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'''Water''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|H2O}}. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless,{{efn|see the [[water#Taste and odor|taste and odor]] section}} and [[Color of water|nearly colorless]] [[chemical substance]]
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's [[triple point]], water exists on Earth as a [[solid]], a [[liquid]], and a [[gas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=John |title=The Earth – Introduction – Weathering |url=https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=30 January 2023 |quote=Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface. |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130051934/https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It forms [[precipitation]] in the form of [[rain]] and [[aerosol]]s in the form of [[fog]]. [[Cloud]]s consist of suspended droplets of water and [[ice]], its solid state. When finely divided, [[crystal]]line ice may precipitate in the form of [[snow]]. The gaseous state of water is [[steam]] or [[water vapor]].
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Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%).<ref name="WSS">{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |date=13 November 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live }}</ref> Small portions of water occur as [[groundwater]] (1.7%), in the [[glaciers]] and the [[ice caps]] of [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] (1.7%), and in the air as [[vapor]], clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).<ref name="b1">{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor=Gleick, P.H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth" |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=20 March 2007 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=20 February 2008 }} [[UNEP]].</ref> Water moves continually through the [[water cycle]] of [[evaporation]], [[transpiration]] ([[evapotranspiration]]), [[condensation]], precipitation, and [[Surface runoff|runoff]], usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the [[world economy]]. Approximately 70% of the [[freshwater|fresh water]] used by humans [[Irrigation|goes to agriculture]].<ref name=Baroni2007>{{cite journal |author=Baroni, L. |author2=Cenci, L. |author3=Tettamanti, M. |author4=Berati, M. |year=2007 |title=Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=61 |pages=279–286 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 |pmid=17035955 |issue=2|doi-access=free | issn=0954-3007 }}</ref> Fishing in [[Saline water|salt]] and [[fresh water]] bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Troell |first1=Max |last2=Naylor |first2=Rosamond L. |last3=Metian |first3=Marc |last4=Beveridge |first4=Malcolm |last5=Tyedmers |first5=Peter H. |last6=Folke |first6=Carl |last7=Arrow |first7=Kenneth J. |last8=Barrett |first8=Scott |last9=Crépin |first9=Anne-Sophie |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Paul R. |last11=Gren |first11=Åsa |date=
{{TOC limit|3}}
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===States===
[[File: States of Matter.svg|thumb|The three common states of matter]]
Along with ''oxidane'', ''water'' is one of the two official names for the chemical compound {{chem|H|2|O}};<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |title=Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations |last1=Leigh |first1=G. J. |last2 = Favre| first2 = H. A|last3 = Metanomski|first3 = W. V.|date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Science|location=Oxford|oclc=37341352|isbn=978-0-86542-685-6|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171925/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |archive-date=
==== Density ====
{{See also|Frost weathering}}
Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less [[density|dense]] as it freezes.{{efn|Other substances with this property include [[bismuth]], [[silicon]], [[germanium]] and [[gallium]].<ref name=Oliveira/>}} In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of {{convert|999.972|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=6|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3.98|°C}}, or almost {{convert|1000|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} at almost {{convert|4|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Density? |url=https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |website=Mettler Toledo |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111064630/https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NatureWaterStructure">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2230441 |title= Water
In a lake or ocean, water at {{cvt|4|C|F}} sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms residing in lakes would perish during the winter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiltse |first1=Brendan |title=A Look Under The Ice: Winter Lake Ecology |url=https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |website=Ausable River Association |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619081813/https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Magnetism ====
Water is a [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] material.<ref name="Chen-2010">{{Cite web|last=Chen|first=Zijun|date=
==== Phase transitions ====
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==== Triple and critical points ====
[[File:Phase diagram of water
On a pressure/temperature [[phase diagram]] (see figure), there are curves separating solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point called the [[triple point]], where all three phases can coexist. The triple point is at a temperature of {{convert|273.16|K|C F}} and a pressure of {{convert|611.657|Pa|atm psi|sigfig=3}};<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=D. M. |last2=Koop |first2=T. |title=Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=1 April 2005 |volume=131 |issue=608 |
