African leopard: Difference between revisions

| image = Namibie{{CSS Etoshaimage Leopard 01edit.jpgcrop

*''P. p. shortridgei'' {{small|(Pocock, 1932)}}

*''P. p. brockmani'' {{small|(Pocock, 1932)}}

The '''African leopard''' ('''''Panthera pardus pardus''''') is the [[nominate subspecies]] of the [[leopard]], native to many countries in [[Africa]]. It is widely distributed in most of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], but the historical range has been [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] in the course of [[Habitat destruction|habitat conversion]].<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Stein, A.B. |author2=Athreya, V. |author3=Gerngross, P. |author4=Balme, G. |author5=Henschel, P. |author6=Karanth, U. |author7=Miquelle, D. |author8=Rostro, S. |author9=Kamler, J.F. |author10=Laguardia, A. |date=2016 |page=e.T15954A160698029}}</ref> Leopards have also been recorded in [[North Africa]] as well.<ref name="MiththapalaSeidensticker1996">{{cite journal |last1=Miththapala |first1=S. |last2=Seidensticker |first2=J. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (''Panthera pardus''): Molecular Genetic Variation|journal=Conservation Biology |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=1996 |pages=1115–1132 |issn=0888-8892 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x}}</ref><ref name="Uphyrkina_al.2001">{{cite journal |last1=Uphyrkina |first1=O. |last2=Johnson |first2=E. W. |last3=Quigley |first3=H. |last4=Miquelle |first4=D. |last5=Marker |first5=L. |last6=Bush |first6=M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2617–2633 |url=http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x |pmid=11883877 |s2cid=304770 |access-date=2012-05-10 |archive-date=2020-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428212741/https://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Results of [[Genetic analysis|genetic analyses]] indicate that all African leopard populations are generally closely related and represent only one [[subspecies]], namely ''P. p. pardus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miththapala |first1=S. |last2=Seidensticker |first2=J. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (''Panthera pardus''): Molecular Genetic Variation|journal=Conservation Biology |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=1996 |pages=1115–1132 |issn=0888-8892 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x|bibcode=1996ConBi..10.1115M }}</ref><ref name="Uphyrkina_al.2001">{{cite journal |last1=Uphyrkina |first1=O. |last2=Johnson |first2=E. W. |last3=Quigley |first3=H. |last4=Miquelle |first4=D. |last5=Marker |first5=L. |last6=Bush |first6=M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2617–2633 |url=http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x |pmid=11883877 |bibcode=2001MolEc..10.2617U |s2cid=304770 |access-date=2012-05-10 |archive-date=2020-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428212741/https://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CatSG2017>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=73–75 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=73}}</ref> However, results of an [[analysis of molecular variance]] and the pairwise [[fixation index]] of African leopard museum specimens shows differences in the ND-5 locus spanning five major [[haplogroup]]s, namely in Central–Southern Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, coastal West–Central Africa, and Central–East Africa. In some cases, fixation indices showed higher diversity than for the [[Arabian leopard]] and ''[[Panthera pardus tulliana]]'' in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anco |first1=C. |last2=Kolokotronis |first2=S. O. |last3=Henschel |first3=P. |last4=Cunningham |first4=S. W. |last5=Amato |first5=G. |last6=Hekkala |first6=E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Historical mitochondrial diversity in African leopards (''Panthera pardus'') revealed by archival museum specimens |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=455–473 |doi=10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973 |year=2017 |pmid=28423965|s2cid=4348541}}</ref>

[[File:Panthera pardus (Leopard (Kongo)).jpg|thumbnail|A dark-coloured leopard skin from Central Africa (Kongo)]]

The African leopard exhibits great variation in coat color, depending on location and habitat. Coat colour varies from pale yellow to deep gold or tawny, and sometimes [[Black panther|black]], and is patterned with black rosettes while the head, lower limbs and belly are spotted with solid black. Male leopards are larger, averaging {{cvt|58|kg}} with {{cvt|90|kg}} being the maximum weight attained by a male. Females weigh about {{cvt|37.5|kg}} on average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African leopard |url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/african-leopard/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=SANBI |date=24 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Leopards inhabiting the mountains of the [[Cape Province]]s appear smaller and less heavy than leopards further north.<ref name="MartinsMartins2006">{{cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=Q. |last2=Martins |first2=N. |name-list-style=amp |title=Leopards of the Cape: conservation and conservation concerns |journal=International Journal of Environmental Studies |volume=63 |issue=5 |year=2006 |pages=579–585 |doi=10.1080/00207230600963486|bibcode=2006IJEnS..63..579M |s2cid=95270721 }}</ref> Leopards in Somalia and Ethiopia are also said to be smaller.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brakefield |first=T. |title=Big Cats |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szBm5kPeC-cC&pg=PA82 |publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-1-61060-354-6 |page=82|chapter=The Somali Leopard |date=1993}}</ref>

