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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengali Hindus
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| flag = [[File:Bengali Swastika Symbol half.svg|75px]]
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| populace =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 65,700,000–67,200,000(2011 Census), including 55,000,000 in [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Romita|last=Datta|date=13 November 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|title=The great Hindu vote trick|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|url-status=live}}</ref> 6,000,000-7,500,000 in [[Bengali Hindus in Assam|Assam]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Zamser|last=Ali|date=5 December 2019|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam|website=[[Sabrang Communications]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll | date=April 2021 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | url-status=live }}</ref> 2,500,000 in [[Jharkhand]] {{See below|[[#Jharkhand|below]]}} and 2,200,000 in [[Tripura]] {{See below|[[#Tripura|below]]}}
| ref1 =
| region6 = {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop6 = 13,130,109 ([[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 census]])
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite
| region7 = {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop7 = 200,000
| region9 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop9 = 50,000
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=US&rop3=101254 |title=Bengali of United States |work=[[Joshua Project]] |publisher=[[U.S. Center for World Mission]] |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093012/http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=US&rop3=101254 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mpi">{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=687 |title=Indian Immigrants in the United States |last=Terrazas |first=Aaron |date=July 2008 |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209213723/http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?ID=687 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite
| region8 = {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop8 = 135,000
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| langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] <!--(mother tongue), [[Sanskrit]] (liturgical), [[Hindi]] (official and second language in India), [[Indian English|English]] and numerous other languages in the [[Indian Diaspora (Overseas Indian)|Indian diaspora]]-->
| religions = '''[[Hinduism]]<br />{{nowrap|([[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]])}}'''
| related =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
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'''Bengali Hindus''' ({{lang-bn|বাঙ্গালী হিন্দু/বাঙালি হিন্দু|translit=Bāṅgālī Hindu/Bāṅāli Hindu}}) are an ethnoreligious population who make up the majority in the [[Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Jharkhand]], and Assam's [[Barak Valley]] region. In [[Bangladesh]], they form the largest minority. They are adherents of [[Hinduism]] and are native to the [[Bengal]] region in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Comprising about one-third of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Hindus after [[Hindi belt|Hindustani Hindus]]. Bengali Hindus speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which belongs to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family and adhere to [[Shaktism]] (majority, the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]) or [[Vaishnavism]] (minority, [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]) of their native religion Hinduism with some regional deities. {{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley|first=David|title=What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind|date=18 October 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-88038-65-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ 26]|author-link=David Frawley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=The Home and the World |script-title=bn:ঘরে বাইরে|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|year=1916|isbn=9-780-486-82997-5|pages=320|language=bn|trans-title=[[The Home and the World]]|author-link=Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref> There are significant numbers of [[States of India by Bengali speakers|Bengali-speaking Hindus in different Indian states]].<ref name="BPSR_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |title=Bengal's topsy-turvy population growth |author=B.P. Syam Roy |newspaper=The Statesman |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910125228/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Population by religious community: West Bengal|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|volume=36|publication-date=2012|author=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}.</ref> According to the census in 1881, 12.81 per cent of Bengali Hindus belonged to the three upper castes while the rest belonged to the [[Shudra]] and [[Dalit]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seal |first1=Anil |title=The emergence of Indian nationalism: competition and collaboration in the later nineteenth century. |date=1968 |publisher=Cambridge U.P |location=London |isbn=9780521096522 |page=43 }}</ref>
Around the 8th century, the Bengali language branched off from [[Magadhi Prakrit]], a derivative of [[Sanskrit]] that was prevalent in the eastern region of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] period (11th – 12th century) the Bengali culture developed into a distinct culture, within the civilisation. Bengali Hindus were at the forefront of the [[Bengal Renaissance]] in the 19th century, the Bengal region was noted for its participation in the struggle for independence from the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{cite
[[File:Debi Durga Sculpture by Sandalwood Murshidabad WB 30 01 2018.jpg|thumb|Devi Durga Sculpture by Sandalwood. Found in Murshidabad, West Bengal. Now kept in [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]].]]
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== Ethnology ==
The Bengali Hindus constitute of numerous [[endogamy|endogamous]] [[caste]]s, which are sometimes further subdivided into endogamous subgroups. The [[Caste system in India|caste system]] evolved over centuries and became more and more complex with time. In the medieval period, several castes were
The Bengali Hindu families are [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] as well as [[patrilocal residence|patrilocal]] and traditionally follow a joint family system. However, due to the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]] and subsequent urbanisation, the [[Hindu joint family|joint families]] have given way to the [[nuclear family|nuclear families]]. The Bengali Hindus were traditionally governed by the [[Dāyabhāga]] school of law, as opposed to the [[Mitākṣarā]] school of law, which governed the other Hindu ethno-linguistic groups. In India, after the promulgation of the [[Hindu code bills]], the Bengali Hindus along with other Hindus are being governed by a uniform [[Modern Hindu law|Hindu law]].