The water/vapor phase curve terminates at {{convert|647.096|K|C F}} and {{convert|22.064|MPa|psi atm}}.<ref name=IAPWS95>{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=W. |last2=Pruß |first2=A. |title=The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |date=June 2002 |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=398 |doi=10.1063/1.1461829}}</ref> This is known as the [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]]. At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a [[supercritical fluid]]. It can be gradually compressed or expanded between gas-like and liquid-like densities; its properties (which are quite different from those of ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and temperatures it can [[miscibility|mix freely]] with [[Nonpolar molecule|nonpolar compounds]], including most [[organic compound]]s. This makes it useful in a variety of applications including high-temperature [[electrochemistry]] and as an ecologically benign solvent or [[catalysis|catalyst]] in chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth's mantle, it acts as a solvent during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weingärtner |first1=Hermann |last2=Franck |first2=Ernst Ulrich |title=Supercritical Water as a Solvent |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |date=29 April 2005 |volume=44 |issue=18 |pages=2672–2692 |doi=10.1002/anie.200462468|pmid=15827975 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adschiri |first1=Tadafumi |last2=Lee |first2=Youn-Woo |last3=Goto |first3=Motonobu |last4=Takami |first4=Seiichi |title=Green materials synthesis with supercritical water |journal=Green Chemistry |date=2011 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1380 |doi=10.1039/c1gc15158d}}</ref>
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The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is [[Ice Ih|ice I<sub>h</sub>]], a phase that forms crystals with [[Hexagonal crystal family|hexagonal symmetry]]. Another with [[Cubic crystal system|cubic crystalline symmetry]], [[Ice Ic|ice I<sub>c</sub>]], can occur in the upper atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Knopf |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Bertram |first3=Allan K. |year=2005|title=The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere|journal=Nature|volume=434|pages=202–205|doi=10.1038/nature03403|pmid=15758996|issue=7030|bibcode=2005Natur.434..202M|s2cid=4427815}}</ref> As the pressure increases, ice forms other [[crystal structure]]s. As of 2024, twenty have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted theoretically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salzmann |first1=Christoph G. |title=Advances in the experimental exploration of water's phase diagram |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=14 February 2019 |volume=150 |issue=6 |pages=060901 |doi=10.1063/1.5085163|pmid=30770019 |arxiv=1812.04333 |bibcode=2019JChPh.150f0901S |doi-access=free }}</ref> The eighteenth form of ice, [[ice XVIII]], a face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase, was discovered when a droplet of water was subject to a shock wave that raised the water's pressure to millions of atmospheres and its temperature to thousands of degrees, resulting in a structure of rigid oxygen atoms in which hydrogen atoms flowed freely.<ref name="Sokol2021">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-bizarre-form-of-water-may-exist-all-over-the-universe/ |title=A Bizarre Form of Water May Exist All Over the Universe |last=Sokol |first=Joshua |magazine=Wired |date=12 May 2019 |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512130533/https://www.wired.com/story/a-bizarre-form-of-water-may-exist-all-over-the-universe/|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Millotetal2019">{{cite journal |last1=Millot |first1=M. |last2=Coppari |first2=F. |last3=Rygg |first3=J. R. |last4=Barrios |first4=Antonio Correa |last5=Hamel |first5=Sebastien |last6=Swift |first6=Damian C. |last7=Eggert |first7=Jon H. |year=2019 |title=Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer |volume=569 |issue=7755 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1114-6 |pmid=31068720 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..251M |osti=1568026 |s2cid=148571419 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1568026 |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172600/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1568026 |url-status=live }}</ref> When sandwiched between layers of [[graphene]], ice forms a square lattice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peplow |first1=Mark |title=Graphene sandwich makes new form of ice |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17175|s2cid=138877465 }}</ref>
The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some theories suggest that its unusual
===Taste and odor===
Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although [[humans]] have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths,<ref name="pmid28553944">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zocchi D, Wennemuth G, Oka Y | title = The cellular mechanism for water detection in the mammalian taste system | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 927–933 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28553944 | doi = 10.1038/nn.4575 | s2cid = 13263401 | url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/77104/6/nn.4575-S2.pdf | access-date = 27 January 2024 | archive-date = 5 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240305154837/https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/caltechauthors/99/15/d0ca-f08f-4315-b32e-c758f8dd1cc8/data?response-content-type=application
===Color and appearance===
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[[Aquatic plant]]s, [[algae]], and other [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms can live in water up to hundreds of meters deep, because [[sunlight]] can reach them.
Practically no sunlight reaches the parts of the oceans below {{convert|1000|m
The [[refractive index]] of liquid water (1.333 at {{convert|20|C}}) is much higher than that of air (1.0), similar to those of [[alkane]]s and [[ethanol]], but lower than those of [[glycerol]] (1.473), [[benzene]] (1.501), [[carbon disulfide]] (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31) is lower than that of liquid water.
