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[[File:Cardinal Paul Cullen archbishop of Dublin.jpg|alt=19th-century portrait of a Catholic cardinal|thumb|Portrait of Cardinal Cullen]]
{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Michael P. |date=September 1995 |title=Rethinking Popular Catholicism in Pre-Famine Ireland |journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=354-365 |doi=10.2307/1386884 |jstor=1386884}}▼
The '''devotional revolution''' was a period of [[History of Ireland|Irish history]] between around 1850 and 1875 when the [[Catholic Church in Ireland]] was reformed and revitalized, led by Cardinal-Archbishop [[Paul Cullen (cardinal)|Paul Cullen]].
== Background ==
{{Cite journal |last=Larkin |first=Emmet |date=June 1972 |title=The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850-75 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=625-652 |doi=10.2307/1870344 |jstor=1870344}}▼
* what irish catholicism was like before the famine
* long-term degradation of church structure, catholic emancipation, population explosion, famine
* Cullen arrives in 1850, appointed Archbishop of Armagh
In the year 1800, the Catholic population of Ireland was around 3.9 million people, with 26 bishops and 1,850 priests; the ratio of priests to faithful was roughly one to 2,100. By 1845 the Catholic population had risen to nearly 7 million, and for each priest there were around 3,000 faithful. The Catholic Church responded to this shortage by increasing the number of priests by 400 from 1840 to 1846, when the Great Famine started. However, the ratio in 1850 remained around the same as in 1800. The devastation of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] reduced the Catholic population by around 2 million by 1850.<ref name="Larkin1972p626-627">{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|pp=626-627}}</ref>
{{Cite journal |last=Delay |first=Cara |date=2004 |title=The Devotional Revolution on the Local Level: Parish Life in Post-Famine Ireland |journal=[[U.S. Catholic Historian]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=41-60 |jstor=25154919}}▼
[[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] attendance in pre-Famine Ireland was relatively low, with around a third of the population attending. This was caused by the lack of priests and churches, and the small size of existing churches and chapels. The practice of "stations", celebrating religious rites in private houses in exchange for monetary offerings, was widespread.<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|p=636}}</ref> Many Irish people lacked the opportunity to participate in the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]], and scarcity of resources and the large population impeded [[Evangelism|evangelization]] of the poor.<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|pp=638-639}}</ref>
{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=David W. |date=1975 |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81-98 |jstor=3786692}}▼
In the early 19th century the Church also steadily reformed the behavior of the clergy, finding the most success in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin|Dublin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|p=630}}</ref> [[Avarice]] and [[alcoholism]] were particularly problems among the Irish clergy.<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|p=632}}</ref> By the early 1840s, the movements of [[Father Mathew]] and [[Daniel O'Connell]] for [[Temperance movement in Ireland|temperance]] and the [[Repeal Association]] had contributed to the start of what would become the devotional revolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|p=637}}</ref>
== Reforms ==
According to the historian Emmet Larkin, the [[Synod of Thurles]] in 1850 marked the beginning of the devotional revolution. The synod focused on sacramental propriety and regulation of the clergy; it encouraged frequent celebration of the sacraments, dissuading administering of sacraments outside churches when possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Larkin|1972|pp=639-640}}</ref>
== Legacy ==
* long-term effects on Irish Catholicism
* after decline in prominence of the Church - factors
== Historiography ==
* coined by Larkin in 1972 - criticism & responses - how it's interpreted today in wake of secularism
== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
▲* {{Cite journal |last=Larkin |first=Emmet |date=June 1972 |title=The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850-75 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=625-652 |doi=10.2307/1870344 |jstor=1870344}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{History of Ireland sidebar|bar=yes}}
{{Ireland topics|state=collapsed}}
{{draft categories|[[Category:History of Catholicism in Ireland]] [[Category:Social history of Ireland]] [[Category:19th century in Ireland]]}}
== Sources ==
=== main sources ===
==== Larkin's works ====
* {{cite book |last=Larkin |first=Emmet |title=The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |year=1984 |doi= |isbn=9780813205946 }}
* {{cite book |last=Larkin |first=Emmet |title=The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre-famine Ireland, 1750-1850 |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |year=2006 |doi= |isbn=9780813214573 }} (libary access)
* {{cite journal |last=Larkin |first=Emmet |date=Spring 2014 |title=The Beginnings of the Devotional Revolution in Ireland: The Parish Mission Movement, 1825-1846 |journal=[[New Hibernia Review]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=74-92 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2014.0019 |issn=1534-5815}}
==== journals ====
* {{cite journal |last=Barr |first=Colin |date=Winter 2020 |title=The Devotional Revolution in Greater Ireland |journal=[[New Hibernia Review]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=79-97 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2020.0046 |issn=1534-5815 }}
▲* {{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Michael P. |date=September 1995 |title=Rethinking Popular Catholicism in Pre-Famine Ireland |journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=354-365 |doi=10.2307/1386884 |jstor=1386884}}
* {{cite journal |last=Connolly |first=S. J. |author-link=Sean Connolly (academic) |date=2004 |title=The Moving Statue and the Turtle Dove: Approaches to the History of Irish Religion |journal=Irish Economic & Social History |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1-22 |doi=10.1177/033248930403100101 |issn=2050-4918}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Colm |date=1980 |title=The Modern Irish Missionary Movement |journal=[[Archivium Hibernicum]] |volume=35 |pages=234-246 |doi=10.2307/25487428 |jstor=25487428 |issn=0044-8745 }} ('''online-only access''')
