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No more mistakenly than "the Tin Man", however.
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| first = ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' (1900)
| creator = [[L. Frank Baum]]
| portrayer = [[Pierre Couderc]] (''[[His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz]]'')<br>[[Oliver Hardy]] (''[[The Wizard of Oz (1925 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'')<br>[[Jack Haley]] (''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard]]'')<br>[[Nipsey Russell]] (''[[The Wiz]]'')<br>[[Deep Roy]] (''[[Return to Oz]]'')<br>[[Ne-Yo]] (''[[The Wiz Live!]]'')<br>[[Gerran Howell]] (''[[Emerald City (TV series)|Emerald City]]'')<br>[[Alex Désert]] (''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'')
| voice = [[Larry D. Mann]] (''[[Return to Oz (TV special)|Return to Oz]]'')<br>[[Kelsey Grammer]] (''[[Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return]]'')<br>[[JP Karliak|J. P. Karliak]] (''[[Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz]]'')
| nickname = The Tin Woodman
| alias = Nick Chopper, The Tin Man, [[Tales of the Wizard of Oz|Rusty Tin Man]]
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}}
 
'''Nick Chopper''', the '''Tin Woodman''', also known as the '''Tin Man''' or '''Tin Woodsman''',is a character in the fictional [[Land of Oz]] created by [[United States|American]] author [[L. Frank Baum]]. Baum's Tin WoodmanHe first appeared in his 1900 book ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' and reappeared in many other subsequent [[The Oz Books|Oz books]] [[book series|in the series]]. In late 19th-century America, men made out of various [[tin]] pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Baum, who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display.
 
==Character==
In ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', [[Dorothy Gale]] befriends the Tin Woodman after she finds him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the [[Emerald City]] to get a heart from [[Wizard of Oz (character)|The Wizard]]. They are joined on their adventure by the [[Scarecrow (Oz)|Scarecrow]] and the [[Cowardly Lion]]. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the [[Winkie Country]] to kill the [[Wicked Witch of the West]]. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the [[Winged monkeysMonkeys]] are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. Winkie Tinsmiths repair him after the death of the Witch.
 
His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and does not need to select.<ref>L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, ''The Annotated Wizard of Oz'', p 141, {{ISBN|0-517-50086-8}}</ref> The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. TowardsNear the end of the novel, though, [[Glinda the Good Witch]] praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.
 
The Wizard turns out to be a "humbug" and can only provide a [[placebo]] heart made of [[silk]] and filled with [[sawdust]]. This is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in ''[[The Patchwork Girl of Oz]]'', where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.<ref>L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, ''The Annotated Wizard of Oz'', p 152, {{ISBN|0-517-50086-8}}</ref>
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The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed. He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with [[Walt McDougall]] in 1904-05, ''[[Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz]]''. In ''[[Ozma of Oz]]'', he commands [[Princess Ozma]]'s army, and is briefly turned into a tin whistle. In ''[[Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz]]'', he serves as defense counsel in the trial of [[Eureka (Oz)|Eureka]]. He affects the plot of a book most notably in ''[[The Patchwork Girl of Oz]]'', in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty. Baum also wrote a short book titled ''The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman'', part of the ''[[Little Wizard Stories of Oz]]'' series for younger readers.
 
In ''[[The Tin Woodman of Oz]]'', Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love, [[List of Oz characters#Nimmie Amee(created by Baum)|Nimmie Amee]], but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt, a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs. For the Tin Woodman, this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl, meeting another tin man named Captain Fyter, and conversing with his ill-tempered original head.
 
Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern are ''[[Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz]]'', by [[Ruth Plumly Thompson]], and ''[[Lucky Bucky in Oz]]'', by [[John R. Neill]]. The biggest exception is in [[Rachel Cosgrove]]'s ''[[The Hidden Valley of Oz]]'', in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.
 
The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. In his''[[The eponymousTin novelWoodman of Oz]]'' (1918), he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. (Although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.)
 
==The Tin Man in later fiction==
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* In 1902, Baum helped to adapt ''The Wizard of Oz'' into a wildly successful [[The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage play)|stage extravaganza]]. David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman, Niccolo Chopper (who played the [[piccolo]]), opposite [[Fred Stone]] as the Scarecrow, and the team became headliners. The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations, such as the [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)|1910 film]], but was largely forgotten, and the name "Niccolo" never appeared in any of the books. Revisionist books like ''[[Oz Squad]]'' have referred to him as "Nicholas," a name not found in the books, either.
 