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Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in the liquid or solid state can form up to four [[hydrogen bonds]] with neighboring molecules. Hydrogen bonds are about ten times as strong as the [[Van der Waals force]] that attracts molecules to each other in most liquids. This is the reason why the melting and boiling points of water are much higher than those of [[Hydrogen chalcogenide|other analogous compounds]] like hydrogen sulfide. They also explain its exceptionally high [[specific heat capacity]] (about 4.2 [[Joule|J]]/(g·K)), [[heat of fusion]] (about 333 J/g), [[heat of vaporization]] ({{nowrap|2257 J/g}}), and [[thermal conductivity]] (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/(m·K)). These properties make water more effective at moderating Earth's [[climate]], by storing heat and transporting it between the oceans and the atmosphere. The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 2000 |title=Compton scattering evidence for covalency of the hydrogen bond in ice|journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=403–406 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00325-X |last1=Isaacs |first1=E. D. |last2=Shukla |first2=A |last3=Platzman |first3=P. M. |last4=Hamann |first4=D. R. |last5=Barbiellini |first5=B. |last6=Tulk |first6=C. A. |bibcode=2000JPCS...61..403I}}</ref>
These bonds are the cause of water's high [[surface tension]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Neil A. |first2=Brad |last2=Williamson |first3=Robin J. |last3=Heyden |title=Biology: Exploring Life |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2006 |location=Boston
[[File:Heat capacity of water 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Specific heat capacity of water<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat capacity water online |url=https://www.desmos.com/calculator/wicmrvrznj?lang=ru |access-date=3 June 2022
===Self-ionization===
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Liquid water can be assumed to be incompressible for most purposes: its compressibility ranges from 4.4 to {{val|5.1|e=-10|u=Pa<sup>−1</sup>}} in ordinary conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fine |first1=R. A. |last2=Millero |first2=F. J.|date=1973 |title=Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure |volume=59 |issue=10 |page=5529 |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |doi=10.1063/1.1679903 |bibcode=1973JChPh..59.5529F}}</ref> Even in oceans at 4 km depth, where the pressure is 400 atm, water suffers only a 1.8% decrease in volume.<ref name=nave>{{cite web |title=Bulk Elastic Properties |last=Nave |first=R. |website=HyperPhysics |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html |access-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028155517/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[viscosity]] of water is about 10{{sup|−3}} Pa·[[second|s]] or 0.01 [[Poise (unit)|poise]] at {{convert|20|C}}, and the [[speed of sound]] in liquid water ranges between {{convert|1400|and|1540|m/s
===Reactivity===
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* [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.
* [[runoff (water)|runoff]] from the land usually reaching the sea.
Most water vapors found mostly in the ocean returns to it, but winds carry water vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47 [[Metric tonne unit|Tt]] per year
Water runoff often collects over [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] flowing into rivers. Through [[erosion]], runoff shapes the environment creating river [[valley]]s and [[river delta|deltas]] which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water which occurs when a river overflows its banks or a storm surge happens. On the other hand, drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation either due to its topography or due to its location in terms of [[latitude]].
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===Water resources===
{{Main|Water resources}}
Water resources are [[natural resource]]s of water that are potentially useful for humans,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=water resource |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/water-resource |access-date=
===Seawater and tides===
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From a [[biology|biological]] standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It carries out this role by allowing [[organic compound]]s to react in ways that ultimately allow [[Self-replication|replication]]. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a [[solvent]] in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many [[metabolism|metabolic]] processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of [[anabolism]] and [[catabolism]]. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g., starches, triglycerides, and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Without water, these particular metabolic processes could not exist.
Water is fundamental to both photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalyst helps split water: Plants|url=https://asknature.org/strategy/catalyst-helps-split-water/|access-date=
Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion ({{chem|H|+}}, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion ({{chem|O|H|−}}) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a [[pH]] (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7 in an ideal state. [[Acids]] have pH values less than 7 while [[Base (chemistry)|bases]] have values greater than 7.
