Banksia attenuata: Difference between revisions

''Banksia attenuata'' was first collected by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] from [[King George Sound (Western Australia)|King George Sound]] in December 1801 and published by him in 1810. The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] is the Latin adjective ''attenuatus'' "'narrowed"', and refers to the leaves narrowing towards the base.<ref name="George96">{{cite book|last=George|first=Alex S.|title=The Banksia Book|edition=3rd|year=1996|publisher=Kangaroo Press|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales|isbn=0-86417-818-2|page=133}}</ref> The species has had a fairly uneventful [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history. It has only two synonyms, and no subspecies or varieties have been published;<ref name="APNI 52773">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia attenuata'' R.Br. | id = 52773}}</ref> Australian botanist [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] reviewed the variation in form in the species and felt that the tree and shrub forms differed only in size and hence were not distinct enough to represent separate taxa.<ref name="George81" /> In 1840, [[John Lindley]] published a putative new species, ''Banksia cylindrostachya'', in his ''[[A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony]]''; this has now been shown to be a [[taxonomic synonym]] of ''B.&nbsp;attenuata''.<ref name="APNI 53299">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia cylindrostachya'' Lindl. | id = 53299}}</ref> In 1891, [[Otto Kuntze]] rejected the generic name ''Banksia'' [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]], on the grounds that the name ''Banksia'' had previously been published in 1776 as ''Banksia'' [[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forst]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forst]], referring to the genus now known as ''[[Pimelea]]''. Kuntze proposed ''Sirmuellera'' as an alternative, referring to this species as ''Sirmuellera attenuata''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuntze |first=Otto |authorlink=Otto Kuntze |title=Revisio generum plantarum |volume=2 |publisher=Arthur Felix |location=Leipzig |year=1891 |pages=581–582 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4004}}</ref> This application of the [[principle of priority]] was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rehder |first1=A. |authorlink1=Alfred Rehder |last2=Weatherby |first2=C. A. |authorlink2=Charles Alfred Weatherby |last3=Mansfeld |first3=R. |authorlink3=Rudolf Mansfeld |last4=Green |first4=M. L. |authorlink4=Mary Letitia Green |title=Conservation of Later Generic Homonyms |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) |year=1935 |volume=1935 |issue=6/9 |page=368 |doi=10.2307/4107078 |jstor=4107078}}</ref> and ''Banksia'' L.f. was [[conserved name|formally conserved]] and ''Sirmuellera'' rejected in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. |authorlink=Thomas Archibald Sprague |title=Additional Nomina Generica Conservanda (Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae) |journal=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=1940 |volume=1940 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/4111642 |jstor=4111642 |page=99}}</ref> [[Common name]]s include slender banksia, candle banksia, and candlestick banksia. ''Piara'' (alternately spelled ''biara'') is an aboriginal name from the [[Melville, Western Australia|Melville]] region of Perth.

George's arrangement remained current until 1996, when [[Kevin Thiele]] and [[Pauline Ladiges]] published an [[Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|arrangement]] informed by a [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characteristics. They calculated ''B. attenuata'' to lie at the base of a large ''B. attenuata'' – ''B. ashbyi'' [[clade]], but conceded further work was needed before its relationships could be determined, and left it as ''[[incertae sedis]]'' (i.e. Its exact placement is unclear.).<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Thiele |first1=Kevin | author-link1=Kevin Thiele |last2=Ladiges |first2=Pauline Y. | author-link2=Pauline Ladiges |year=1996 |title=A cladistic analysis of ''Banksia'' (Proteaceae) |journal=[[Australian Systematic Botany]] |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=661–733 |doi=10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref> Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement, George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement in his 1999 treatment of ''Banksia'' for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' series of [[monograph]]s. To date, this remains the most recent comprehensive arrangement. The placement of ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' in [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|George's 1999 arrangement]] may be summarised as follows:<ref name=george99 />