[[File:The Wizard of Oz Jack Haley 1939.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Publicity photo of [[Jack Haley|Haley]] in costume as the Tin Man infor the MGM feature film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', 1939 film.]]
* In the classic 1939 film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', the Tin Man was played by actor [[Jack Haley]]. Originally, [[Ray Bolger]] was cast to play the role of Tin Man, despite his desire to play the Scarecrow. [[Buddy Ebsen]] was, at the time, cast as Scarecrow, and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/ozebsen.asp |title=Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen |date=26 July 1997 |publisher=snopes.com |access-date=September 9, 2012}}</ref> While this pleased Bolger, it led to medical problems for Ebsen. The Tin Man's makeup originally contained [[aluminum]] powder which got into Ebsen's lungs, bringing him to the edge of death. He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role. Despite this, and the fact that the Tin Man's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste, Ebsen outlived all the major cast, only being outlived by extras and Munchkin actors. Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories. His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous. There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man. It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man's remark "The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart". Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow (in the [[National Museum of American History]]) and Cowardly Lion (two sets in private hands), that of the Tin Man "was largely destroyed".<ref>[[MythBusters (2005 season)#Episode SP7 – "Hollywood on Trial"]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6198698.stm |title=Oz lion costume goes under hammer |publisher=BBC News |date=December 1, 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory (one of [[Aunt Em]] and [[Uncle Henry (Oz)|Uncle Henry]]'s [[farmworker]]s). Screenwriter [[Noel Langley]] created this character for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=73897 |title=The Witness |publisher=The Witness |date=2011-12-22 |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> Hickory helps Zeke (Lion's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the [[storm cellar|cellar]] when the tornado approaches the farm. He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious. Hickory is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
* In the original Broadway version of ''[[The Wiz]]'', [[Tiger Haynes]] played the Tinman as the name was altered, a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up (as in the book). [[Nipsey Russell]] played the Tinman in the film adaptation of ''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]''. In this version, the Tinman was never human, but was created as a mechanical man (thus having more in common with the Oz character [[Tik-Tok (Oz)|Tik-Tok]] the [[Clockwork Man]]). A reference is made to the "genius who created me". He worked as the carnival [[Barker (occupation)|barker]] and song-and-dance man. When the park was closed, he was abandoned, rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife, "Teeny" (a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady). He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow. [[Ne-Yo]] played the Tinman in the TV special ''[[The Wiz Live!]]''. This version portrayed him as a [[construction worker]] on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush. When she found out he already had a girlfriend, "Bertha", she became so jealous, she turned him into a heartless tinman. The Witch boasted afterwardsafterward that if she could not have his heart, then no one could. Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie, Ne-Yo also played one of Aunt Em's farmhands - John, who walks with a [[Orthotics|metal leg brace]].
* Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include [[Oliver Hardy]] in a 1925 silent version of ''The Wizard of Oz'' directed by and starring [[Larry Semon]], in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a "Tin Woodsman" [sic]. In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became "Knight of the Garter". In the 1960 [[television]] adaptation of ''[[The Land of Oz (book)|The Land of Oz]]'', he was played by [[vaudeville]] comedian Gil Lamb; in the 1969 film, ''[[The Wonderful Land of Oz]]'' he was played by Al Joseph; and in the 1985 film ''[[Return to Oz]]'', he was played by [[Deep Roy]], a [[Dwarfism|little person]] who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill's artwork.
* In the 1961 animated TV series, ''[[Tales of the Wizard of Oz]]'' and its sequel, the 1964 NBC animated [[television special]] ''[[Return to Oz (TV special)|Return to Oz]]'', the Tin Man (here named Rusty) was voiced by [[Larry D. Mann]].
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* Hiroki Tsujiai from ''[[Ultra Maniac]]'' dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party.
* James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries ''[[Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows]]''.
* The [[The Muppets|Muppet]] [[Gonzo the Great(Muppet)|Gonzo]] plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in [[2005 in film|2005]]'s television film ''[[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz]]''. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into a [[robot]] to prevent him wanting a day off to marry [[Camilla (Muppet)|Camilla]]. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.
* In 2006, the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of [[television]] commercials for [[Chef Boyardee]] brand canned Beef [[Ravioli]], in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 ''Oz'' film. In the commercials, the Tin Man (played by Australian actor David Somerville) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso (which he does not notice until the midpoint of the first commercial); thus, he appears to be a very large, mobile can of ravioli. In the first ad, the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an [[primary education|elementary school]] [[cafeteria]] full of hungry children and a teacher. The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood, accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party; after fleeing across a golf course (while dodging balls from the [[driving range]]), he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose (playing on the Tin Man's classic weakness of rusting). As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can, sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man's cries for help are heard.
* In 2006, the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch’s feature film titled ''Transposition of the Great Vessels''. Based on the story of his own parents, who moved from Redding to Los Angeles, in hopes of making a better life. His father wanted to work for the forest service, and his mother wanted to be a cook, but their baby was born with a rare heart condition. They were forced to give up those dreams, and make choices that would give them insurance and stability. A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences; the “Tin Woodman” makes an appearance while on his deathbed, at UCLA Medical Center.
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* Tin Man appears in the animated film ''[[Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return]]'' (which is based on ''[[Dorothy of Oz (book)|Dorothy of Oz]]''), voiced by [[Kelsey Grammer]].
