPOX I) in human cells evaluated with the comet assay |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=629 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2007 |pmid=17317274 |doi=10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.12.007 }}</ref>
|}
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|13
|}
"[[Ulcerative colitis]] is a condition of nonsmokers in which nicotine is of therapeutic benefit."<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00847.x
| last1 = Green | first1 = J. T.
| last2 = Richardson | first2 = C.
| last3 = Marshall | first3 = R. W.
| last4 = Rhodes | first4 = J.
| last5 = McKirdy | first5 = H. C.
| last6 = Thomas | first6 = G. A.
| last7 = Williams | first7 = G. T.
| s2cid = 21358737 | title = Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis
| journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
| volume = 14
| issue = 11
| pages = 1429–1434
| year = 2000
| pmid = 11069313
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> A recent review of the available scientific literature concluded that the apparent decrease in [[Alzheimer disease]] risk may be simply because smokers tend to die before reaching the age at which it normally occurs. "Differential mortality is always likely to be a problem where there is a need to investigate the effects of smoking in a disorder with very low incidence rates before age 75 years, which is the case of Alzheimer's disease", it stated, noting that smokers are only half as likely as nonsmokers to survive to the age of 80.<ref name="alzheimer-almeida">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00016.x | title = Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies | year = 2002 |vauthors=Almeida OP, Hulse GK, Lawrence D, Flicker L | s2cid = 22936675 | journal = Addiction | volume = 97 | pages = 15–28| pmid = 11895267 | issue = 1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
==== Gateway theory ====
A very strong argument has been made about the association between adolescent exposure to nicotine by smoking conventional cigarettes and the subsequent onset of using other dependence-producing substances.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}} Strong, temporal, and dose-dependent associations have been reported, and a plausible biological mechanism (via rodent and human modeling) suggests that long-term changes in the neural reward system take place as a result of adolescent smoking.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}} Adolescent smokers of conventional cigarettes have disproportionately high rates of comorbid substance use, and longitudinal studies have suggested that early adolescent smoking may be a starting point or "[[Gateway drug theory|gateway]]" for substance use later in life, with this effect more likely for persons with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD).{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}} Although factors such as genetic comorbidity, innate propensity for risk-taking, and social influences may underlie these findings, both human neuroimaging and animal studies suggest a neurobiological mechanism also plays a role.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}} In addition, behavioral studies in adolescent and young adult smokers have revealed an increased propensity for risk-taking, both generally and in the presence of peers, and neuroimaging studies have shown altered frontal neural activation during a risk-taking task as compared with nonsmokers.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}} In 2011, Rubinstein and colleagues used neuroimaging to show decreased brain response to a natural reinforcer (pleasurable food cues) in adolescent light smokers (1–5 cigarettes per day), with their results highlighting the possibility of neural alterations consistent with nicotine dependence and altered brain response to reward even in adolescent low-level smokers.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=106; Chapter 3}}
 
=== Second-hand smoke ===
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=== Smoking restrictions ===
{{further|List of smoking bans}}
Many governments impose [[smoking ban|restrictions on smoking tobacco]], especially in public areas. The primary justification has been the negative health effects of [[second-hand smoke]].<ref name=second>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050906213831/http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]; First international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. Its Article 8.1 states, "Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability."</ref> Laws vary by country and locality. Nearly all countries have laws restricting places where people can smoke in public, and over 40 countries have comprehensive smoke-free laws that prohibit smoking in virtually all public venues. [[Bhutan]] is currently the only country in the world to completely outlaw the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products under the [[Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010]]. However, small allowances for personal possession are permitted as long as the possessors can prove that they have paid import duties.<ref>{{cite web |first=Gayatri |last=Parameswaran |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/09/201292095920757761.html |title=Bhutan smokers huff and puff over tobacco ban - Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102163919/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/09/201292095920757761.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pitcairn Islands had previously banned the sale of cigarettes, but it now permits sales from a government-run store. The Pacific island of Niue hopes to become the next country to prohibit the sale of tobacco.