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| birth_name = BeverlyBeverley Jean Santamaria
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'''Buffy Sainte-Marie''', {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC}} (born '''BeverlyBeverley Jean Santamaria'''; February 20, 1941)<ref name="Plainshumanities">{{Cite web|url=http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.mus.041|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains &#124; SAINTE-MARIE, BUFFY (b. 1941)|website=Plainshumanities.unl.edu|access-date=April 6, 2022|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525155245/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.mus.041|url-status=live}}</ref>) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and social activist.<ref>More than 26.5 million copies sold worldwide as per [http://www.creative-native.com/biograp.htm Buffy Saint-Marie biography/profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531142444/http://www.creative-native.com/biograp.htm |date=May 31, 2008 }}</ref>
 
Sainte-Marie's singing and writing repertoire includes subjects of love, war, religion, and mysticism. She has won recognition, awards, and honors for her music as well as her work in education and social activism. In 1983, her co-written song "[[Up Where We Belong]]", for the film ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]'', won the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] at the [[55th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manoukian |first=Marina |date=2021-04-20 |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie: The First Indigenous Person To Win An Academy Award - Grunge |url=https://www.grunge.com/388211/buffy-sainte-marie-the-first-indigenous-person-to-win-an-academy-award/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Grunge.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013222103/https://www.grunge.com/388211/buffy-sainte-marie-the-first-indigenous-person-to-win-an-academy-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "OscarBSM">{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/events/officer-and-gentleman-ny|title="An Officer and a Gentleman" (NY)|work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|date=September 16, 2014|access-date=4 Nov 2019|quote=Academy Award winner: Music – Original Song ("Up Where We Belong", Music by Jack Nitzsche, Buffy Sainte-Marie; Lyrics by Will Jennings)|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603063404/https://www.oscars.org/events/officer-and-gentleman-ny|url-status=live}}</ref> The song also won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] that same year.<ref name="Sheward-1997" />
 
Since the early{{nbsp}}1960s, Sainte-Marie claimed [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous Canadian]] ancestry, but a 2023 investigation by [[CBC News]] concluded she was born in the United States and is of Italian and English descent.<ref name="cbc2023">{{cite news|title=Who is the real Buffy Sainte-Marie?|first1=Geoff|last1=Leo|first2=Roxanna|last2=Woloshyn|first3=Linda|last3=Guerriero|date=October 27, 2023|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/buffy-sainte-marie|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027111549/https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/buffy-sainte-marie|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Indigenous musicians and organizations have since called for awards she won while [[pretendian|falsely claiming an Indigenous identity]] to be rescinded, including her 2018induction [[Junoto Awardthe forCanadian Indigenous Artist or GroupHall of the Year]]Fame.<ref name="musicians">{{cite web | author=The Canadian Press | title=Indigenous musicians upset over Buffy Sainte-Marie ancestry revelations | website=The Star Phoenix | date=November 5, 2023 | url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/saskatchewan/it-is-unfair-indigenous-musicians-upset-over-buffy-sainte-marie-ancestry-revelations | access-date=November 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Colesawards"/><ref name="Francisaptn"/><ref name="CP24 2023 h358"/><ref name="sfchron2023"/>
In her work, she has focused on issues facing Indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada.