* In the 2011 direct-to-DVD animated film ''[[Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz]]'', the Tin Man was voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]].
* ''[[The Woodsman (play)|The Woodsman]]'', a 2012 stage play by [[EdwardJame W. Hardy]]Ortiz,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/industry/article/Digital-Theatre-Partners-with-BroadwayHD-to-be-Their-Exclusive-Education-Partner-20200805 |title=Digital Theatre+ Partners with BroadwayHD to be Their Exclusive Education Partner |publisher=Broadway World |access-date=2020-08-05}}</ref> tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music. The play has received multiple Off-Broadway productions, critical praise for Hardy's music, and won a 2016 [[Obie Award]] for Ortiz's puppet design.<ref>Zoe Beery, [http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/the-tin-man-of-oz-gets-a-refit-in-the-woodsman-8652154 "The Tin Man of Oz Gets a Refit in 'The Woodsman'"], ''[[The Village Voice]]'', May 24, 2016.</ref>
* In the TV series ''[[Emerald City (TV series)|Emerald City]]'', the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack ([[Gerran Howell]]), a friend of the enigmatic Tip, who helps 'him' escape from his imprisonment by a witch. When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion, her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her. Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg-like state; his head and right arm are still organic, but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour.
* The Tin Man appears in ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]''. In this show, he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum (portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by [[Alex Désert]] as an adult) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird's nest. When two bullies show up to harm Zelena, Stanum helped to fend them off. Years later, Stanum comes to Zelena for help. He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area. Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him, but needs Zelena's help to get by the beast that guards it. When close to its location, Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena. When they get to the heart, Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining. When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task, Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy. He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human. As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move, Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him.
* Tin Man appears in ''[[Lego Dimensions]]'', voiced by [[Dave B. Mitchell]].
* Tin Man appears in ''[[Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz]]'', voiced by [[JP Karliak|J. P. Karliak]].
* Tin Man appears in ''[[The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part]]''. Alongside Dorothy and the rest of her friends, Tin Man is transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System. He later attends the wedding of Batman and Queen Watevra Wa'Nabi.
* Although not a direct adaptation to the literature itself, the 2013 [[Super Sentai]] series, ''[[Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger]]'' features the [[List of Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger characters#Deboth Army|Deboth Army]]'s members being themed after the characters in ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''. Sorrowful Knight [[List of Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger characters#Aigallon|Aigallon]] is designed with the motif of the Tin Man, whose crush on Canderrilla in the series is based on his source of inspiration's desire for a heart.
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* [[Tracy Chapman]] included a song titled "Remember the Tinman" on her 1995 album ''[[New Beginning (Tracy Chapman album)|New Beginning]]''.
* In the ''[[VeggieTales]]'' direct-to-video film ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's]]'', the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.
*In the ''[[Strawberry Shortcake]]'' series, more specifically the [[Strawberry Shortcake (2003 TV series)|2003 cartoon]], the fourth season contains an episode that is a retelling of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'', where Peppermint Fizz, one of the show's characters, plays the Tin Woodsman, whose face now looks more human by the show's standards. The character's appearance is also given more of a peppermint motif to match her theme, and Pupcake calls the result the "Tin Woodsgirl."▼
* In the 2007 [[Syfy|Sci-Fi]] [[miniseries]] ''[[Tin Man (TV miniseries)|Tin Man]]'', a "Tin Man" is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone (O.Z.) One of the story's protagonists, [[Wyatt Cain]] (played by [[Neal McDonough]] in the title role), is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others. In addition, he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child.
* [[The Avett Brothers]] 2009 Album ''[[I and Love and You]]'' features a song called "Tin Man".
* Verses of the [[Future Islands]] 2010 post-pop, synth-ballad ''Tin Man'' contain numerous metaphorical, Tin-Man related references. The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - "I am the Tin Man".
* A [[Tin Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|1990 episode]] of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' is titled "[[Tin Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Tin Man]]"; the titular 'Tin Man' is Gomtuu, a massive creature that is basically a living spaceship, whose crew died of radiation poisoning, finding a new crew (and essentially a new heart) in Tam Elbrunn, a powerful telepath who finds peace in Gomtuu's mind.
* The ''[[Phineas &and Ferb]]'' episode "Wizard of Odd" features the Tin Man in his rusted state, but he is never freed from this condition. He is also featured in an end credits song entitled "Rusted.".
* ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse]]'' did a parody special entitled "The Wizard of Dizz,", in which the role of the Tin Man is played by [[Mickey Mouse]] (as "Mickey the Tin Mouse").
* In the game ''[[Code Name: S.T.E.A.M.]]'', Tin Man, along with other Oz characters, is a playable character. His design is more based on Japanese culture and he has the ability to give steam to allies.
* The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige's ''[[Dorothy Must Die]]'' novel series. In this series, Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the 'magic' in the gifts they received from the Wizard, with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted 'love' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited. He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance, with his legs compared to horses' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers. At the conclusion of the first novel, series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart, having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy's companions to kill Dorothy herself.
▲*In the ''[[Strawberry Shortcake]]'' series, more specifically the [[Strawberry Shortcake (2003 TV series)|2003 cartoon]], the fourth season contains an episode that is a retelling of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'', where Peppermint Fizz, one of the show's characters, plays the Tin Woodsman, whose face now looks more human by the show's standards. The character's appearance is also given more of a peppermint motif to match her theme, and Pupcake calls the result the "Tin Woodsgirl."
 