===Aquatic life forms===
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===Health and pollution===
[[File: Field Trip- water sampling.jpg|thumb|An environmental science program – a student from [[Iowa State University]] sampling water]]
Water fit for human consumption is called [[drinking water]] or potable water. Water that is not potable may be made potable by filtration or [[distillation]], or by a range of [[Water treatment|other methods]]. More than 660 million people do not have access to safe drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On Water|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water|access-date=
Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful to humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimes called [[safe water]], or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin and mucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by government regulations (typically 1 part per million (ppm) for drinking water, and 1–2 ppm of chlorine not yet reacted with impurities for bathing water). Water for bathing may be maintained in satisfactory microbiological condition using chemical disinfectants such as [[chlorine]] or [[ozone]] or by the use of [[ultraviolet]] light.
[[Reclaimed water|Water reclamation]] is the process of converting wastewater (most commonly [[sewage]], also called municipal wastewater) into water that can be [[reuse]]d for other purposes. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities, which means that each individual receives less than {{convert|1,700|m3}} of water annually. {{convert|380|e9m3}} of municipal wastewater are produced globally each year.<ref name="EIB-2022">{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=
Freshwater is a renewable resource, recirculated by the natural [[hydrologic cycle]], but pressures over access to it result from the naturally uneven distribution in space and time, growing economic demands by agriculture and industry, and rising populations. Currently, nearly a billion people around the world lack access to safe, affordable water. In 2000, the [[United Nations]] established the [[Millennium Development Goals]] for water to halve by 2015 the proportion of people worldwide without access to safe water and [[sanitation]]. Progress toward that goal was uneven, and in 2015 the UN committed to the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of achieving universal access to safe and affordable water and sanitation by 2030. Poor [[water quality]] and bad sanitation are deadly; some five million deaths a year are caused by water-related diseases. The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that [[safe water]] could prevent 1.4 million child deaths from [[
In developing countries, 90% of all [[Sewage|municipal wastewater]] still goes untreated into local rivers and streams.<ref>{{cite book |title=Environmentally Sound Technology for Wastewater and Stormwater Management: An International Source Book |author=UNEP International Environment |year=2002 |publisher=IWA |isbn=978-1-84339-008-4 |oclc=49204666}}</ref> Some 50 countries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium or high [[water scarcity]] and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate Change and Developing Countries |last1=Ravindranath |first1=Nijavalli H. |first2=Jayant A. |last2=Sathaye |year=2002 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-0104-8 |oclc=231965991}}</ref> The strain not only affects surface freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources.
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An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the [[International Water Management Institute]] in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.<ref>, Molden, D. (Ed). ''Water for food, Water for life: [[A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture]].'' Earthscan/IWMI, 2007.</ref> It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of [[physical water scarcity]], where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing [[economic water scarcity]], where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in the future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industries and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<ref>Chartres, C. and Varma, S. (2010) ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems''. FT Press (US).</ref>
Water scarcity is also caused by production of water intensive products. For example, [[cotton]]: 1 kg of cotton—equivalent of a pair of jeans—requires {{convert|10.9|m3
<gallery width="280px" height="200px">
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[[File:2006 Global Water Availability.svg|thumb|right|Water availability: the fraction of the population using improved water sources by country]]
[[File:Roadside fresh water outlet from glacier, Nubra, Ladakh.jpg|thumb|Roadside fresh water outlet from glacier, [[Nubra]]]]
The [[human body]] contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size.<ref>[http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html "Re: What percentage of the human body is composed of water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125073713/http://madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html |date=25 November 2007 }} Jeffrey Utz, M.D., The MadSci Network</ref>{{ugc|date=November 2022}} To function properly, the body requires between {{convert|1|and|7|L