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=== Ancient period ===
[[File:Ganesh (musée d'art asiatique de Berlin).jpg|thumb|Dancing [[Ganesha]] sculpture from [[North Bengal]], 11th century CE, [[Museum of Asian Art|Asian Art Museum]] of Berlin ([[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]]).]]
In the ancient times, some of the Bengali Hindus were [[seafaring]] people as evident from Vijay Singha's naval conquest of [[Lanka]],
=== Medieval period ===
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After the failure of the [[United Bengal]] plan, it became evident that either all of Bengal would go to Pakistan, or it would be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Direct Action Day and the Noakhali genocide prompted the Bengali Hindu leadership to vote for the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] to create a Hindu-majority province.<ref name="Fraser2008">{{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor1-link=Bashabi Fraser |editor2-last=Sengupta |editor2-first=Sheila |year=2008 |title=Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=25–26 |isbn=978-1-84331-225-3}}</ref> In late April 1947, the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' published the results of an opinion poll, in which 98% of the Bengali Hindus favoured the creation of a separate homeland.{{Sfn|Roy|2002|p=131}} The proposal for the Partition of Bengal was moved in the Legislative Assembly on 20 June 1947, where the Hindu members voted 58–21 in favour of the Partition with two members abstaining.<ref group="N">Rup Narayan Roy and [[Jyoti Basu]], the two Communist Party MLAs abstained.</ref>
The Boundary Commission awarded the Bengali Hindus a territory far less in proportion to their population which was around 46% of the population of the province, awarding the Bengali Hindu majority district of Khulna to Pakistan. However, some [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] majority districts such as [[Murshidabad]] and [[Malda district|Malda]] were handed to
=== Post-partition period ===
After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]], the majority of the urban upper class and middle class Bengali Hindu population of East Bengal immigrated to West Bengal. The ones who stayed back were the ones who had significant landed property and believed that they will be able to live peacefully in an Islamic state. However, after the [[1950 East Pakistan genocide|genocide of 1950]], Bengali Hindus fled East Bengal in thousands and settled in West Bengal. In 1964, tens of thousands of [[1964 East-Pakistan riots|Bengali Hindus were massacred]] in East Pakistan and most of the Bengali Hindu owned businesses and properties of [[Dhaka]] were permanently destroyed.<ref name="sgd131-134">{{cite book |title=Empire's Last Casualty: Indian Subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities |last=Ghosh Dastidar |first=Sachi |year=2008 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-7102-151-2 |pages=131–134}}</ref> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], large number of Bengali Hindus were [[Bangladesh genocide|massacred]]. The [[Enemy Property Act (Bangladesh)|Enemy Property Act]] of the [[Pakistan]] regime which is still in force in the new incarnation of [[Vested Property Act]], has been used by successive Bangladeshi governments to seize the properties of the Hindu minorities who left the country during the [[Partition of India]] and Bangladesh liberation war. According to Professor Abul Barkat of [[Dhaka University]], the Act has been used to misappropriate {{convert|2100000|acre|km2}} of land from the Bengali Hindus, roughly equivalent to the 45% of the total landed area owned by them.<ref name="barkat73-74">{{cite book|last1=Barkat|first1=Abul|title=Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living With Vested Property|last2=Zaman|first2=Shafique uz|last3=Khan|first3=Md. Shahnewaz|last4=Poddar|first4=Avijit|last5=Hoque|first5=Saiful|last6=Uddin|first6=M Taher|date=February 2008|publisher=Pathak Shamabesh|location=Dhaka|pages=73–74|asin=B005MXLO3M}}</ref>
In Assam's, Assamese dominated [[Brahmaputra Valley]] region [[Bongal Kheda]] movement (which literally means drive out Bengalis) was happened in the late 1948-80s, where several thousands of Hindu Bengalis was massacred by jingoists Assamese nationalists mob in various parts of Assam and as a result of this jingoist movement, nearly 500,000 Bengali Hindus were forced to flee from Assam to take shelter in neighbouring West Bengal particularly in [[Jalpaiguri]] division in seek for safety.<ref>{{Cite
Discrimination against refugee Bengali Hindu population is not limited to the [[Northeast India|North East]]. In [[Odisha]], in a family of ten individuals, only half of them has been recognised as Indians while the rest were branded as Bangladeshis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indians-Bangladeshis-in-same-Orissa-family/416529/ |title=Indians, Bangladeshis in same Orissa family! |work=The Indian Express |location=Kendrapara |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113210306/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indians-Bangladeshis-in-same-Orissa-family/416529/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 }}</ref>
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===West Bengal===
{{See also|Hinduism in West Bengal}}
Hinduism has existed in Bengal before the 16th century BC and by the third century, Buddhism has also gain popularity in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite
===Bangladesh===
{{See also|Hinduism in Bangladesh}}