==Sources of the Tin Man image==
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The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows [[President of the United States|President]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin. Such images support the argument that the figure of a "tin man" was in use as political allegory in the 1890s. The man on the right is politician [[James G. Blaine]].
 
The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly (and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court). In the [[The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage play)|1902 stage adaptation]], which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations (unless they are satirical), the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller,", the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."<ref>Swartz, ''Oz'' p 34</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Clanton, Gene. ''Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900'' (1991)
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/489788 Culver, Stuart. "Growing Up in Oz.". ''American Literary History'' 4 (1992) 607-28.] in JSTOR
* Culver, Stuart. "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors", ''Representations'', 21 (1988) 97-116.
* Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. ''The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory'' (2002)
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711021 Erisman, Fred. "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma" in ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 616-623] online at JSTOR
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109064554/http://www.turnmeondeadman.net/OZ/Responses.html Gardner, Todd. "Responses to Littlefield" (2004), online]
* Geer, John G. and Thomas R. Rochon, "William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road," ''Journal of American Culture'' (Winter, 1993)
* Green, Archie. ''Tin Men'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002). on the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations
* Hearn, Michael Patrick (ed). ''The Annotated Wizard of Oz''. (2000, 1973)
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971), ch. 10.
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* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710826 Littlefield, Henry M. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism" ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1964), pp. 47-58] in JSTOR
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3086411 Nesbet, Anne. "In Borrowed Balloons: The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation" in ''The Slavic and East European Journal''. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring, 2001), pp. 80-95] online at JSTOR
* Riley, Michael O. (1997) ''Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum''. University of Kansas Press {{ISBN|0-7006-0832-X}}
* Ritter, Gretchen. ''Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America'' (1997)
* Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics." ''Journal of American Studies'' (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937766 Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 98 (1990): 739-60] online at JSTOR
* Swartz, Mark Evan. ''Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939'' (2000)
* [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000776148 Velde, Francois R. "Following the Yellow Brick Road: How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard" Economic Perspectives. Volume: 26. Issue: 2. 2002.] [https://ssrn.com/abstract=377760 also online here]
* [http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/books8-Ziaukas.htm Ziaukas, Tim. "100 Years of Oz: Baum's 'Wizard of Oz' as Gilded Age Public Relations" in ''Public Relations Quarterly,'', Fall 1998]
 
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