The most widely distributed of all western banksias, ''Banksia attenuata'' occurs across a broad swathe of [[southwest Australia|southwest]] of [[Western Australia]], from [[Kalbarri National Park]] and the [[Murchison River (Western Australia)|Murchison River]] (with an outlying population in [[Zuytdorp NationalCliffs|Zuytdorp ParkNature Reserve]]) southwards right to the southwestern corner of the state at [[Augusta, Western Australia|Augusta]] and [[Cape Leeuwin]], and then eastwards across the south to the western edge of [[Fitzgerald River National Park]]. Along the eastern border northwards it is found at [[Lake Grace, Western Australia|Lake Grace]], [[Lake Magenta]] north of [[Jerramungup, Western Australia|Jerramungup]], and the [[Wongan Hills]]. It is restricted to various sandy soils, including white, yellow, or brown sands, and sand over either [[laterite]] or [[limestone]]. It forms an important component of open ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' woodland as a dominant or [[understory]] tree or tall shrub. To the north, it is a shrubby component of [[shrubland]]. It does not grow on heavy (clay-based) soils, and is hence only found in sandy pockets.<ref name=atlas /> Within open woodland, it is found alongside ''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]'', ''[[Banksia ilicifolia|B.&nbsp;ilicifolia]]'', ''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]'', ''[[Allocasuarina fraseriana]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus marginata]]'', or ''[[Eucalyptus gomphocephala|E.&nbsp;gomphocephala]]''.<ref name="George81" /> The annual rainfall within its distribution varies from {{convert|300|to|900|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=collins09 />

Once released, seed germinates at temperatures between {{convert|15|and(-)|20|C|F}} to optimise timing with autumn and winter rains and hence maximise chance of survival. Still, many seedlings die off in the hot and dry summer months.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cowling |year=1985 |title=Post-fire recruitment of four co-occurring ''Banksia'' species |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=645–58 |jstor=2403899 | doi = 10.2307/2403899|first1=R. M. |last2=Lamont |first2=B. B.}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Seedling survival for the species is lower than for banksias which regenerate by seeding over time. Despite this, the longevity of mature plants allows for maintenance of population until favourable years enable better survival of young plants. As they mature, plants are less likely to perish and are estimated to live for 300&nbsp;years or more.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Enright, N. J. |author2=Lamont, B. B. |title= Recruitment variability in the resprouting shrub ''Banksia attenuata'' and non-sprouting congeners in the northern sandplain heaths of southwestern Australia| journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=13 |issue=6|pages=727–41|year=1992}}</ref> Analyzing the seed bank and longitudinal results over fifteen years on the Eneabba sandplain showed that ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' would become more abundant over time with fire intervals averaging between 6 and 20&nbsp;years, peaking with intervals around 10 to 12&nbsp;years, compared with longer intervals for the reseeders ''B.&nbsp;hookeriana'' and ''B.&nbsp;prionotes''. Placed against its rivals, ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' would be dominant between 8 and 10 or 11&nbsp;years, but at longer intervals is outcompeted by ''B.&nbsp;hookeriana''. Variability in the timing between fires allows all three species to coexist. Exaggerated good and bad weather conditions favours ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' over the reseeding species, which suffer more.<ref name="Groeneveld 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Groeneveld |first1=J. |last2=Enright |first2=N.J. |last3=Lamont |first3=B.B. |last4=Wissel |first4=C. |year=2002 |title=A spatial model of coexistence among three ''Banksia'' species along a topographic gradient in fire-prone shrublands |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=762–74 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00712.x |jstor=3072246|doi-access=free }} {{subscription required}}</ref>