The skull of a [[West Africa]]n leopard specimen measured {{convertcvt|11.25|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} in [[Basal (anatomy)|basal]] length, and {{convertcvt|7.125|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} in breadth, and weighed {{convertcvt|1|lb|12|oz|g|abbr=on|order=flip}}. To compare, that of an [[Indian leopard]] measured {{convertcvt|11.2|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} in basal length, and {{convertcvt|7.9|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} in breadth, and weighed {{convertcvt|2|lb|4|oz|g|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prater, S. H. |title=Record Panther Skull (''P. p. pardus'') |journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=XXVII |issue=1, part IV |pages=933–935 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95740#page/1055/mode/1up |date=1921}}</ref>

[[File:Leopard Senegal(Panthera pardus pardus) young female Kruger.jpg|thumb|AYoung leopardfemale on the border betweenin [[Guinea]]Kruger andNational [[SenegalPark]]]]

In 20142016, a leopard was killedrecorded infor the [[Elbafirst Protected Area]]time in southeasterna [[Egypt]].semi-arid This was the first sightingarea of a leopardYechilay in thenorthern country since the 1950s[[Ethiopia]].<ref name=Soultan2017WesterbergCraig2017>{{Citecite journal |last1=SoultanWesterberg |first1=AM. |last2name-list-style=Attumamp |last2=Craig|first2=OE. |last3=HamadaMeheretu |first3=AY. |last4title=HatabFirst |first4=E.-B.record |last5=Ahmedof |first5=S.African E.leopard |last6=Eisa(''Panthera |first6=A.pardus |last7=Sharifpardus'' |first7=IL.) A.in |last8=Nagysemi-arid |first8=A.area |last9=Shohdiof |first9=W.Yechilay, |name-list-style=ampnorthern |date=2017Ethiopia |titlejournal=RecentAfrican observationJournal forof leopard ''Panthera pardus'' in EgyptEcology |journalyear=[[Mammalia2017 (journal)|Mammalia]]doi=10.1111/aje.12436 |volume=8156 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/mammalia-2015-00892 |pages=115–117|s2cid=90676105 375–377}}</ref>

In [[Kruger National Park]], male leopards and female leopards with cubs were more active at night than solitary females. The highest rates of daytime activity were recorded for leopards using thorn thickets during the wet season, when [[impala]] also used them.<ref name="Bailey1993">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=T. N. |title=The African Leopard: Ecology and Behavior of a Solitary Felid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HyXAAAACAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Blackburn Press |isbn=978-1-932846-11-9 |orig-year=1993 |edition=Illustrated, reprint}}</ref> Leopards are generally most active between sunset and sunrise, and kill more [[prey]] at this time.<ref name="Hamilton1976">{{cite thesis |last=Hamilton|first=P. H. |title=The Movements of Leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya as Determined by Radio-tracking |type=PhD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYrYMgEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=University of Nairobi |location=Nairobi}}</ref>

[[File:Leopardo (Panthera pardus) devorando un antílope, parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 06Needlemouth.jpg|thumb|A young male leopard with ana impala[[Cape porcupine]] kill in Kruger National Park, South Africa]]

The leopard has an exceptional ability to adapt to changes in prey availability, and has a very broad diet. It takes small prey where large [[ungulate]]s are less common. The known prey of leopards ranges from [[dung beetle]]s to adult [[Eland (genus)|eland]]s, which can reach {{convertcvt|900|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nowell96"/> In sub-Saharan Africa, at least 92 prey species have been documented in leopard scat, including [[rodent]]s, [[bird]]s, small and large [[antelope]]s, [[hyrax]]es, [[hare]]s, and [[arthropod]]s. Leopards generally focus their hunting activity on locally abundant medium-sized ungulates in the {{convertcvt|20|to|80|kg|lb|abbr=on}} range, while opportunistically taking other prey. Average intervals between ungulate kills range from seven<ref name="Bailey1993"/> to 12–13 days.<ref name="Hamilton1976"/>

Leopards often hide large kills in trees, a behavior for which great strength is required. There have been several observations of leopards haulinghoisting carcasses of young [[giraffe]]s, estimated to weigh up to {{convertcvt|125|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, i.e. 2–3 times the weight of the leopard, up to {{convertcvt|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} into trees.<ref name="Hamilton1976"/>