Healthy kidneys can excrete 0.8 to 1 liter of water per hour, but stress such as exercise can reduce this amount. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, putting them at risk of [[water intoxication]] (hyperhydration), which can be fatal.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Noakes TD |author2=Goodwin N |author3=Rayner BL |display-authors=etal |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |year=1985 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=370–375 |pmid=4021781 |doi=10.1249/00005768-198506000-00012|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BL, Branken T, Taylor RK |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise, 1985 |journal=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=221–227 |pmid=16366205 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[221:WIAPCD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=28370290 |doi-access= }}</ref> The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no real basis in science.<ref>{{cite journal |title='Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.' Really? Is there scientific evidence for '8 × 8'? |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=283 |issue=5 |pages=R993–R1004 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 |pmid=12376390 |year=2002 |last1=Valtin |first1=Heinz |s2cid=2256436 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222112803/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=
[[File:DIN 4844-2 D-P005.svg|thumb|right|[[Hazard symbol]] for non-potable water]]
An original recommendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the [[U.S. National Research Council]] read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."<ref>{{cite book |title=Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances |publisher=National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, No. 122 |year=1945 |pages=3–18}}</ref> The latest dietary reference intake report by the U.S. National Research Council in general recommended, based on the median total water intake from US survey data (including food sources): {{convert|3.7|L
Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. The US [[Institute of Medicine]] recommends that, on average, men consume {{convert|3|L
Humans require water with few impurities. Common impurities include metal salts and oxides, including copper, iron, calcium and lead,<ref>''Conquering Chemistry'' (4th ed.), 2008</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2022}} and harmful bacteria, such as ''[[Vibrio]]''. Some [[solutes]] are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhancement and to provide needed [[electrolyte]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maton |first1=Anthea |first2=Jean |last2=Hopkins |first3=Charles William |last3=McLaughlin |first4=Susan |last4=Johnson |first5=Maryanna Quon |last5=Warner |first6=David |last6=LaHart |first7=Jill D. |last7=Wright |title=Human Biology and Health |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0 |oclc=32308337 |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho }}</ref>
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[[Water hardness]] is also a critical factor in food processing and may be altered or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. It can dramatically affect the quality of a product, as well as playing a role in sanitation. Water hardness is classified based on concentration of calcium carbonate the water contains. Water is classified as soft if it contains less than 100 mg/L (UK)<ref name="DEFRA">{{cite web |url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf |title=Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|DEFRA]] Drinking Water Inspectorate |date=2009 |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529054911/http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> or less than 60 mg/L (US).<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html |publisher=US Geological Service |title=Water hardness |date=8 April 2014 |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518204909/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
According to a report published by the Water Footprint organization in 2010, a single kilogram of beef requires {{convert|15|e3L|e3impgal+e3usgal
====Medical use====
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====Water vapor====
Water is present as vapor in:
* [[Solar atmosphere|Atmosphere of the Sun]]: in detectable trace amounts<ref name=Solanki1994>{{cite journal |last1=Solanki |first1=S.K. |last2=Livingston |first2=W. |last3=Ayres |first3=T. |year=1994 |title=New Light on the Heart of Darkness of the Solar Chromosphere |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pmid=17748350 |volume=263 |issue=5143 |pages=64–66 |bibcode=1994Sci...263...64S |doi=10.1126/science.263.5143.64 |s2cid=27696504 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030222/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2019
* [[Atmosphere of Mercury]]: 3.4%, and large amounts of water in [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury's]] [[exosphere]]<ref name="planetary society">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |title=MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere |access-date=5 July 2008 |publisher=Planetary Society |date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034624/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[Atmosphere of Venus]]: 0.002%<ref name=Bertaux2007>{{cite journal |last=Bertaux |first=Jean-Loup |title=A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=450 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1038/nature05974 |bibcode=2007Natur.450..646B |pmid=18046397 |issue=7170 |author2=Vandaele, Ann-Carine |last3=Korablev |first3=Oleg |last4=Villard |first4=E. |last5=Fedorova |first5=A. |last6=Fussen |first6=D. |last7=Quémerais |first7=E. |last8=Belyaev |first8=D. |last9=Mahieux |first9=A. |hdl=2268/29200 |s2cid=4421875 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122145/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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* [[Atmosphere of Ceres]]<ref name="Kuppers2014">{{cite journal |last1=Küppers |first1=M. |last2=O'Rourke |first2=L. |last3=Bockelée-Morvan |first3=D.|author3-link=Dominique Bockelée-Morvan |last4=Zakharov |first4=V. |last5=Lee |first5=S. |last6=Von Allmen |first6=P. |last7=Carry |first7=B. |last8=Teyssier |first8=D. |last9=Marston |first9=A. |last10=Müller |first10=T. |last11=Crovisier |first11=J. |last12=Barucci |first12=M.A. |last13=Moreno |first13=R. |title=Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres |journal=Nature |volume=505 |issue=7484 |date=23 January 2014 |pages=525–527|doi=10.1038/nature12918 |pmid=24451541 |bibcode=2014Natur.505..525K|s2cid=4448395 }}</ref>