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marks |first=Kathy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-smallest-state-aims-to-become-the-first-smokefree-paradise-island-862977.html |title=World's smallest state aims to become the first smoke-free paradise island - Australasia - World |newspaper=The Independent |date=July 9, 2008 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |location=London |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111230150/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-smallest-state-aims-to-become-the-first-smokefree-paradise-island-862977.html }}</ref> Iceland is also proposing banning tobacco sales from shops, making it prescription-only and therefore dispensable only in pharmacies on doctor's orders.<ref>{{cite news |first=Helen |last=Pidd |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/iceland-considers-prescription-only-cigarettes |title=What a drag … Iceland considers prescription-only cigarettes &#124; World news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 4, 2011 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |location=London |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930132047/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/iceland-considers-prescription-only-cigarettes |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand hopes to achieve being tobacco-free by 2025 and Finland by 2040. Singapore and the Australian state of Tasmania have proposed a 'tobacco free millennium generation initiative' by banning the sale of all tobacco products to anyone born in and after the year 2000. <!-- See: [[Smoking age]], [[Smoking bans in private vehicles]], [[Retail display ban]], [[Cigarette machine]]. -->
In March 2012, Brazil became the world's first country to ban all flavored tobacco including menthols. It also banned the majority of the estimated 600 additives used, permitting only eight. This regulation applies to domestic and imported cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers had 18 months to remove the noncompliant cigarettes, 24 months to remove the other forms of noncompliant tobacco.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/news/news_brazil/en/index.html |title=WHO &#124; Brazil - Flavoured cigarettes banned |publisher=Who.int |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220124551/http://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/news/news_brazil/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/04/brazils-flavored-cigarette-ban-now-targeted.html |title=Eyes on Trade: Brazil's flavored cigarette ban now targeted |publisher=Citizen.typepad.com |date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307184104/http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/04/brazils-flavored-cigarette-ban-now-targeted.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under [[sharia|sharia law]], the [[Religious views on smoking#Sharia Law|consumption of cigarettes by Muslims is prohibited]].<ref>Dubai: The Complete Residents' Guide - Page 27, 2006</ref>▼
 
=== Smoking age ===
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[[File:Tabak-Trafik 12.2006.jpg|right|thumb|''Tabak-Trafik'' in Vienna: Since January 1, 2007, all [[cigarette machine]]s in Austria must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card or mobile phone verification.]]
 
Since October 1, 2007, it has been illegal for retailers to sell tobacco in all forms to people under the age of 18 in three of the [[United Kingdom|UK]]'s four constituent countries (England, Wales, [[Northern Ireland]], and Scotland), rising from 16. It is also illegal to sell [[lighter]]s, [[rolling paper]]s, and all other tobacco-associated items to people under 18. It is not illegal for people under 18 to buy or smoke tobacco, just as it was not previously for people under 16; it is only illegal for the said retailer to sell the item. The age increase from 16 to 18 came into force in Northern Ireland on September 1, 2008. In the Republic of Ireland, bans on the sale of the smaller 10-packs and confectionery that resembles tobacco products ([[candy cigarette]]s) came into force on May 31, 2007, in a bid to cut underaged smoking. In October 2023 it was announced that the government proposed introducing a ban on sales of cigarettes to anyone born after 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister to create 'smokefree generation' by ending cigarette sales to those born on or after 1 January 2009|date=October 4, 2023 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-to-create-smokefree-generation-by-ending-cigarette-sales-to-those-born-on-or-after-1-january-2009|access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
 
Most countries in the world have a legal vending age of 18. In [[North Macedonia]], Italy, Malta, Austria, Luxembourg, and Belgium, the age for legal vending is 16. Since January 1, 2007, all [[cigarette machine]]s in public places in [[Germany]] must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a [[debit card]]. Turkey, which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population,<ref name="NationMaster.com">{{cite web |url = http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_tob_tot_adu_smo-health-tobacco-total-adult-smokers |title = Total adult smokers by country |access-date = June 4, 2008 |publisher = NationMaster.com |archive-date = June 7, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607074448/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_tob_tot_adu_smo-health-tobacco-total-adult-smokers |url-status = live }}</ref> has a legal age of 18. [[Smoking in Japan|Japan is one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations]], and requires purchasers to be 20 years of age. Since July 2008, Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the [[taspo]] [[smart card]]. In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on September 1, 2007.