In 1997, she founded the [[Cradleboard Teaching Project]], an educational curriculum devoted to better understanding Native Americans.<ref>[http://www.cradleboard.org/main.html Cradleboard Project FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013222103/http://www.cradleboard.org/main.html |date=October 13, 2022 }}.</ref>
 
==Early life and education==
Sainte-Marie was born at the [[New England Sanitarium and Hospital]] in [[Stoneham, Massachusetts]], to parents Albert Santamaria and Winifred Irene Santamaria, {{nee|KendrickKenrick}}.{{r|cbc2023}} The Santamarias were an American couple from [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]]. Her father’s parents were born in [[Italy]] while her mother was of [[English people|English]] ancestry.{{r|cbc2023}} Her family changed their surname from Santamaria to the more French-sounding “Sainte-Marie” due to [[Anti-Italianism|anti-Italian sentiment]] following the [[Second World War]].{{r|cbc2023}}
 
Sainte-Marie taught herself to play piano and guitar in her childhood and teen years. In the 1950s, Sainte-Marie attended the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], earning degrees in [[Teachers college|teaching]] and [[Eastern philosophy|Asian philosophy]],<ref name="moonshot">{{cite web|url=http://www.buffysaintemarie.co.uk/page5a0.html |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie UK Biography |website=Buffysaintemarie.co.uk |access-date=2014-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019162036/http://www.buffysaintemarie.co.uk/page5a0.html |archive-date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref> where she says she graduated as one of the top ten students of her class.<ref name=teos>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/sainte-marie_buffy_beverly_1941-.html| title=Sainte-Marie, Buffy (Beverly) (1941–)| author=Colette P. Simonot| encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan| publisher=University of Regina| access-date=June 25, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924220816/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/sainte-marie_buffy_beverly_1941-.html| archive-date=September 24, 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="profiles">[https://books.google.com/books?id=v1999R6lT2AC&pg=RA1-PA111 45 Profiles in Modern Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614221630/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1999R6lT2AC&pg=RA1-PA111 |date=June 14, 2023 }} by E. Churchill and Linda Churchill, pgs. 110–2</ref>
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In 1963, recovering from a throat infection, Sainte-Marie became addicted to [[codeine]] and recovering from the experience became the basis of her song "[[Cod'ine]]",<ref name="profiles"/> later recorded by [[Donovan]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[The Charlatans (American band)|the Charlatans]], [[Quicksilver Messenger Service]], [[Man (band)|Man]], [[the Litter]], [[the Leaves]], [[Jimmy Gilmer]], [[the Fireballs]], [[Gram Parsons]],<ref>On ''Another Side of This Life: The Lost Recordings of Gram Parsons 1965–1966''</ref> Charles Brutus McClay,<ref>Charles Brutus McClay – "Bottled in France", released 1970 by CBS France, cat.nr.64478</ref> [[the Barracudas]] (spelled "Codeine"),<ref>The Barracudas – "Drop Out with The Barracudas", released 1981 by Zonophone, cat.nr.ZONO103</ref> [[The Golden Horde (band)|the Golden Horde]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/the-golden-horde/codeine-live-london-1991|title=Codeine (live, London, 1991) by The Golden Horde on SoundCloud|website=SoundCloud|date=March 9, 2012|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727104018/https://soundcloud.com/the-golden-horde/codeine-live-london-1991|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nicole Atkins]] and [[Courtney Love]]. Also in 1963, she witnessed wounded soldiers returning from the [[Vietnam War]] at a time when the U.S. government was denying involvement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1961.html|title=Vietnam War 1961–1964|publisher=The History Place|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202015646/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1961.html|url-status=live}}</ref> – which inspired her protest song "[[Universal Soldier (song)|Universal Soldier]]",<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9SiONFzWde0C&pg=PA528 ''Folk and Blues: The Premier Encyclopedia of American Roots Music'']{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by Irwin Stambler, Lyndon Stambler, pp. 528–530</ref> released on her debut album ''[[It's My Way]]'' on [[Vanguard Records]] in 1964, and later became a hit for both Donovan and [[Glen Campbell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19793/m1|title=Show 34 – Revolt of the Fat Angel: American musicians respond to the British invaders|website=Digital.library.unt.edu|date=April 18, 2014|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116002200/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19793/m1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