Hinduism has been existed in what is now called Bangladesh since the ancient times. In nature, the Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the ritual and customs of Hinduism practised in the Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as [[East Bengal]]) was united until the partition of India. While in Bangladesh, Bengali Hindus are the second largest community with a population of 12.8 million out of 149.77 million people constituting (8.5%) of the country as per 2011 year census.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |title=Population & Housing Census-2011: Union Statistics |date=March 2014 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=xiii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Population 1950-2021 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/population |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=www.macrotrends.net |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023184822/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/population |url-status=live}}</ref> But distinct Hindu population also exist among indigenous tribes like [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]], [[Santal people|Santhal]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Dhanuk]] etc. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country in the world after India and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haider |first1=M. Moinuddin |last2=Rahman |first2=Mizanur |last3=Kamal |first3=Nahid |date=6 May 2019 |title=Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml |journal=Journal of Religion and Demography |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1163/2589742X-00601003 |s2cid=189978272 |issn=2589-7411 |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
Out of 21 million population of [[Dhaka]] as far estimated by 2020, Bengali Hindus are at present the second largest community just after Bengali Muslims in Dhaka numbering around at 1,051,167 (5% of population) and are mainly concentrated in [[Shankhari Bazaar]].{{Sfn|Pramanik|2005|pp=54-57}}
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====Assam====
The Barak Valley comprising the present districts of [[Cachar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]] is contiguous to [[Sylhet]] (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacharis.<ref name="Cachar">{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Professor of Political Studies Sanjib |last2=Baruah |first2=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=29 June 1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103 |language=en |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230333/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Against_Itself/8k-irMMTnywC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live
The Brahmaputra valley of India can be compared only with the Indus ...</ref> After the [[1964 East Pakistan riots]] many Bengali Hindus have poured into Assam as refugees and the number of Hindu migrants in the state rose to 1,068,455 in 1968 (sharply after 4 years of the riot).<ref>{{Cite web |title=iussp2005 |url=https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=iussp2005.princeton.edu |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422052125/https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The fourth patches numbering around 347,555 have just arrived after [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971 as refugees and most of them being Bengali speaking Hindus have decided to stay back in Assam permanently afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Home |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=digital.library.adelaide.edu.au |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419004649/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Hindus are now the third largest community in [[Assam]] after [[Assamese people]] and Bengali Muslims with a population of 6,022,677 (million), comprising (19.3%) of state population as of 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |url-status=live}}</ref> They are highly concentrated in the Barak Valley region where they a form a slide majority and the population of Bengali Hindus in Barak Valley is 2 million, constituting 55% of the total population of the region.<ref>{{Cite
In January 2019, the Leftist organisation Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) claimed that there are around 2 million Hindu Bangladeshis in Assam who would become Indian citizens if the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill is passed. BJP, however claimed that only eight lakh Hindu Bangladeshis will get citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=20 lakh Bangladeshi Hindus to become Indians if Citizenship Bill is passed: Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The number of Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh in Barak Valley has varied estimates. According to the Assam government, 1.3 lakh such people residing in the Barak Valley are eligible for citizenship if the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] of 2019 becomes a law.<ref>{{Cite
====Jharkhand====
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====Tripura====
The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the [[Manikya dynasty|royal house of Tripura]] thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Manikya+kings+adopted+Bengali+culture&pg=PA352 |language=en |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512205541/https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Manikya+kings+adopted+Bengali+culture&pg=PA352 |url-status=live
====Andaman and Nicobar islands====
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=== Myanmar ===
{{Main|Bengali Hindus in Myanmar}}The [[Bengali Hindus in Myanmar]] are present from long back historical times, when they were brought from [[Bengal region]] to [[Arakan|Arakan region]] by many [[Arakanese Kingdom of Mrohaung|Arakanese Kings]], especially the [[Bengali Brahmins|Brahmins]] for the worship and teaching purpose in the [[Pagoda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam in Arakan: An interpretation from the Indian perspective: History and the Present - Kaladan Press Network |url=https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=www.kaladanpress.org |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084703/https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Then afterwards 1920, most of them start settling to the urban areas and main cities, mainly in [[Yangon]], [[Mandalay]] and in urban areas of [[Rakhine State]]. In modern times, they have faced persecution which was mainly started after [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|1962 coup]] by [[Ne Win]].