* [[Atmosphere of Jupiter]]: 0.0004%<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11214-005-1951-5 |last1=Atreya |first1=Sushil K. |last2=Wong |first2=Ah-San |year=2005 |title=Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets – A Case for Multiprobes |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–136 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..121A |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |hdl=2027.42/43766 |s2cid=31037195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> – in [[Volatile (astrogeology)|ices]] only; and that of its moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]]<ref name="NASA-20131212-EU">{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Jia-Rui C. |last2=Gutro |first2=Rob |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |last4=Harrington |first4=J.D. |last5=Fohn |first5=Joe |title=Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |date=12 December 2013 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215053143/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Atmosphere of Saturn]] – in [[Volatile (astrogeology)|ices]] only; [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]: 91%<ref name="Hansen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1121254 |title=Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume |year=2006 |author=Hansen |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=1422–1425 |pmid=16527971 |issue=5766 |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1422H |author2=C.J.|last3=Stewart |first3=AI |last4=Colwell |first4=J |last5=Hendrix |first5=A |last6=Pryor |first6=W |last7=Shemansky |first7=D |last8=West |first8=R|s2cid=2954801 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218132849/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=
* [[Atmosphere of Uranus]] – in trace amounts below 50 bar
* [[Atmosphere of Neptune]] – found in the deeper layers<ref name=hubbard>{{cite journal |last=Hubbard |first=W.B. |title=Neptune's Deep Chemistry |journal=Science |year=1997 |volume=275 |issue=5304 |pages=1279–1280 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5304.1279 |pmid=9064785|s2cid=36248590 }}</ref>
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====Liquid water====
Liquid water is present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface.<ref name="WSS" /> Liquid water is also occasionally present in small amounts [[Water on Mars|on Mars]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars |website=NASA |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=28 September
====Water ice====
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The authors of the 2007 [[Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture]] cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the [[International Water Management Institute]] of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx |title=Search Results |website=International Water Management Institute (IWMI) |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605124732/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2004, the UK charity [[WaterAid]] reported that a child dies every 15 seconds from easily preventable water-related diseases, which are often tied to a lack of adequate sanitation.<ref name="Burrows 2004 e724">{{cite web | last=Burrows | first=Gideon | title=Clean water to fight poverty | website=The Guardian | date=
Since 2003, the [[UN World Water Development Report]], produced by the [[UNESCO]] [[World Water Assessment Programme]], has provided decision-makers with tools for developing sustainable [[Water politics|water policies]].<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} UN World Water Development Report 2023 |url=https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en |access-date=5 June 2023
Organizations concerned with water protection include the [[International Water Association]] (IWA), WaterAid, Water 1st, and the American Water Resources Association. The [[International Water Management Institute]] undertakes projects with the aim of using effective water management to reduce poverty. Water related conventions are [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] (UNCCD), [[International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships]], [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] and [[Ramsar Convention]]. [[World Day for Water]] takes place on 22 March<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day|access-date=
==In culture==
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=== Folklore ===
"Living water" features in Germanic and Slavic [[Folklore|folktales]] as a means of bringing the dead back to life. Note the [[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Grimm fairy-tale]] ("[[The Water of Life (German fairy tale)|The Water of Life]]") and the Russian dichotomy of {{ill|living water (folklore)|lt=living|ru|живая вода}} and {{ill|dead water (folklore)|lt=dead water|ru|ru:мёртвая вода}}. The [[Fountain of Youth]] represents a related concept of [[Magic (supernatural)|magical]] waters allegedly preventing aging.