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=== Taxation ===
{{See also|Cigarette taxes in the United States}}
[[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Price of cigarettes.webm|thumbtime=0:04|thumb|upright=1.8|Average price of cigarettes in USD in 2012 and 2014<ref name=OWID2020>{{cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |title=Smoking |url=https://ourworldindata.org/smoking#average-price-of-cigarettes |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=January 27, 2020 |date=May 23, 2013 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228160459/https://ourworldindata.org/smoking#average-price-of-cigarettes |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Cigarettes are taxed both to reduce use, especially among youth, and to raise revenue. Higher prices for cigarettes discourage smoking. Every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes reduces [[youth smoking]] by about 7% and overall cigarette consumption by about 4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tobaccofreekids.org/reports/prices/|title=Higher Cigarette Taxes|publisher=Tobaccofreekids.org|access-date=November 13, 2009|archive-date=September 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904183535/http://tobaccofreekids.org/reports/prices/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] recommends that globally cigarettes be taxed at a rate of three-quarters of cigarettes sale price as a way of deterring [[cancer]] and other negative health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21728893-science-will-win-technical-battle-against-cancer-only-half-fight-closing|title=Closing in on cancer|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=September 25, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923033052/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21728893-science-will-win-technical-battle-against-cancer-only-half-fight-closing|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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{{Main|Tobacco packaging warning messages}}
 
As a result of tight advertising and marketing prohibitions, tobacco companies look at the pack differently: they view it as a strong component in displaying brand imagery and a creating significant in-store presence at the point of purchase. Market testing shows the influence of this dimension in shifting the consumer's choice when the same product displays in an alternative package. Studies also show how companiesCompanies have manipulated a variety of elements in packs designs to communicate the impression of lower in tar or milder cigarettes, whereas the components were the same.{{citation<ref>"Many needed|date=Novembersmokers are misled by pack design into thinking that cigarettes may be 'safer'," states Melanie Wakefield, et al. "The cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents." ''Tobacco control'' 11.suppl 1 (2002): i73-i80. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766062/pdf/v011p00i73.pdf 2019}}online]</ref>
 
Some countries require cigarette packs to contain warnings about health hazards. The United States was the first,<ref name="nytimes 2010">{{cite news | newspaper= [[The New York Times]] | date= November 10, 2010 | last= Harris | first= Gardiner | title= F.D.A. Unveils Proposed Graphic Warning Labels for Cigarette Packs | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/11/health/policy/11tobacco.html | access-date= February 24, 2017 | archive-date= February 28, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170228154939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/11/health/policy/11tobacco.html | url-status= live }}</ref> later followed by other countries including Canada, most of Europe, Australia,<ref name="australia">Scollo, Michelle; Haslam, Indra (2008). [http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-12-tobacco-products/attachment-12-1-health-warnings A12.1.1.3 Pictorial warnings in force since 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003331/http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-12-tobacco-products/attachment-12-1-health-warnings |date=October 30, 2010 }}. Tobacco in Australia. Cancer Council Victoria. Retrieved July 23, 2010.</ref> Pakistan,<ref name="pakistan">[http://www.dawn.com/news/1210407 Warning on cigarette pack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601090014/http://www.dawn.com/news/1210407 |date=June 1, 2016 }}. Tobacco in Pakistan.</ref> India, Hong Kong, and Singapore. In 1985, Iceland became the first country to enforce graphic warnings on cigarette packaging.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-09-17/features/8502080902_1_abuse-dentists-iceland |title=Iceland Tough On Cigarettes – Sun Sentinel |publisher=Articles.sun-sentinel.com |date=September 17, 1985 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=May 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524170034/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-09-17/features/8502080902_1_abuse-dentists-iceland }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Jason |url=http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/11/13151/cigarette-pack-health-warning-labels-us-lag-behind-world |title=Cigarette Pack Health Warning Labels in US Lag Behind World |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=e2 |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541 |pmid=23092884 |pmc=3725195 |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202131737/http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/11/13151/cigarette-pack-health-warning-labels-us-lag-behind-world |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of December 2010, new regulations from Ottawa increased the size of tobacco warnings to cover three-quarters of the cigarette package in Canada.<ref>Ottawa to increase size of tobacco warning to cover 3/4 of cigarette package https://vancouversun.com/health/Ottawa+increase+size+tobacco+warnings/4039002/story.html{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of November 2010, 39 countries have adopted similar legislation.<ref name="nytimes 2010" />