Like many members of the family Proteaceae, ''Banksia attenuata'' is an obligate [[outcrossing]] species. [[Self-incompatibility in plants|Self-incompatible]], inflorescences require pollinators to be fertilised and produce seed. A genetic study of seed collected near [[Jandakot, Western Australia|Jandakot]] published in 1980 showed obligate outcrossing.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Estimation of the outcrossing oate for ''Banksia attenuata'' R. Br. and ''Banksia menziesii'' R. Br. (Proteaceae)|author=Scott, John K.|journal= Australian Journal of Botany |volume=28|issue=1|pages=53–59|year=1980|doi= 10.1071/BT9800053}}</ref> A field study in the Fitzgerald River National Park where inflorescences were enclosed in mesh fine enough to keep out vertebrates and invertebrates as small as the honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') showed that follicles still developed, indicating that small invertebrates were able to cross-pollinate the species.<ref name=Wooller01 /> ''Banksia attenuata'' flowers are visited by the [[colletidae|colletid]] bee ''[[Hylaeus globuliferus]]'' and bees of the genus ''[[Euhesma]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flyaqis.museum.vic.gov.au/cgi-bin/texhtml|title=Specimen Report|year=2010|work=Museum Victoria website: Bioinformatics|publisher=Museum Victoria|access-date=25 November 2010|location=Melbourne, Australia|archive-date=15 June 2009|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090615224236/http://flyaqis.museum.vic.gov.au/cgi-bin/texhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other pollinating invertebrates recorded include ants and dragonflies.<ref name=atlas /> An analysis of the invertebrate population found in the canopy of ''Banksia'' woodland found that mites and ticks ([[acari]]), beetles ([[coleoptera]]) and ants, bees and wasps ([[hymenoptera]]) predominated overall, with the three orders also the most common on ''B. attenuata'' along with thrips ([[thysanoptera]]). Lower overall numbers of invertebrates on ''Banksia'' species were thought to be related to the presence of insectivorous birds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Abundance of Arthropods in Tree Canopies of ''Banksia'' Woodland on the Swan Coastal Plain|author1=Tassone, R.A. |author2=Maier, J.D. |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia |volume=80 |pages=281–86 |year=1997}}</ref>

A 1978 field study conducted around [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] found the [[honey possum]] (''Tarsipes rostratus'') was a major pollinator of ''Banksia attenuata'', both feeding directly on the pollen and drinking the nectar. The flower structure is suited to passing pollen onto the possum as it feeds, unlike honeyeaters whose bills are too long for this to occur readily. Coupled with the flower spike's musky odour, these findings suggest ''Banksia attenuata'' is highly adapted to be pollinated primarily by this mammal species.<ref name=Weins79>{{cite journal|author1=Weins, Delbert |author2=Renfree, Marilyn |author3=Wooller, Ronald D. |year=1979 |title=Pollen loads of Honey possums (''Tarsipes spencerae'') and non-flying mammal pollination in South-western Australia |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=66|pages=830–38 |url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753003566442 |access-date=24 November 2010|doi=10.2307/2398921|issue=4|jstor=2398921 }}</ref> Furthermore, Petroc Sumner and colleagues have investigated the [[Cone cell|cone]] [[photoreceptor cell]]s of honey possums and compared them with the colour changes of ''B.&nbsp;attenuata''. They found that the possum is trichromatic (like humans and possibly many marsupials) and propose that its L (long wavelength) cones help it discern ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' flower spikes, and the M (or medium wavelength) cones could help it distinguish ripe inflorescences with nectar from recently finished spikes (a difficult task for human vision).<ref>{{cite journal|title=The ecology of visual pigment tuning in an Australian marsupial: the honey possum ''Tarsipes rostratus'' |author1=Sumner, Petroc |author2=Arrese, Catherine A. |author3=Partridge, Julian C. |journal = Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=208| issue=10|pages=1803–15|year=2005|doi=10.1242/jeb.01610|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/10/1803 | format=fulltext |access-date=4 December 2010 |pmid=15879062}}</ref> There is some evidence for other mammals as pollinators; ''B.&nbsp;attenuata''-like pollen was recovered from museum skins of [[dunnart]]s (''Sminthopsis'' spp.) and pygmy possums (''[[Cercartetus]]'' spp.), and the [[sugar glider]] (''Petaurus breviceps'') visited flower spikes in captivity.<ref name=Weins79 />