===Art and activism===
In the significant [[Modernist literature|modernist]] novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (1922) by Irish writer [[James Joyce]], the chapter "Ithaca" takes the form of a [[catechism]] of 309 questions and answers, one of which is known as the "water hymn".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Madtes |first=Richard E. |title=The "Ithaca" chapter of Joyce's "Ulysses" |publisher=UMI Research Press |year=1983 |isbn=0835714608 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=91}} According to Richard E. Madtes, the hymn is not merely a "monotonous string of facts", rather, its phrases, like their subject, "ebb and flow, heave and swell, gather and break, until they subside into the calm quiescence of the concluding 'pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.'"<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=79}} The hymn is considered one of the most remarkable passages in Ithaca, and according to literary critic [[Hugh Kenner]], achieves "the improbable feat of raising to poetry all the clutter of footling information that has accumulated in schoolbooks."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=91}} The [[motif (narrative)|literary motif]] of water represents the novel's theme of "everlasting, everchanging life," and the hymn represents the culmination of the motif in the novel.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=91}} The following is the hymn quoted in full.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Joyce |first=James |title=Ulysses |publisher=The Odyssey Press |year=1933 |editor-last=Wegner |editor-first=Christian |volume=2 |location=Hamburg |pages=668-670}}</ref>
Painter and activist [[Fredericka Foster]] curated ''The Value of Water'', at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vartanian |first1=Hrag |title=Manhattan Cathedral Explores Water in Art |url=https://hyperallergic.com/36682/the-value-of-water-cathedral-of-st-john-the-divine/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |publisher=Hyperallergic |date=October 3, 2011 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203190158/https://hyperallergic.com/36682/the-value-of-water-cathedral-of-st-john-the-divine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which anchored a year-long initiative by the Cathedral on our dependence on water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kowalski|first1=James A.|title=The Cathedral of St. John the Divine and The Value of Water|url=http://huffingtonpost.com/rev-dr-james-a-kowalski/the-value-of-water_1_b_994166.html|website=huffingtonpost.com|date=6 October 2011|publisher=Huffington Post|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806061621/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rev-dr-james-a-kowalski/the-value-of-water_1_b_994166.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/38030959/|title=The Value of Water at St John the Divine|last1=Foster|first1=Fredericka|website=vimeo.com|publisher=Sara Karl|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301114643/https://vimeo.com/38030959|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest exhibition to ever appear at the Cathedral,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Tom|title=The Value of Water Exhibition|url=http://artsci.ucla.edu/events/value-water-exhibition|access-date=14 December 2020|publisher=UCLA Art Science Center|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203213346/http://artsci.ucla.edu/events/value-water-exhibition|url-status=live}}</ref> it featured over forty artists, including [[Jenny Holzer]], [[Robert Longo]], [[Mark Rothko]], [[William Kentridge]], [[April Gornik]], [[Kiki Smith]], [[Pat Steir]], [[Alice Dalton Brown]], [[Teresita Fernandez]] and [[Bill Viola]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madel |first1=Robin |title=Through Art, the Value of Water Expressed |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/through-art-the-value-of-water-expressed_b_985997 |access-date=16 December 2020 |publisher=Huffington Post |date=December 6, 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201064707/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/through-art-the-value-of-water-expressed_b_985997 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cotter|first1=Mary|title=Manhattan Cathedral Examines 'The Value of Water' in a New Star-Studded Art Exhibition|url=http://inhabitat.com/nyc/manhattan-cathedral-examines-the-value-of-water-in-a-new-star-studded-art-exhibition/|website=Inhabitat|date=4 October 2011|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708195254/https://inhabitat.com/nyc/manhattan-cathedral-examines-the-value-of-water-in-a-new-star-studded-art-exhibition/|url-status=live}}</ref> Foster created Think About Water,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thinkaboutwater.com/ |title=Think About Water |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126122615/https://www.thinkaboutwater.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2022}} an ecological collective of artists who use water as their subject or medium. Members include Basia Irland,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.basiairland.com/ |title=Basia Irland |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014204543/https://www.basiairland.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2022}} [[Aviva Rahmani]], [[Betsy Damon]], [[Diane Burko]], [[Leila Daw]], [[Stacy Levy]], Charlotte Coté,<ref>{{cite web |title=Influential Figures Dr. Charlotte Cote |url=https://tseshaht.com/history-culture/influential-figures/dr-charlotte-cote-2/ |website=Tseshaht First Nation [c̓išaaʔatḥ] |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819181901/https://tseshaht.com/history-culture/influential-figures/dr-charlotte-cote-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meridel Rubenstein]], and [[Anna Macleod]].▼