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As of April 2011, Australian regulations require all packs to use a [[Pantone 448 C|bland olive green]] that researchers determined to be the least attractive color,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013C00801/Html/Text#_Toc367282493|title=Tobacco Plain Packaging Regulations 2011|date=August 8, 2013|at=2.2.1 (2) & passim|website=Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation|access-date=March 29, 2018|archive-date=March 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330075938/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013C00801/Html/Text#_Toc367282493|url-status=live}}</ref> with 75% coverage on the front of the pack and all of the back consisting of graphic health warnings. The only feature that differentiates one brand from another is the product name in a standard color, position, font size, and style.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1121281/1/.html |title=Australia unveils tough new cigarette pack rules |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830124748/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1121281/1/.html }}</ref> Similar policies have since been adopted in France and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-ugliest-colour-revealed-pantone-448c-a7076446.html|title=The world's ugliest colour has been revealed|date=June 11, 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=June 19, 2016|archive-date=November 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129072906/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-ugliest-colour-revealed-pantone-448c-a7076446.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-tobacco-laws-comes-into-effect-with-standardised-green-packaging-and-no-menthol-cigarettes-a7038886.html#gallery|title=This new law could save your life|date=May 20, 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=June 19, 2016|archive-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527052831/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-tobacco-laws-comes-into-effect-with-standardised-green-packaging-and-no-menthol-cigarettes-a7038886.html#gallery|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to these regulations, [[Philip Morris International]], [[Japan Tobacco]] Inc., [[British American Tobacco]] Plc., and [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco]] attempted to sue the Australian government. On August 15, 2012, the High Court of Australia dismissed the suit and made Australia the first country to introduce brand-free [[plain tobacco packaging|plain cigarette packaging]] with health warnings covering 90 and 70% of back and front packaging, respectively. This took effect on December 1, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-15/australia-top-court-upholds-tobacco-plain-packaging-legislation.html |title=Australia's Top Court Backs Plain-Pack Tobacco Laws |date=August 15, 2012 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=March 6, 2017 |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204349/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-15/australia-top-court-upholds-tobacco-plain-packaging-legislation.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Prohibition of tobacco===
A few countries have outlawed tobacco completely or made plans to do so. In 2004, [[Bhutan]] became the first country in the world to completely outlaw the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products. Enforcement of the prohibition increased with the passage of the [[Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010]]. However, small allowances for personal possession are permitted as long as the possessors can prove that they have paid import duties.<ref>{{cite web |first=Gayatri |last=Parameswaran |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/09/201292095920757761.html |title=Bhutan smokers huff and puff over tobacco ban - Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102163919/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/09/201292095920757761.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pitcairn Islands had previously banned the sale of cigarettes, but it now permits sales from a government-run store. The Pacific island of Niue hopes to become the next country to prohibit the sale of tobacco.