SheIn wasa subsequently named1965 ''[[Billboard Magazine(magazine)|''Billboard]]'' magazine poll of [[disc jockey]]'s, BestSainte-Marie was voted "Favorite New ArtistFemale Vocalist" in the folk music category.<ref>{{cite magazine | last1=Bliss | first1=Karen | title=Buffy Sainte-Marie's 'Power In the BloodBillboard'' WinsAnnual AlbumDisk ofJockey thePoll Year at 2015 Polaris Music Awards– 1965| magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| date=2015-09-22March |27, 1965|page=58|url=https://wwwbooks.billboardgoogle.com/music/music-news/buffy-sainte-marie-2015-polaris-musicbooks?id=eEUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Billboard+Buffy+Sainte-awards-6700835/ Marie+1965+folk+singer&pg=PA58| access-datevia=2023-12-19[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{efn|Later sources, including Andrea Warner's authorized biography, sometimes misreport that ''Billboard'' named Saint-Marie the "best new artist of 1964".{{sfn|Warner|2018|loc=chap. 6}}}} Some of her songs addressing the mistreatment of Native Americans, such as "[[Now That the Buffalo's Gone]]" (1964) and
"[[Little Wheel Spin and Spin|My Country 'Tis of Thy People You're Dying]]" (1964, included on her 1966 album), created controversy at the time.<ref name="encyc-great-plains">[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1bkxh3NVbIC&pg=PA547 Encyclopedia of the Great Plains] entry by Paula Conlon, University of Oklahoma, edited by David J. Wishart</ref> In 1967, she released ''[[Fire & Fleet & Candlelight]]'', which contained her interpretation of the traditional [[Yorkshire dialect]] song "[[Lyke Wake Dirge]]". In 1968 she released her song "Take My Hand for a While" which was also later recorded by Glen Campbell and at least 13 other artists.<ref>Take My Hand for a While. https://secondhandsongs.com/work/13720/all {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113232349/https://secondhandsongs.com/work/13720/all |date=November 13, 2022 }}</ref>
 
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Sainte-Marie's other well-known songs include "[[Mister Can't You See]]" (a [[Top 40]] U.S. hit in 1972); "He's an Indian Cowboy in the Rodeo"; and the theme song of the movie ''[[Soldier Blue]]''. She appeared on [[Pete Seeger]]'s ''[[Rainbow Quest|Rainbow Quest with Pete Seeger]]'' in 1965 and several Canadian television productions from the 1960s to the 1990s,<ref name="DirectorsCut"/> and other TV shows such as ''[[American Bandstand]]'', ''[[Soul Train]]'', ''[[The Johnny Cash Show]]'', and ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]''. Sainte-Marie sang the opening song, "[[The Circle Game (song)|The Circle Game]]" (written by [[Joni Mitchell]]),<ref name="DirectorsCut"/> in Stuart Hagmann's film ''[[The Strawberry Statement (film)|The Strawberry Statement]]'' (1970);<ref>{{Cite news |last=Budler |first=Bob |date=1970-08-29 |title=Putting Down the Rock Festivals |pages=10 |work=The Daily Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-courier-putting-down-the-rock/134470552/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234728/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-courier-putting-down-the-rock/134470552/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the TV show ''[[Then Came Bronson]]'' episode "Mating Dance for Tender Grass" (1970), she sang and portrayed Tender Grass, the episode's titular character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1970-02-11 |title=Then Came Bronson |pages=66 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-then-came-bronson/134471351/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234729/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-then-came-bronson/134471351/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1970 she recorded the album ''[[Illuminations (Buffy Sainte-Marie album)|Illuminations]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=1970-11-15 |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie's 'Illuminations' |pages=140 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-buffy-sainte-maries-i/134471588/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234727/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-buffy-sainte-maries-i/134471588/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an early [[quadraphonic]] vocal album on which she used a [[Buchla]] synthesizer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Alex |date=2022-11-15 |title=How Buffy Sainte-Marie innovated electronic music in the 1960s {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/buffy-sainte-marie-electronic-music-1960s/24281/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=American Masters |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234727/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/buffy-sainte-marie-electronic-music-1960s/24281/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Sainte-Marie appeared in "The Heritage" episode of ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'' which first aired on October 30, 1968, in which she played a Shoshone woman who had been sent to be educated at school.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-buffy-sainte-marie-gets-american-indians-hired-20170919-story.html|title = From the Archives: Cree folk singer Buffy Sainte-Marie gets Native Americans hired for 'The Virginian'|website = [[Los Angeles Times]]|date = November 16, 2017|access-date = August 9, 2021|archive-date = August 9, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210809001321/https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-buffy-sainte-marie-gets-american-indians-hired-20170919-story.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