▲* {{Cite journal |last=Delay |first=Cara |date=2004 |title=The Devotional Revolution on the Local Level: Parish Life in Post-Famine Ireland |journal=[[U.S. Catholic Historian]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=41-60 |jstor=25154919}}
* {{cite journal |last=Delay |first=Cara |date=2014 |title='Language Which Will Move Their Hearts': Speaking Power, Performance, and the Lay-Clerical Relationship in Modern Catholic Ireland |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=426-452 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.7 |issn=1545-6986 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Godson |first=Lisa |date=2016 |title=Charting the material culture of the ‘Devotional Revolution’: the Advertising Register of the Irish Catholic Directory, 1837–96 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy]] |volume=116C |pages=265-294 |doi=
10.1353/ria.2016.0006 |issn=2009-0048 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Godson |first=Lisa |date=October 2023 |title=Bodily-Material Culture Techniques in the Spaces of the Devotional Revolution |journal=[[Journal of Victorian Culture]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=613-621 |doi=10.1093/jvcult/vcad009 |issn=1750-0133 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Stuart |date=November 2019 |title=Religion and Development in Post-Famine Ireland |journal=[[The Economic History Review]] |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=1251-1285 |doi=10.1111/ehr.12815 |issn=1468-0289 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kanter |first=Douglas |date=Winter 2020 |title=The Devotional Revolution at Fifty |journal=[[New Hibernia Review]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=51-61 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2020.0044 |issn=1534-5815 }}
* {{cite journal |last=McGrath |first=Thomas |date=1991 |title=The Tridentine Evolution of Modern Irish Catholicism, 1563–1962: A Re-examination of the ‘Devotional Revolution’ Thesis |journal=[[Recusant History]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=512-523 |doi=10.1017/S0034193200005598 |issn=2055-7981 }}
* {{cite journal |last=McMahon |first=Timothy |date=May 2007 |title=Religion and Popular Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland |journal=[[History Compass]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=845-864 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00425.x |issn=1478-0542 }}
▲* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=David W. |date=1975 |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81-98 |jstor=3786692 |issn= }}
* {{cite journal |last=Murphy |first=James |date=Winter 2020 |title=Lazarists/Vincentians: Tridentine Reform and Parish Missions in Grand Siècle France and Cardinal Cullen's Ireland |journal=[[New Hibernia Review]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=62-78 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2020.0045 |issn=1534-5815 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Newsinger |first=John |author-link=John Newsinger |date=1995 |title=The Catholic Church in Nineteenth-Century Ireland |journal=[[European History Quarterly]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=247-267 |doi=10.1177/026569149502500204 |issn=1461-7110}}
==== book chapters ====
* {{cite book |last=Roddy |first=Sarah |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion in Modern Ireland |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |editor-last=Ganiel |editor-first=Gladys |editor-last2=Holmes |editor-first2=Andrew R. |pages=36-52 |chapter=Catholic Ireland and the Devotional Revolution |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198868699.013.23 |isbn=9780191905162 }} - '''see references & suggested reading at end'''
==== whole books ====
* {{cite book |last=Barr |first=Colin |title=Ireland's Empire: The Roman Catholic Church in the English-Speaking World, 1829-1914 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2020 |doi= |isbn=9781107040922 }} (library access)
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Desmond |title=Paul Cardinal Cullen and the Shaping of Modern Irish Catholicism |publisher=[[Gill & Macmillan]] |year=1983 |doi= |isbn=0889201366 }}
* {{cite book |last=Connolly |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Connolly (academic) |title=Priests and People in Pre-Famine Ireland |publisher=[[Gill & Macmillan]] |year=1982 |doi= |isbn=9780312644116}}
* {{cite book |last=Inglis |first=Tom |title=Moral Monopoly: The Catholic Church in Modern Irish Society |publisher=[[Gill & Macmillan]] |year=1987 |doi= |isbn=0717114996 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keenan |first=Desmond J. |title=The Catholic Church in Nineteenth-Century Ireland: A Sociological Study |publisher=[[Gill & Macmillan]] |year=1983 |doi= |isbn=0717111962}}
* {{cite book |last=Keogh |first=Dáire |author-link=Daire Keogh |last2=McDonnell |first2=Albert |title=Cardinal Paul Cullen and his World |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |year=2011 |doi= |isbn=1846822351}} (library access)
=== women & gender ===
* {{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Brian |title=Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto, 1850-1895 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1993 |pages=62-96 |chapter=The Parish and the Hearth: Women’s Confraternities and the Devotional Revolution |doi=10.1515/9780773564367-007 |isbn=9780773564367 }}
* {{cite book |last=Delay |first=Cara |title=Irish Women and the Creation of Modern Catholicism, 1850–1950 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2019 |doi=10.7765/9781526136404 |isbn=9781526136404 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Delay |first=Cara |date=Winter 2020 |title=Gender, Sexuality, and the Devotional Revolution in Ireland |journal=[[New Hibernia Review]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=98-121 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2020.0047 |issn=1534-5815 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Delay |first=Cara |date=2018 |title=Holy Water and a Twig: Catholic Households and Women's Religious Authority in Modern Ireland |journal=[[Journal of Family History]] |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=302-319 |doi=10.1177/0363199018763831 |issn=1552-5473 }}
* {{cite book |last=Peckham Magray |first=Mary |title=The Transforming Power of the Nuns: Women, Religion, and Cultural Change in Ireland, 1750-1900 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195112993.001.0001 |isbn=9780197717424 }}
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