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marks |first=Kathy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-smallest-state-aims-to-become-the-first-smokefree-paradise-island-862977.html |title=World's smallest state aims to become the first smoke-free paradise island - Australasia - World |newspaper=The Independent |date=July 9, 2008 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |location=London |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111230150/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/worlds-smallest-state-aims-to-become-the-first-smokefree-paradise-island-862977.html }}</ref> Iceland is also proposing banning tobacco sales from shops, making it prescription-only and therefore dispensable only in pharmacies on doctor's orders.<ref>{{cite news |first=Helen |last=Pidd |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/iceland-considers-prescription-only-cigarettes |title=What a drag ... Iceland considers prescription-only cigarettes &#124; World news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 4, 2011 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |location=London |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930132047/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/iceland-considers-prescription-only-cigarettes |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore and the Australian state of Tasmania have proposed a 'tobacco free millennium generation initiative' by banning the sale of all tobacco products to anyone born in and after the year 2000. <!-- See: [[Smoking age]], [[Smoking bans in private vehicles]], [[Retail display ban]], [[Cigarette machine]]. -->
▲In March 2012, Brazil became the world's first country to ban all flavored tobacco including menthols. It also banned the majority of the estimated 600 additives used, permitting only eight. This regulation applies to domestic and imported cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers had 18 months to remove the noncompliant cigarettes, 24 months to remove the other forms of noncompliant tobacco.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/news/news_brazil/en/index.html |title=WHO &#124; Brazil - Flavoured cigarettes banned |publisher=Who.int |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220124551/http://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/news/news_brazil/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/04/brazils-flavored-cigarette-ban-now-targeted.html |title=Eyes on Trade: Brazil's flavored cigarette ban now targeted |publisher=Citizen.typepad.com |date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307184104/http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/04/brazils-flavored-cigarette-ban-now-targeted.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under [[sharia|sharia law]], the [[Religious views on smoking#Sharia Law|consumption of cigarettes by Muslims is prohibited]].<ref>Dubai: The Complete Residents' Guide - Page 27, 2006</ref>
 
== Environmental effects ==
[[File:Cellulose Acetate.png|thumb|Simple molecular representation of cellulose acetate with one of the acetate groups on the cellulose backbone shown by the red circle]]
 
Cigarette filters are made up of thousands of polymer chains of [[cellulose acetate]], which has the chemical structure shown to the right. Once discarded into the environment, the filters create a large [[waste]] problem. Cigarette filters are the most common form of [[litter]] in the world, as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Novotny TE, Lum K, Smith E |title=Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1691–705 |date=2009 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6051691|pmid=19543415 |pmc=2697937 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> Of those, an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette filters become litter every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2010/05/the-world-litters-4-5-trillion-cigarette-butts-a-year-can-we-stop-this/|title=The world litters 4.5 trillion cigarette butts a year. Can we stop this?|newspaper=[[The Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=September 16, 2014|archive-date=September 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920180750/http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2010/05/the-world-litters-4-5-trillion-cigarette-butts-a-year-can-we-stop-this/|url-status=live}}</ref> To develop an idea of the waste weight amount produced a year the table below was created.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Estimated waste produced from filters
! Number of filters !! weight
|-
| 1 pack (20) || {{convert|0.12|oz|g|order=flip}}
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=== Other health concerns ===
Toxic chemicals are not the only human health concern to take into considerations; the others are cellulose acetate and carbon particles that are breathed in while smoking. These particles are suspected of causing lung damage.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pauly JL, Mepani AB, Lesses JD, Cummings KM, Streck RJ |title=Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: what Philip Morris never told smokers |journal=Tob Control |volume=11 |issue= Suppl 1 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11893815 |pmc=1766058 |doi=10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i51 |at=pp. I51–I61; [http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/11/suppl_1/i51/T1 Table 1]}}</ref>
The next health concern is that of plants. Under certain growing conditions, plants on average grow taller and have longer roots than those exposed to cigarette filters in the soil. A connection exists between cigarette filters introduced to soil and the depletion of some soil nutrients over time.