===''Sesame Street''===
Sainte-Marie was hired in 1975 to present Native American programming for children for the first time on ''[[Sesame Street]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mary |date=1975-12-24 |title='Sesame Street' to visit Indians |pages=6 |work=The Cincinnati Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-post-sesame-street-to-v/134473866/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102000515/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-post-sesame-street-to-v/134473866/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sainte-Marie wanted to teach the show's young viewers that "Indians still exist".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-04-11 |title=Legendary singer here for one night |pages=12 |work=The Abbotsford News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-abbotsford-news-legendary-singer-her/134473539/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102000514/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-abbotsford-news-legendary-singer-her/134473539/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She regularly appeared on ''Sesame Street'' over a five-year period from [[Human characters on Sesame Street|1976 to 1981]]. Sainte-Marie breastfed her first son, Dakota "Cody" Starblanket Wolfchild, during a 1977 episode. Sainte-Marie has suggested that this is the first representation of breastfeeding ever aired on television.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Buffy Sainte-Marie |author2=Ben Kaplan |title='I was the first' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/national-post-buffy-sainte-marie-as-told/134195883/ |work=National Post |date=21 November 2009 |location=Toronto ON |page=WP3 |access-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028004942/https://www.newspapers.com/article/national-post-buffy-sainte-marie-as-told/134195883/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
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===1980–1999: Established career ===
Sainte-Marie began using [[Apple II series|Apple II]] and [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] computers as early as 1981 to record her music and later some of her visual art.<ref name="moonshot" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053236/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_n5_v37/ai_12287153 Names under the sun: Buffy Sainte-Marie – multi-awarded native American singer makes a comeback], ''Los Angeles Business Journal'', May 1992 by Michael Logan</ref> The song "[[Up Where We Belong]]" (which Sainte-Marie co-wrote with lyricist [[Will Jennings]] and musician [[Jack Nitzsche]]) was performed by [[Joe Cocker]] and [[Jennifer Warnes]] for the film ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]''. It received the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 1982.<ref name = "OscarBSM"/> On January 29, 1983, Jennings, Nitzsche, and Sainte-Marie won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]].<ref name="Sheward-1997">{{Harvnb|Sheward|1997|p=159}}.</ref> They also won the [[BAFTA]] film award for Best Original Song in 1984.<ref>{{Harvnb|British Film Institute|1985|p=282}}.</ref> On the [[Songs of the Century]] list compiled by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in 2001, the song was listed at number 323.<ref>{{Harvnb|Whitburn|2009|p=1041}}.</ref> In 2020, it was included on ''Billboard'' magazine's list of the "25 Greatest Love Song Duets".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Partridge |first=Kenneth |date=February 11, 2020 |title=The 25 Greatest Love Song Duets: Critic's Picks |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8550707/greatest-love-song-duets |access-date=February 12, 2020 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212065433/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8550707/greatest-love-song-duets |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 1980s, one of her songs was used as the theme song for the [[CBC Television|CBC]]'s Native series ''[[Spirit Bay]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1983-07-29 |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie: Singing not her only talent |pages=28 |work=The Sun Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun-times-buffy-sainte-marie-singin/134475542/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102010835/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun-times-buffy-sainte-marie-singin/134475542/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was cast for the [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]] 1993 telefilm ''The Broken Chain''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilger |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PuICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA397 |title=Native Americans in the Movies: Portrayals from Silent Films to the Present |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4002-5 |pages=397–398 |language=en |access-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102052735/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PuICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA397 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, she wrote and performed the music for ''[[Where the Spirit Lives]]'', a film about Native children being abducted, forced into residential schools, and expected to give up their Native way of life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1990-12-09 |title=Where the Spirit Lives |pages=193 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-honolulu-advertiser-where-the-spirit/134486630/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102052735/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-honolulu-advertiser-where-the-spirit/134486630/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Buffy Sainte-Marie July 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sainte-Marie playing the [[Peterborough Summer Festival of Lights]] on June 24, 2009]]