All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient-poor conditions of Australian soils (particularly lacking in [[phosphorus]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beadle, Noel C.|year=1968|title=Some aspects of the ecology and physiology of Australian xeromorphic plants |journal=Australian Journal of Science|volume=30|pages=348–355}}</ref> These have been measured in Eneabba extending to a depth of {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} below the soil surface.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Aerial and below-ground phytomass of ''Banksia'' Scrub-heath at Eneabba, South-western Australia|author1=Low, A.B. |author2=Lamont, Byron B. |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=351–59 |year=1990|doi=10.1071/BT9900351}}</ref> The plant develops masses of fine lateral roots which form a mat-like structure underneath the soil surface, and enable it to extract nutrients as efficiently possible out of the soil. A study of three co-occurring species in ''Banksia'' woodland in southwestern Australia—''Banksia menziesii'', ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' and ''B.&nbsp;ilicifolia''—found that all three develop fresh roots in September after winter rainfall, and that the bacteria populations associated with the root systems of ''B.&nbsp;menziesii'' differ from the other two, and that they also change depending on the age of the roots.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Marschner, Petra |author2=Grierson, Pauline F. |author3=Rengel, Zed |year=2006|title=Microbial community composition and functioning in the rhizosphere of three ''Banksia'' species in native woodland in Western Australia |journal=Applied Soil Ecology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=191–201|doi=10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.09.001}}</ref> Another study on root architecture of ''Banksia hookeriana'', ''B.&nbsp;menziesii'' and ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' found the overall structure of all three to be similar, with proteoid mats more active and growing in wetter months (winter-spring). Plants send out several sinker roots which descend to reach the [[water table]], and the original tap root may or may not have died off.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Lamont, Byron B. |author2=Bergl, Stephen M. |year=1991 |title=Water relations, shoot and root architecture, and phenology of three co-occurring ''Banksia'' species: no evidence for niche differentiation in the pattern of water use |journal=Oikos |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=291–98 |jstor=3545070|doi=10.2307/3545070}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Along with ''B.&nbsp;menziesii'', ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' is a facultative [[phreatophyte]]. The two species are less strictly tied to the [[water table]] and hence able to grow in a wider variety of places within ''Banksia'' woodland habitat around Perth than the co-occurring ''[[Banksia ilicifolia|B.&nbsp;ilicifolia]]'' and ''[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Froend, R.H. |author2=Drake, P.L. |year=2006 |title=Defining phreatophyte response to reduced water availability: preliminary investigations on the use of xylem cavitation vulnerability in ''Banksia'' woodland species |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=173–79 |doi=10.1071/BT05081}}</ref> A study at a rehabilitation site on a sand mine north of Perth found that the broadleaved species ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' and ''B.&nbsp;hookeriana'' were harder to establish than the fine-leaved ''[[Banksia leptophylla|B.&nbsp;leptophylla]]'' there, due to increased impedance of the disturbed soil.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Survival, growth and water relations of ''Banksia'' seedlings on a sand mine rehabilitation site and adjacent scrub-heath sites |author1=Enright, N.J. |author2=Lamont, Byron B. | journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=663–71 |year=1992 |jstor=2404474|doi=10.2307/2404474}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Analysis of native plant species at a remnant of banksia woodland in suburban Perth which had been invaded by two herbaceous weed species (''[[Ehrharta calycina]]'' and ''[[Pelargonium capitatum]]'') found increased [[phosphorus]] levels in native foliage. Although ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' leaves did not have increased phosphorus, they did have reduced levels of [[manganese]]—an element which is absorbed into the plant by its proteoid roots, the formation of which can be inhibited by raised levels of phosphorus.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Enhanced soil and leaf nutrient status of a Western Australian Banksia woodland community invaded by'' Ehrharta calycina'' and ''Pelargonium capitatum''|author1=Fisher, Judith L. |author2=Veneklaas Erik J. |author3=Lambers, Hans |author4=Loneragan, William A. |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=284 |issue=1–2 |pages=253–64 |year=2006 |doi=10.1007/s11104-006-0042-z}}</ref>