Another health concern to the environment is not only the toxic carcinogens that are harmful to the wildlife, but also the filters themselves pose an ingestion risk to wildlife that may presume filter litter as food.<ref>{{Citation |author= Dahlberg ER|title=Cigarette Filters With Vegetation, soil, and Subterranean Environment |publisher=Hamline University |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota|date=April 11, 2006}}</ref>
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=== Degradation ===
Once in the environment, cellulose acetate can go through [[biodegradation]] and [[photodegradation]].<ref name=bat>{{cite web|url=http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/4572237B0C2D456CC1257314004EF667 |title=British American Tobacco - Cigarettes |publisher=Bat.com |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205818/http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/4572237B0C2D456CC1257314004EF667 |archive-date=March 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=chicagotribune>{{cite web|url=httphttps://articleswww.chicagotribune.com/2008-/06-/18/features/0806170174_1_cigarettekicking-butts-secondhand-beach-house2/|title=Kicking butts|date=June 18, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2014|archive-date=August 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050558/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-18/features/0806170174_1_cigarette-butts-secondhand-beach-house|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Puls J, Wilson SA, Holter D |title=Degradation of Cellulose Acetate-Based Materials: A Review |journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment |volume=19 |pages=152–165 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10924-010-0258-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> Several factors go into determining the rate of each degradation process. This variance in rate and resistance to biodegradation in many conditions is a factor in littering<ref>[http://www.ceredigion.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5364 Ceredigion County Council] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108193818/http://www.ceredigion.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5364 |date=January 8, 2009 }}</ref> and environmental damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm |title=Bulletin of the American Littoral Society, Volume 26, Number 2, August 2000 |publisher=Longwood.edu |access-date=November 13, 2009 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212143743/http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Scan of Newport cigarettes found in Olneyville, Rhode Island - 2008.jpg|thumb|Discarded Newport cigarettes packs found in Olneyville, Rhode Island - 2008]]
 
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|archive-date = October 12, 2009
}}</ref> Another option is developing better biodegradable filters; much of this work relies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above, but a new research group has developed an acid tablet that goes inside the filters, and once wet enough, releases acid that speeds up the degradation to around two weeks.<ref>{{cite web| date = August 14, 2012| url = http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/newscience/2012/06/2012-0725-biodegradable-cigarette-filters| title = No more butts: biodegradable filters a step to boot litter problem| publisher = Environmental Health News| access-date = November 25, 2014| archive-date = November 29, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129225410/http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/newscience/2012/06/2012-0725-biodegradable-cigarette-filters| url-status = live}}</ref> The research is still only in test phase and the hope is soon it will go into production. The next option is using cigarette packs with a compartment in which to discard cigarette butts, implementing monetary deposits on filters, increasing the availability of butt receptacles, and expanding public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cigarette Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste |journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume = 6|issue = 5|pages = 1691–1705|doi = 10.3390/ijerph6051691|pmid = 19543415|pmc = 2697937|year = 2009|last1 = Novotny|first1 = Thomas|last2 = Lum|first2 = Kristen|last3 = Smith|first3 = Elizabeth|last4 = Wang|first4 = Vivian|last5 = Barnes|first5 = Richard|doi-access = free}}</ref> Recent research has been put into finding ways to use the filter waste to develop a desired product. One research group in South Korea has developed a simple one-step process that converts the cellulose acetate in discarded cigarette filters into a high-performing material that could be integrated into computers, handheld devices, electrical vehicles, and wind turbines to store energy. These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon, grapheme, and carbon [[carbon nanotube|nanotubes]]. The product is showing high promise as a green alternative for the waste problem.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Minzae L, Gil-Pyo K, Hyeon DS, Soomin P, Jongheop Y |s2cid=8692351 |title=Preparation of energy storage material derived from a used cigarette filter for a supercapacitor electrode |journal= Nanotechnology|volume=25 |issue=34 |page=34 |date=2014 |doi=10.1088/0957-4484/25/34/345601 |pmid=25092115 |bibcode=2014Nanot..25H5601L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
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* [[State Express 555|555]]
* [[Amber Leaf]]
* [[Army Club (cigarette)|Army Club]]
* Ardath
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At the University of Buffalo, researchers found out that fruit and vegetable consumption can help a smoker cut down or even quit smoking<ref>{{cite news|title=Fruits And Vegetables May Help Smokers Quit -- And Stay Off -- Tobacco|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/10/fruits-vegetables-quit-smoking-smokers-tobacco_n_1581465.html|work=Huffington Post|date=June 10, 2012|first=Amanda L.|last=Chan|access-date=February 20, 2020|archive-date=June 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612025133/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/10/fruits-vegetables-quit-smoking-smokers-tobacco_n_1581465.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
* A growing number of countries have more ex-smokers than smokers.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite journal|title=The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences|author1=Chapman, Simon |author2=MacKenzie, Ross|date=February 9, 2010|journal=PLOS Medicine|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216|pmid=20161722|volume=7|issue=2|pages=e1000216|pmc=2817714 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Early "failure" is a normal part of trying to stop, and more than one attempt at stopping smoking prior to longer-term success is common.<ref name=Chapman-MacKenzie />
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==Bibliography==
* {{cite web|last1=Wilder|first1=Natalie|last2=Daley|first2=Claire|last3=Sugarman|first3=Jane|last4=Partridge|first4=James|title=Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction|url=https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction-0|location=UK|publisher=Royal College of Physicians|pages=1–191|date=April 2016|ref={{harvid|Wilder|2016}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|agency=[[Surgeon General of the United States]]|pages=1–298|year=2016|ref={{harvid|SGUS|2016}}}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10-en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10-en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Electronic nicotine delivery systems|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=1–13|date=July 21, 2014|ref={{harvid|WHO|2014}}}}
 
== References ==
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* Porter, Patrick G. "Advertising in the early cigarette industry: W. Duke, Sons & Company of Durham." ''North Carolina Historical Review'' 48.1 (1971): 31-43.