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Some members of the Sainte-Marie family had attempted to clarify her European ancestry in the 1960s and 1970s, but the singer threatened them with legal action for doing so.<ref name="whois"/> In December 1964, Arthur Santamaria, Sainte-Marie’s paternal uncle, wrote to the ''Wakefield Daily Item'', which published his editorial that Sainte-Marie "has no Indian blood in her" and "not a bit" of Cree heritage.<ref name="whois"/> Her brother, Alan Sainte-Marie, also wrote to newspapers, including the ''[[Denver Post]]'' in 1972, to clarify that his sister was not born on a reservation, has Caucasian parents, and that "to associate her with the Indian and to accept her as his spokesman is wrong".<ref name="whois"/> Alan Sainte-Marie's daughter Heidi has stated that, in 1975, her father had met Buffy and a PBS producer for ''Sesame Street'' while working as a commercial pilot. She has said that the producer later asked her father if he was Indigenous, because he did not look that he was. Her father clarified that they were of European ancestry and not Indigenous.<ref name="whois"/> On November 7, 1975, Alan Sainte-Marie received a letter from a law firm representing Buffy Sainte-Marie, which said, "We have been advised that you have without provocation disparaged and perhaps defamed Buffy and maliciously interfered with her employment opportunities." The letter also stated that no expense would be spared in pursuing legal remedies.<ref name="whois"/> Included with the law firm letter was a handwritten note from Buffy Sainte-Marie to her brother stating that she would expose him for allegedly sexually abusing her as a child if he continued speaking about her ancestry.<ref name="whois"/> He decided to back off from his letter-writing campaign and a month later on December 9, 1975, Buffy made her first appearance on ''Sesame Street''.<ref name="whois"/>
 
InOn 27 October 2023, an investigation by the CBC's ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]]'' television program disprovedcontradicted Sainte-Marie's career-long claims of Indigenous ancestry. It included interviews with some of her relatives and located her birth certificate which listed her as white and her supposed adopted parents as her birth parents.<ref name="whois">{{Cite news |last1=Leo |first1=Geoff |last2=Woloshyn |first2=Roxanna |last3=Guerriero |first3=Linda |date=October 27, 2023 |title=Who is the real Buffy Sainte-Marie? |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/buffy-sainte-marie |access-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027111549/https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/buffy-sainte-marie |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Sainte-Marie's 2018 authorized biography states she was "probably born" on the Piapot First Nation reserve in Saskatchewan,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Andrea |last2=Mitchell |first2=Joni |author-link2=Joni Mitchell |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie: the authorized biography |date=2018 |publisher=[[Greystone Books]] |chapter=1 |location=Vancouver ; Berkeley |isbn=978-1771643580}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2024}} and throughout her adult life she claimed she was adopted and does not know where she was born or who her biological parents are.<ref name="whois"/> However, there is no known official record of her adoption.<ref name="whois"/>
 
On the day before the broadcast of ''The Fifth Estate'', the Descendants of Piapot and Starblanket also issued a statement defending Sainte-Marie's ties to the Piapot First Nation, saying that "We claim her as a member of our family and all of our family members are from the Piapot First Nation. To us, that holds far more weight than any paper documentation or colonial record keeping ever could." They also criticized the allegations against Sainte-Marie as being "hurtful, ignorant, colonial — and racist".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/buffy-sainte-marie-indigenous-identity-1.7009303 |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie calls Indigenous identity questions hurtful |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=November 15, 2023 |date=October 26, 2023 |agency=The Canadian Press |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121184426/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/buffy-sainte-marie-indigenous-identity-1.7009303 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