In [[Serengeti National Park]], leopards were radio-collared for the first time in the early 1970s. Their hunting at night was difficult to watch; the best time for observing them was after dawn. Of their 64 daytime hunts, only three were successful. In this woodland area, they preyed mostly on impalas, both adult and young, and caught some [[Thomson's gazelle]]s in the dry season. Occasionally, they successfully hunted [[warthog]]s, [[dik-dik]]s, [[reedbuck]]s, [[duiker]]s, [[steenbok]]s, [[blue wildebeest]] and [[topi]] calves, [[jackal]]s, [[Cape hare]]s, [[guineafowl]] and [[starling]]s. They were less successful in hunting [[plains zebra]]s, [[Coke's hartebeest]]s, [[giraffe]]s, [[mongoose]]s, [[Genet (animal)|genet]]s, [[hyrax]]es and small birds. Scavenging from the carcasses of large animals made up a small proportion of their food.<ref name="Bertram1974">{{cite journal |last=Bertram |first= B. |date=1974 |title=Radio-Tracking Leopards in the Serengeti |journal=African Wildlife Leadership Foundation News 1974 |issue=9 |pages=8–10}}</ref> In the [[tropical rainforest]]s of [[Central Africa]], their diet consists of [[duiker]]s and [[primate]]s. Some individual leopards have shown a strong preference for [[pangolin]]s and [[porcupine]]s.<ref name="Jenny1993">{{cite journal|last=Jenny|first= D. |date=1993|title=Leopard research in Ivory Coast rain forest |journal=Cat News |issue=18|pages=12–13}}</ref>

In North Africa, the leopard preys on [[Barbary macaque]]s (''Macaca sylvanus'').<ref name="Emmanuel1982">{{cite journal |last=Fa |first=J. E. |title=A survey of population and habitat of the Barbary macaque ''Macaca sylvanus'' L. in north Morocco |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1982 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5|bibcode=1982BCons..24...45F }}</ref><ref name="VanLavieren2012">{{cite journal|last=Van Lavieren|first= E. |date=2012 |title=The Barbary Macaque (''Macaca sylvanus''); A unique endangered primate species struggling to survive |journal=Revista Eubacteria |issue=3 0|url=http://mpcfoundation.nl/site/wp-content/uploads/Artikel-Spaans-blad-evl.pdf |pages=1–4}}</ref>

Analysis of leopard scat in [[Taï National Park]] revealed that [[primate]]s are primary leopard prey during the day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zuberbühler|first1=K. |last2=Jenny |first2=D. |title=Leopard predation and primate evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=2002 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=873–886 |pmid=12473487 |doi=10.1006/jhev.2002.0605 |bibcode=2002JHumE..43..873Z |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/278634/files/Zuberbuhler_K.-Leopard_predation_20170202124152-KH.pdf}}</ref>

In Gabon's [[Lope National Park]], the most important prey species was found to be the [[red river hog]] (''Potamochoerus porcus'')., [[African buffalo]]es (''Syncerus caffer'') and [[greater cane rat]]s (''Thryonomys swinderianus''), comprised 13% each of the consumed biomass.<ref name="HenschelAbernethy2005">{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Abernethy |first2=K. A. |last3=White |first3=L. J. T. |name-list-style=amp |title=Leopard food habits in the Lope National Park, Gabon, Central Africa |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=21–28 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00518.x|bibcode=2005AfJEc..43...21H}}</ref>

In the Central African Republic's [[Dzanga-Sangha Complex of Protected Areas]], a leopard reportedly attacked and pursued a large [[western lowland gorilla]], but did not catch it. Gorilla parts found in leopard scat indicates that the leopard either scavenged on gorilla remains or killed it.<ref name="Fay1995">{{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1= J. M. |last2=Carroll |first2=R. |last3=Kerbis Peterhans |first3=J. C. |last4=Harris |first4= D. |year=1995 |title=Leopard attack on and consumption of gorillas in the Central African Republic |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1995.1048|bibcode= 1995JHumE..29...93F }}</ref> African leopards were observed preying on adult [[eastern gorilla]]s in the [[Kisoro]] area near Uganda's borders with [[Rwanda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schaller |first=G. B. |author-link=George Schaller |date=2010 |title=The Year of the Gorilla |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |chapter=7: A Home in the Highlands |page=139 |isbn=978-0-2267-3647-1 |location=Chicago |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8ca5WXqkMAC&pg=PA139}}</ref>

Throughout Africa, the major threats to leopards are habitat conversion and intense persecution,<ref name="WilliamsWilliams2017">{{cite journal |last1=Williams|first1=Samual S.T.|last2=Williams|first2=Kathryn K.S. |last3=Lewis|first3=Bradley B.P. |last4=Hill|first4=Russell R.A. |title=Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside protected areas: implications for carnivore management|journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=4 |year=2017|pages=161090|issn=2054-5703 |doi=10.1098/rsos.161090 |pmc=5414262 |pmid=28484625 |bibcode=2017RSOS....461090W}}</ref> especially in retribution for real and perceived livestock loss.<ref name="RayHunterZigouris2005">{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Justina J.C. |last2= Hunter|first2=LukeL. |last3=Zigouris|first3=JoannaJ. |title=Setting Conservation and Research Priorities for Larger African Carnivores |year=2005 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=https://canada.wcs.org/Portals/42/Publications/WCS_WorkingPaper_24_web.pdf|year=2005|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York}}</ref>