===Outside Indian Subcontinent===
Both the
== Culture ==
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=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Bengali cuisine}}[[File:Fish And Rice.jpg|thumb|Signature dish of Bengali: [[Machher Jhol|Fish And Rice]].|left]] [[Bengali cuisine]] is mainly influenced by the [[Diet in Hinduism|diet habits]] similar to the [[Hindus]] and includes a very large variety of sweets and dishes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pearce|first=Melissa|title=Defining Bengali Cuisine: The Culinary Differences of West Bengal and Bangladesh|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/defining-bengali-cuisine-the-culinary-differences-of-west-bengal-and-bangladesh/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Culture Trip|date=10 July 2013|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103004718/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/defining-bengali-cuisine-the-culinary-differences-of-west-bengal-and-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bengali sweets]] includes desserts made by milk, includes [[Rasgulla]], [[Sandesh (sweet)|Sandesh]], [[Cham cham]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krondl|first=Michael|date=1 August 2010|title=The Sweetshops of Kolkata|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/10/3/58/44455/The-Sweetshops-of-Kolkata?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Gastronomica|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=58–65|doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|issn=1529-3262|jstor=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|doi-access=|jstor-access=free|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150339/https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/10/3/58/44455/The-Sweetshops-of-Kolkata?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the consumption of meat is often avoided in diets due to the Hindu principle of ''[[ahimsa]]'' which prohibits meat consumption. However, Bengali Hindus adore eating meat of [[Mutton|goat]], [[Chicken as food|chicken]], [[Duck meat|duck]] and [[Lamb meat|lamb]].{{Sfn|Sengupta|2002|ps=Ch-XII}} Most of the Hindus refrain from eating beef. Meat, especially beef is readily consumed in [[Bangladesh]] and where it is considered the meal's main course and the Fish curry (or [[Machher Jhol]]) with rice is considered as one of the most staple food by both Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Machha [ Fish Curries ] {{!}} Authentic Odia Cuisines & Recipes|url=http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|access-date=12 May 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040844/http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
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{{Main|Bengali literature|List of Bengali poets}}
[[File:Kalighat Savitri begs Yama not to take Satyaban.jpg|thumb|right|Savitri-Satyavan story on Kalighat Painting, 3rd quarter of the 19th century.]]
The proper Bengali literary history begins with the early [[Vaishnava]] literature like the [[Shreekrishna Kirtana]] and the [[Vaishnava padavali]]s followed by translation literatures like [[Ramayana]] and [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|Srikrishna Vijaya]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In the medieval period literary works on the life and teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] were composed. This period saw the emergence of [[History of Bengali literature#Shakta Padavali|Shakta padavalis]].<ref>{{Cite
The [[early modern period]] saw a flurry in the literary activity especially after the emergence of the Bengali press. The first Bengali prose ''Raja Pratapaditya Charitra'' was written during this time. The [[Bengal Renaissance|Renaissance]] saw a rapid development in modern Bengali literature.{{Sfn|Sultana|2003|pp=183-184}} Most of the epics, poems, novels, short stories and dramas of the modern classical literature were written during this period. The Bengal Literary Society that later came to be known as [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] was founded. [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] wrote commentaries on ''Krishna Charita, Dharmattatva, Bhagavad Gita''. The literary development during the Renaissance culminated in [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore's]] [[Nobel prize]] for literature.<ref>{{Britannica|60791|title=Bengali literature}}. pp. 2.</ref>
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== Religion ==
{{Further|Prithvi Vrata|Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism in Bangladesh|label1=the annual Prithvi Vrata ritual}}
The Bengali Hindus generally follow the beliefs and practices that fall under the broad umbrella of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Bengal and Surrounding Areas |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0124.xml |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=obo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214800/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0124.xml |url-status=live}}</ref> Majority of them follow either [[Shaktism]] (the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]) or [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], [[Baul]]s), and some follow a synthesis of the two. The Shaktas belong to the upper [[caste]]s as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are Vaishnavas.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}} The minor traditions include [[Shaivites]]. A small minority is [[atheist]] who do not follow any rituals.<ref>{{Cite
A part of the parent tradition, the Bengali Hindus usually affiliate themselves to one of the many sects that have come to be established as institutionalised forms of the ancient [[guru-shishya tradition]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A documentary on India's guru-shishya parampara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-documentary-on-indias-guru-shishya-parampara/articleshow/75800141.cms |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513041711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-documentary-on-indias-guru-shishya-parampara/articleshow/75800141.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Major amongst them include the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]], [[Thakur Anukulchandra|Anukul Thakur]], [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]], [[ISKCON]], [[Gaudiya Mission]], [[Ananda Marga]], [[Ram Thakur]] etc.<ref>{{Cite
The main [[devi]]s of the Shakta Kalikula tradition are ''[[Kali]]'', ''[[Chandi]]'', ''[[Jagaddhatri]]'', ''[[Durga]]'', as well as regional goddesses such as ''[[Bishahari]]'' and ''[[Manasa]]'', the snake goddesses, ''[[Shashthi (goddess)|Shashthi]]'', the protectress of children, ''[[Shitala]]'', the smallpox goddess,''[[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]'' and ''[[Umā]]'' (the Bengali name for [[Parvati]]).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}
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File:Durga Puja by countries.png|The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world.