* Robert,Joseph C. ''The Story of Tobacco in America'' (1959), by a scholar. [https://archive.org/details/storyoftobaccoin0000robe online]
* Robinson, Daniel J. ''Cigarette Nation: Business, Health, and Canadian Smokers, 1930-1975'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021)
* Rothfeder, Jeffrey. ''The People vs. Big Tobacco: How the States Took on the Cigarette Giants'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/peoplevsbigtobac00moll online]
* Sivulka, Juliann. ''Soap, Sex, and Cigarettes: A Cultural History of American Advertising'' (2nd ed. 2012) [https://archive.org/details/soapsexcigarette0000sivu_d3l4 online]
* Sobel, Robert. ''They satisfy: the cigarette in American life'' (1978) [https://archive.org/details/theysatisfycigar00sobe/page/n5/mode/2up online]
* {{cite book|chapter=James Buchanan Duke: Opportunism Is the Spur|title=The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition|last=Sobel|first=Robert|year=1974|publisher=Weybright & Talley|location=New York|isbn=0-679-40064-8|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/entrepreneursexp00sobe}}
* [[Tricia Starks|Starks, Tricia]]. ''Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR'' (Cornell University Press, 2022)
* Starr, Michael E. "The Marlboro Man: Cigarette Smoking and Masculinity in America." ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 17 (1984): 45-57.
* Swanson, Drew A. ''A Golden Weed: Tobacco and Environment in the Piedmont South'' (Yale University Press, 2014) 360pp
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* {{Cite book |author1=Zhou, Xun Yu |author2=Gilman, Sander L. |title=Smoke: a global history of smoking |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86189-200-3 }}
 
=== Epidemiological and medical===
 
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Buse M |title=Composition of tobaccos from countries with high and low incidences of lung cancer. I. Selenium, polonium-210, Alternaria, tar, and nicotine |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=27–31 |date=January 1981 |pmid=6935462 |display-authors=etal | doi = 10.1093/jnci/66.1.27 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Hecht SS |title=Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=91 |issue=14 |pages=1194–210 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10413421 |doi=10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194|doi-access=free }}
* Ernster, Virginia, et al. "Women and tobacco: moving from policy to action." ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'' 78 (2000): 891-901. [https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2000.v78n7/891-901/en/ online]
* Frieden, Thomas R. et al. ''The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General'' (2014) [https://archive.org/details/full-report online]
* Kluger, Richard. ''Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris'' (Vintage, 1997). [https://www.amazon.com/Ashes-Americas-Hundred-Year-Cigarette-Unabashed/dp/0394570766/ excerpt]
* {{cite web|last1=Matuszko|first1=Jan|title=Tobacco Products Processing Detailed Study|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/tobacco-products-processing-study_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/tobacco-products-processing-study_2006.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=www.epa.gov|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=March 29, 2017|date=November 2006}}
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== External links ==
{{Commons|Cigarette|Cigarette}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050813011756/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/search/index.htm US Center for Disease Control] - Smoking and Health Database
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415213702/http://www.globalink.org/ GLOBALink]
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