{{blockquote|What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier returning to the range, admire?<br>Its universality: its democratic equality and constancy to its nature in seeking its own level: its vastness in the ocean of Mercator’s projection: its unplumbed profundity in the Sundam trench of the Pacific exceeding 8,000 fathoms: the restlessness of its waves and surface particles visiting in turn all points of its seaboard: the independence of its units: the variability of states of sea: its hydrostatic quiescence in calm: its hydrokinetic turgidity in neap and spring tides: its subsidence after devastation: its sterility in the circumpolar icecaps, arctic and antarctic: its climatic and commercial significance: its preponderance of 3 to 1 over the dry land of the globe: its indisputable hegemony extending in square leagues over all the region below the subequatorial tropic of Capricorn: the multisecular stability of its primeval basin: its luteofulvous bed: its capacity to dissolve and hold in solution all soluble substances including millions of tons of the most precious metals: its slow erosions of peninsulas and downwardtending promontories: its alluvial deposits: its weight and volume and density: its imperturbability in lagoons and highland tarns: its gradation of colours in the torrid and temperate and frigid zones: its vehicular ramifications in continental lakecontained streams and confluent oceanflowing rivers with their tributaries and transoceanic currents: gulfstream, north and south equatorial courses: its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts: its vast circumterrestrial ahorizontal curve: its secrecy in springs, and latent humidity, revealed by rhabdomantic or hygrometric instruments and exemplified by the well by the hole in the wall at Ashtown gate, saturation of air, distillation of dew: the simplicity of its composition, two constituent parts of hydrogen with one constituent part of oxygen: its healing virtues: its buoyancy in the waters of the Dead Sea: its persevering penetrativeness in runnels, gullies, inadequate dams, leaks on shipboard: its properties for cleansing, quenching thirst and fire, nourishing vegetation: its infallibility as paradigm and paragon: its metamorphoses as vapour, mist, cloud, rain, sleet, snow, hail: its strength in rigid hydrants: its variety of forms in loughs and bays and gulfs and bights and guts and lagoons and atolls and archipelagos and sounds and fjords and minches and tidal estuaries and arms of sea: its solidity in glaciers, icebergs, icefloes: its docility in working hydraulic millwheels, turbines, dynamos, electric power stations, bleachworks, tanneries, scutchmills: its utility in canals, rivers, if navigable, floating and graving docks: its potentiality derivable from harnessed tides or watercourses falling from level to level: its submarine fauna and flora (anacoustic, photophobe) numerically, if not literally, the inhabitants of the globe: its ubiquity as constituting 90% of the human body: the noxiousness of its effluvia in lacustrine marshes, pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.}}[[File:And The Kitchen Sink Too (137906641).jpeg|thumb|The vast "water hymn" in [[James Joyce]]'s novel [[Ulysses (novel)|''Ulysses'']] is occasioned when the protagonist [[Leopold Bloom]] fills a [[kettle]] with water from a [[kitchen]] [[faucet]].<ref name=":1" />]]
▲Painter and activist [[Fredericka Foster]] curated ''The Value of Water'', at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vartanian |first1=Hrag |title=Manhattan Cathedral Explores Water in Art |url=https://hyperallergic.com/36682/the-value-of-water-cathedral-of-st-john-the-divine/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |publisher=Hyperallergic |date=3 October
To mark the 10th anniversary of access to water and sanitation being declared a human right by the UN, the charity WaterAid commissioned ten visual artists to show the impact of clean water on people's lives.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 years of the human rights to water and sanitation |url=https://www.unwater.org/10-years-of-the-human-rights-to-water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |agency=UN – Water Family News |publisher=United Nations |date=February 27, 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190212/https://www.unwater.org/10-years-of-the-human-rights-to-water-and-sanitation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water is sacred': 10 visual artists reflect on the human right to water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/04/water-is-sacred-10-visual-artists-reflect-on-the-human-right-to-water |access-date=19 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=August 4, 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819033524/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/04/water-is-sacred-10-visual-artists-reflect-on-the-human-right-to-water |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
▲To mark the 10th anniversary of access to water and sanitation being declared a human right by the UN, the charity WaterAid commissioned ten visual artists to show the impact of clean water on people's lives.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 years of the human rights to water and sanitation |url=https://www.unwater.org/10-years-of-the-human-rights-to-water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |agency=UN – Water Family News |publisher=United Nations |date=
===Dihydrogen monoxide parody===
{{Main|Dihydrogen monoxide parody}}
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===Music===
The word "Water" has been used by many [[Florida]] based [[Rapping|rappers]] as a sort of catchphrase or adlib. Rappers who have done this include [[BLP Kosher]] and [[Ski Mask the Slump God]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=
==See also==
{{Portal|Oceans|Renewable energy||Water|Weather}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of water}}
* {{annotated link|Water (data page)}} is a collection of the chemical and physical properties of water.
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* {{annotated link|Oxyhydrogen}}
* {{annotated link|Properties of water}}
* {{annotated link|Rainwater tank}}
* {{annotated link|Thirst}}
* {{annotated link|Tidal power}}
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* {{annotated link|Wave power}}
* {{annotated link|Water filter}}
* {{annotated link|Water heat recycling}}
* {{annotated link|Water recycling shower}}
* {{annotated link|Water-sensitive urban design}}
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
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==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name = Braun_1993_612>{{Cite journal|last1=Braun|first1=Charles L.|last2=Smirnov|first2=Sergei N.|date=1 August 1993
}}
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