In a 1985 study inoculating cultivated plants, ''Banksia attenuata'' showed moderate to high susceptibility to ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' dieback;<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal |last1=McCredie |first1=T.A. |last2=Dixon |first2=K.W. |last3=Sivasithamparam |first3=K. |year=1985 |title=Variability in the resistance of ''Banksia'' L.f. species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' Rands |journal=[[Australian Journal of Botany]] |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=629–37 |doi=10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> and at least some field and cultivation evidence points to it being highly susceptible.<ref name="DEH 2006">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Part 2, Appendix 4: The responses of native Australian plant species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' |work=Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia |publisher=[[Department of the Environment and Heritage]], Australian Government |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/appendix4.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref> ''P.&nbsp;cinnamomi'' spreads from plant to plant via lateral roots, advancing at a rate of around a metre a year. The symptoms of infection in ''Banksia attenuata'' include yellowing of the leaves in the tree crown, and lesions at the base of the trunk. The red healthy roots become discoloured brown.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Invasion of Bassendean dune Banksia woodland by ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' |author1=Hill, T.C.J. |author2=Tippett, J.T. |author3=Shearer, B.L. |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=725–38 |year=1994 |doi=10.1071/BT9940725}}</ref> A study of ''Banksia attenuata'' woodland {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Perth across 16 years and following a wave of ''P.&nbsp;cinnamomi'' infestation showed that ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' populations still existed but were significantly reduced in diseased areas.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Community-level changes in Banksia woodland following plant pathogen invasion in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region|author= Bishop, C.L. |author2=Wardell-Johnson, G.W. |author3=Williams, M.R. |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|volume=21|issue=5|pages=888–98| year=2010|doi=10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01194.x}}</ref> Injecting a solution of [[phosphite]] into the trunks of affected ''B.&nbsp;attenuata'' trees at a disease front in ''Banksia'' woodland can delay morbidity from dieback for five years.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A stem injection of phosphite protects ''Banksia'' species and ''Eucalyptus marginata'' from ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' for at least four years|author1=Shearer, Bryan L. |author2=Fairman, Richard G. |journal=Australasian Plant Pathology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=78–86 |year=2007 |doi=10.1071/AP06085}}</ref> Injecting and spraying phosphite also reduces the rate of spread of a dieback front for around five years. A bushfire did not influence this slowing.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phosphite reduces disease extension of a ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' front in Banksia woodland, even after fire |author1=Shearer, Bryan L. |author2=Fairman, Richard G. |journal=Australasian Plant Pathology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=249–54 |year=2004 |doi=10.1071/AP04002}}</ref> A 2003 study found that drenching the soil with 0.50&nbsp;[[Molar concentration#Units|mM]] [[benzoic acid]] significantly reduced the size of ''P.&nbsp;cinnamomi'' lesions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress caused by ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' in ''Banksia attenuata''|author1=Williams, Mia |author2=Senaratna, Tissa |author3=Dixon, Kingsley |author4=Sivasithamparam, Krishnapillai |journal=Plant Growth Regulation |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=89–91 |doi=10.1023/A:1027355604096

The well-displayed bright yellow spikes are an attractive feature, with shrubby dwarf forms more versatile horticulturally.<ref name=matth>{{cite book |author=Matthews, Lewis J. |title=The Protea Book: A Guide to Cultivated Proteaceae |page=39 |isbn=0-88192-553-5 |year=2002 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGBV3kkKcIcC&pg=PA39&dq=%22Banksia+attenuata%22&pg=PA39}}</ref> All forms of ''Banksia attenuata'' require good drainage, sandy soil and a sunny position to do well, with a [[pH]] between 5.5 and 7.0.<ref name=collins09 /> They are sensitive to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]], and do not fare well in humid climates.<ref name="Wrigley 1991" /> Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 16 to 49 days to [[germinate]].<ref name="Sweedman 2006">{{cite book |author1=Sweedman, Luke |author2=Merritt, David |year=2006 |title=Australian Seeds: A Guide to their Collection, Identification and Biology |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=0-643-09298-6 |page=202}}</ref> Seedlings are highly vulnerable to [[damping off]].<ref name="Wrigley 1991" /> Plants take from four to six years to flower from seed.<ref name=collins09 /> There has been little success with other methods of improving adaptability to humid climates such as [[grafting]].<ref name="Wrigley 1991" /> Flower spikes in late bud are used in the [[cut flower]] industry,<ref name=collins09 /> primarily in Western Australia.<ref name=matth>< /ref>

{{WikisourceparWikisource|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/Banksia#Banksia_attenuata|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/ Volume 10/ On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/ Banksia#Banksia_attenuata}}

{{WikisourceparWikisource|Edwards's Botanical Register/Appendix to the First Twenty-three Volumes/A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony/Proteaceae#Banksia cylindrastachya| A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony/ Proteaceae#Banksia cylindrastachya}}

{{WikisourceparWikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume 5/Proteaceae/Banksia#Banksia attenuata|Flora Australiensis/ Volume 5/Proteaceae/ Banksia#Banksia attenuata}}