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==Behavior==
{{See also|Cat behavior}}
[[File:Black and gray mackerel tabby cat at night in Tuntorp 7.jpg|thumb|An alert cat at night, with pupils dilated and ears directed at a sound.]]
Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spatio-temporal Sharing between the European Wildcat, the Domestic Cat and their Hybrids |last1=Germain |first1=E. |last2=Benhamou |first2=S. |last3=Poulle |first3=M.-L. |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2008 |volume=276 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00479.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Domestic cats spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their homes but can range many hundreds of meters from this central point. They establish [[Territory (animal)|territories]] that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging {{cvt|7|-|28|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barratt |first=D. G. |title=Home Range Size, Habitat Utilisation and Movement Patterns of Suburban and Farm Cats ''Felis catus'' |journal=Ecography |date=1997 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x |jstor=3682838 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=271–280|bibcode=1997Ecogr..20..271B }}</ref> The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied but being low-light predators, they are generally [[Crepuscular animal|crepuscular]], which means they tend to be more active near dawn and dusk. However, house cats' behavior is also influenced by human activity and they may adapt to their owners' sleeping patterns to some extent.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Circadian rhythms in food intake and activity in domestic cats |last1=Randall |first1=W. |last2=Johnson |first2=R. F. |last3=Randall |first3=S. |last4=Cunningham |first4=J. T. |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |date=1985 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pmid=3843546 |doi=10.1037/0735-7044.99.6.1162 |pages=1162–1175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ling |first=Thomas |date=2 June 2021 |title=Why do cats sleep so much? |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=BBC Science Focus Magazine |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403180235/https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[File:Cat in money drawer.jpg|thumb|A cat sleeping in a shopkeeper's money drawer in [[Myanmar]]]]
The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to [[Feral cat colony|feral cat colonies]] that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.<ref name="Crowell-davis2004">{{Cite journal |title=Social Organization in the Cat: A Modern Understanding |last1=Crowell-Davis |first1=S. L. |last2=Curtis |first2=T. M. |last3=Knowles |first3=R. J. |date=2004 |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013 |pmid=15123163 |pmc=10822437 |s2cid=25719922 |url=http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231305/http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Liberg_al2014">{{Cite book |last1=Liberg |first1=O. |last2=Sandell |first2=M. |last3=Pontier |first3=D. |last4=Natoli |first4=E. |chapter=Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids |title=The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |edition=2nd |isbn=9780521636483 |editor1-last=Turner |editor1-first=D. C. |editor2-last=Bateson |editor2-first=P. |pages=119–147 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062218/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Patterns of social interaction in cats (''Felis domestica'') |last1=Baron |first1=A. |last2=Stewart |first2=C. N. |last3=Warren |first3=J. M. |journal=Behaviour |date=1 January 1957 |doi=10.1163/156853956X00084 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=56–66 |jstor=4532869}}</ref> Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are marked by [[urine spraying]],
Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. [[Ethology|Ethologically]], a cat's human keeper functions as a mother surrogate.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518 |last1=Mills |first1=D. S. |last2=Marchant-Forde |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare |page=518 |isbn=9780851997247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407004417/https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518 |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Adult cats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, a form of behavioral [[neoteny]]. Their high-pitched sounds may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore.<ref name="McComb 2009">{{Cite journal |last1=McComb |first1=K. |last2=Taylor |first2=A. M. |last3=Wilson |first3=C. |last4=Charlton |first4=B. D. |title=The Cry Embedded within the Purr |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=13 |pages=R507–508 |date=2009 |pmid=19602409 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033|s2cid=10972076 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009CBio...19.R507M }}</ref> Some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats show aggressiveness toward newly arrived kittens, which include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression.<ref name="Levine 2005">{{Cite journal |title=Intercat aggression in households following the introduction of a new cat |last1=Levine |first1=E. |last2=Perry |first2=P. |last3=Scarlett |first3=J. |last4=Houpt |first4=K. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |issue=3–4 |date=2005 |pages=325–336 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.006 |volume=90 |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090326225932/http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref>
[[Redirected aggression]] is a common form of aggression which can occur in multiple cat households. In redirected aggression, there is usually something that agitates the cat: this could be a sight, sound, or another source of stimuli which causes a heightened level of anxiety or arousal. If the cat cannot attack the stimuli, it may direct anger elsewhere by attacking or directing aggression to the nearest cat,
Domestic cats' [[scent rubbing]] behavior toward humans or other cats is thought to be a feline means of social bonding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soennichsen |first1=S. |last2=Chamove |first2=A. S. |date=2015 |title=Responses of cats to petting by humans |journal=Anthrozoös |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=258–265 |doi=10.2752/089279302786992577|s2cid=144843766}}</ref>
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