The impact of [[trophy hunting]] on populations is unclear, but may have impacts at the demographic and population level, especially when females are shot. In [[Tanzania]], only males are allowed to be hunted, but females comprised 28.6% of 77 trophies shot between 1995 and 1998.<ref name="SpongJohansson2000">{{cite journal |last1=Spong |first1=G. |last2=Johansson |first2=M. |last3=Björklund |first3=M. |s2cid=14549268 |title=High genetic variation in leopards indicates large and long-term stable effective population size|journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=9 |issue=11 |year=2000|pages=1773–1782|issn=0962-1083 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01067.x|pmid=11091313|bibcode=2000MolEc...9.1773S }}</ref> Removing an excessively high number of males may produce a cascade of deleterious effects on the population. Although male leopards provide no parental care to cubs, the presence of the sire allows females to raise cubs with a reduced risk of [[infanticide]] by other males. There are few reliable observations of infanticide in leopards, but new males entering the population are likely to kill existing cubs.<ref>Cat Specialist Group (2005). [http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/project-o-month/02_webarchive/grafics/nov2005.pdf Cat Project of the Month – November 2005: ''Conservation biology of leopards (''Panthera pardus'') in a fragmented landscape; spatial ecology, population biology and human threats'']. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group</ref>

Analysis of leopard scats and [[camera trap]]ping surveys in contiguous forest landscapes in the [[Congo Basin]] revealed a high dietary niche overlap and an exploitative competition between leopards and [[bushmeat]] hunters. With increasing proximity to settlements and concomitant human hunting pressure, leopards exploit smaller prey and occur at considerably reduced population densities. In the presence of intensive bushmeat hunting surrounding human settlements, leopards appear entirely absent.<ref name="HenschelHunter2011">{{cite journal|last1=Henschel|first1=P.|last2=Hunter|first2=L. T. B. |last3=Coad |first3=L. |last4=Abernethy |first4=K. A. |last5=Mühlenberg|first5=M.|title=Leopard prey choice in the Congo Basin rainforest suggests exploitative competition with human bushmeat hunters |journal=Journal of Zoology|year=2011 |volume=285 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00826.x |archive-date=2012-03-15 |url=http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Henschel_et_al_2011_Leopard_competition_with_bushmeat_hunters_JZO.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315162624/http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Henschel_et_al_2011_Leopard_competition_with_bushmeat_hunters_JZO.PDF}}</ref>

[[Transhumant]] [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]]s from the border area between Sudan and the Central African Republic take their livestock to the [[Chinko]] area. They are accompanied by armed merchants who engage in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and trading leopard skins in [[Am Dafok]]. Surveys in the area revealed that the leopard population decreased from 97 individuals in 2012 to 50 individuals in 2017. Rangers confiscated large amounts of [[poison]] in the camps of livestock herders, who admitted that they use it for poisoning predators.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Äbischer, T. |author2=Ibrahim, T. |author3=Hickisch, R. |author4=Furrer, R. D. |name-list-style=amp |author5=Leuenberger, C. |author6=Wegmann, D. |year=2020 |title=Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=241 |page=108326 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326 |bibcode=2020BCons.24108326A |s2cid=213766740 |url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/328409/files/weg_apd.pdf}}</ref>

*Etosha National Park<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Linnell |first1=J. D. C. |last2=Aanes |first2=R. |last3=Swenson |first3=J. E.|last4=Odden |first4=J. |last5=Smith |first5=M. E. |title=Translocation of Carnivores as a Method for Managing Problem Animals: A Review |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1245–1257 |doi=10.1023/B:BIOC.0000034011.05412.cd |bibcode=1997BiCon...6.1245L |s2cid=32511170}}</ref>

*Kruger National Park<ref name="MaputlaChimimba2013">{{cite journal |last1=Maputla |first1=N. W. |last2=Chimimba |first2=C. T. |last3=Ferreira |first3=S. M. |title=Calibrating a camera trap-based biased mark-recapture sampling design to survey the leopard population in the N'wanetsi concession, Kruger National Park, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2013 |pages=422–430 |doi=10.1111/aje.12047|bibcode=2013AfJEc..51..422M |url=http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/31024/1/Maputla_Calibrating_2013.pdf |hdl=2263/31024 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

*[[Leopard#SubspeciesLiving subspecies|Leopard subspecies]]

{{Commons|Panthera pardus pardus}}

* [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-05-07-toddler-eaten-by-leopard-in-ugandas-national-park/ Predation on a child] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926064852/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-05-07-toddler-eaten-by-leopard-in-ugandas-national-park/ |date=2020-09-26 }} at [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], Uganda