OnAs Octoberpart 27,of their 2023reporting, CBC Newsalso published Sainte-Marie's official birth certificate. It indicates that she was born in Stoneham, Massachusetts, to her white parents, Albert and Winifred Santamaria.{{r|cbc2023}} Her son Cody has stated that she obtained her claims to Native identity through "naturalization" and not by birth.<ref name="Agoyo-2023">{{cite web |last=Agoyo |first=Acee |title=Canadian documentary focuses on 'Icon' who based career on Native identity |website=Indianz.Com |date=October 25, 2023 |url=https://indianz.com/News/2023/10/25/canadian-documentary-focuses-on-icon-who-based-career-on-native-identity/ |access-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192438/https://indianz.com/News/2023/10/25/canadian-documentary-focuses-on-icon-who-based-career-on-native-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To verify Sainte-Marie's early Mi'kmaq identity claims, her younger sister took a DNA test which showed that she had "almost no" Native American ancestry and she says she is genetically related to Sainte-Marie's son, which would not be possible if Sainte-Marie was adopted as she claimed.<ref name="Agoyo-2023"/>
 
Responding to the CBC News findings, the acting chief of the Piapot First Nation, Ira Lavallee, noted that despite her false claims of being Indigenous, Sainte-Marie remained accepted, saying that "We do have one of our families in our community that did adopt her. Regardless of her ancestry, that adoption in our culture to us is legitimate."<ref name=Alexander2023>{{cite web |last=Quon |first=Alexander |title=Acting Piapot chief, other Sask. Indigenous people react to CBC investigation into Buffy Sainte-Marie |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/buffy-sainte-marie-reaction-piapot-1.7011149 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028031449/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/buffy-sainte-marie-reaction-piapot-1.7011149 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In late November 2023, Sainte-Marie deleted all claims to being Cree and born on Piapot First Nation in Saskatchewan from her official website. Lavallee said that Sainte-Marie should take a DNA test to clear up confusions, "That's something that anyone in my community can do and would not have fear of doing because we know who we are and what we are, and it's easily provable through a DNA test. If Buffy did that, that's one thing that could clear all this up."<ref name="DNA test">{{cite web | last=Leo | first=Geoff | title=Buffy Sainte-Marie's claims of Cree ancestry and birth on Sask. First Nation removed from her website | website=CBC | date=November 28, 2023 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/buffy-sainte-marie-website-1.7042481 | access-date=November 30, 2023}}</ref> Cree author [[Darrel J. McLeod]] said that Sainte-Marie is an honorary member of the Piapot family, but that growing up with a white family allowed her to develop her talent and audience from a young age and that she should "apologize, come clean, stop gaslighting us and find a way to make amends".<ref>{{cite web |last=McLeod |first=Darrel |title=I loved Buffy Saint-Marie. Now, like many Indigenous people, I feel betrayed by her |website=Toronto Star |date=October 27, 2023 |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/i-loved-buffy-saint-marie-now-like-many-indigenous-people-i-feel-betrayed-by-her/article_db162a35-f1fd-53f4-b094-e031f5d40b29.html |access-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029170712/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/i-loved-buffy-saint-marie-now-like-many-indigenous-people-i-feel-betrayed-by-her/article_db162a35-f1fd-53f4-b094-e031f5d40b29.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In late November 2023 following the award of an International Emmy to a documentary film about her life (''[[Buffy Sainte-Marie: Carry It On]]''), Sainte-Marie stated that "My mother told me that I was adopted and that I was Native, but there was no documentation as was common for Indigenous children at the time" adding that "I don’t know where I’m from or who my birth parents are, and I will never know." She also stated "I have never known if my birth certificate was real."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://anishinabeknews.ca/2023/11/24/buffy-sainte-marie-statement-of-response-to-cbcs-the-fifth-estate/ |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie Statement of Response to CBC's The Fifth Estate |publisher=Anishinabek News |date=24 November 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thecanadianpressnews.ca/entertainment/this-is-my-life-buffy-sainte-marie-pushes-against-doubts-over-indigenous-ancestry/article_238eff62-7233-5d3d-9535-2d329fe90c64.html |title='This is my life': Buffy Sainte-Marie pushes against doubts over Indigenous ancestry |publisher=The Canadian Press |date=23 November 2023 |first=Kelly Geraldine |last=Malone |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
 
==Honors and awards==
===Honorary degrees===
Saint-Marie has been awarded 15 hononary doctorates her lifetime. With regard to the University of Massachusetts, her website states that she was awarded an "Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts" in 1983. However, in an interview published in 2009 she stated that "I also got a teaching degree from the University of Massachusetts and later, a Ph.D in fine arts".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://issuu.com/celinahex/docs/digital_big_3_sm |title=Rebel, Rebel |publisher=[[Bust (magazine)|Bust]] |edition=Oct/Nov 2009 |year=2009 |first=Michael |last=Levine |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