</gallery>
According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months ({{Lang-bn|বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ|translit=Bārō māsē tērō pārbaṇa}}).<ref>{{Cite
The puja season begins with the [[Vishwakarma Puja]] and is followed up by [[Durga Puja]]—the last four days of [[Navaratri]]—the greatest and largest Bengali Hindu festival.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}<ref>[http://www.durga-puja.org/ Durga Puja.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010101852/http://www.durga-puja.org/ |date=10 October 2018 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Durga Puja festival|url=http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-festival/|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=www.durgapuja.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013015815/http://www.durgapuja.net:80/durga-puja-festival/ |archive-date=13 October 2012 }}</ref> It is the commemoration of the victory that teaches none is good and none is evil. Each and every war starts, continues and ends with an objective to fulfill their own minimum demands that is required to exist. The defeated always have to accept the dictations of the victors and the defeated becomes free from the guilt of having defeated in the war and again both victors and defeated become friends.
According to Chandi Purana, goddess [[Durga]] killed [[Mahishasura]], the demon-like asura and saved the devas. [[Rama]] the prince of [[Ayodhya]] invoked the blessings of goddess Durga in a battle against [[Ravana]] of Lanka. Durga Puja is the commemoration of Rama's victory over Ravana and it ends in [[Vijayadashami|Bijoya Dashami]]. Durga Puja is followed by [[Kojagari Lakshmi Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Bhai phonta]], [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri Puja]].<ref>{{Britannica|174256|title=Durga Puja}}.</ref>
The winter solstice is celebrated a [[Makar Sankranti|Paush Sankranti]] in mid January, followed by Netaji Jayanti and [[Saraswati Pooja]], a puja dedicated to Goddess of Knowledge and music Goddess Saraswati.<ref>{{Cite
The spring is celebrated in the form of Dolyatra or [[Holi]]. The year ends with [[Charak Puja]] and [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious power in Bengal |url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=ari.nus.edu.sg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119100224/https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref>
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Durga Puja became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and Saraswati Pujas, if a community is large and prosperous enough).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=830}}
===
{{Main|Bengal temple architecture}}
{{See also|List of Hindu temples in West Bengal|List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh|label 2=Bangladesh}}
As per [[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]], historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or
<gallery mode="packed" widths="250" heights="250">
File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg|[[Ichhai Ghosher Deul]] at [[Gourangapur]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], West Bengal.
File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg|[[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in [[Dhaka]].
File:Baro Chala temple of Buro Shiva at Jalsara under Ghatal Police Station in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg|Baro-chala Buro Shiva temple at [[Jalshara]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], West Bengal.
</gallery>
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=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Rachita|title=Buddhist Education in Ancient India|date=2008|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=978-81-86791-77-6|pages=243–345}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dastidar|first=Sachi G|title=Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities|date=2008|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-81-7102-151-2|location=Kolkata|language=English|oclc=220925148}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period|date=1994|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal |year=2002 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85709-67-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Nitish|title=History of the Bengali-Speaking People|publisher=UBS Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-8174763556}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Sultana|first=Jasmin|date=2003|editor-last=Islam|editor-first=Sirajul|editor-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: Kotalipara |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |volume=6 |isbn=978-984-32-0581-0}}
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