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!Year Awarded
!Note
|-
|Billboard Magazine’s Best New Artist
|1964{{Citation needed|reason=Per her website, but may actually be "No.1 Folk Singer 1964-65. See talk page.|date=April 2024}}
|
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] for "[[Up Where We Belong]]"
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===Other===
* In 1979, the [[Supersisters]] trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Sainte-Marie's name and picture.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wulf|first=Steve|url=httphttps://www.espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/articlestory/_/id/12535055/original-roster|title=Supersisters: Original Roster|website=ESPN|date=2015-03-23|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=June 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605002131/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/12535055/original-roster|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Canada Post stamp of Sainte-Marie in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadapost-postescanada.ca/blogs/personal/perspectives/stamp-celebrates-buffy-sainte-marie/|title=New stamp honours renowned singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie – Magazine|website=Canadapost-postescanada.ca|date=November 18, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2022|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118192702/https://www.canadapost-postescanada.ca/blogs/personal/perspectives/stamp-celebrates-buffy-sainte-marie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Award -related reactions following ancestry controversy===
In 2023, Buffy Sainte-Marie's false claims to an Indigenous identity were revealed by ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]]''. Since then, there have been calls to rescind awards given to Sainte-Marie that were meant for Indigenous people.<ref name="sfchron2023">{{Cite news |last=Keeler |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Keeler |date=2023-11-25 |title=She's an Indigenous icon and the first Native person to win an Oscar. Is she actually Italian American? |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/buffy-sainte-marie-pretendian-native-canada-keeler-18508936.php |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Indigenous musicians who lost to Sainte-Marie have expressed their disappointment. Issiqut Anguk, sister of singer [[Kelly Fraser]] who lost 2018 [[Juno Award for Indigenous Music Album of the Year]] to her, wrote that Fraser "respected Buffy so much and it hurts to hear that maybe, just maybe it would've changed Kelly's life if she won the Juno award and Buffy didn't."<ref name="sfchron2023"/> The Indigenous Women's Collective expressed dismay at Sainte-Marie's winning a 2023 [[International Emmy Award]] for her documentary ''Buffy Sainte-Marie: Carry It On'' and have asked the Juno Awards to revisit the 2018 category to "explore ways of righting a past wrong. All Indigenous artists in this 2018 category should be reconsidered for this rightful honour."<ref name="CP24 2023 h358">{{cite web | title='Slap in the face': Indigenous women's group reacts to Emmy win for Sainte-Marie film | website=CP24 | date=November 21, 2023 | url=https://www.cp24.com/slap-in-the-face-indigenous-women-s-group-reacts-to-emmy-win-for-sainte-marie-film-1.6654746 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 22, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122061848/https://www.cp24.com/slap-in-the-face-indigenous-women-s-group-reacts-to-emmy-win-for-sainte-marie-film-1.6654746 | url-status=live }}</ref> Tim Johnson, the former associate director of the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] says her Juno awards should be rescinded and the Indigenous musicians who lost against Sainte-Marie should be considered her victims.<ref name="Colesawards">{{cite web | last=Coles | first=Penny | title=Buffy Sainte-Marie's awards should be rescinded, says Indigenous advocate | website=Niagara-on-the-Lake Local | date=November 9, 2023 | url=https://www.notllocal.com/local-news/buffy-sainte-maries-awards-should-be-rescinded-says-indigenous-advocate-7807592 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125163644/https://www.notllocal.com/local-news/buffy-sainte-maries-awards-should-be-rescinded-says-indigenous-advocate-7807592 | url-status=live }}</ref> Rhonda Head, an award-winning opera singer from the [[Opaskwayak Cree Nation]] says, "She won awards that were an accolade, that were meant for Indigenous musicians and that's what really hurts me the most. I would like to see that her awards be taken away forever, for her not being truthful and taking up space."<ref name="Francisaptn">{{cite web | last=Francis | first=Annette | title=Sainte-Marie ancestry story brought musician to tears | website=APTN News | date=November 2, 2023 | url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/nation-to-nation/buffy-sainte-marie-story-brought-tears-to-the-eyes-of-indigenous-musician/ | access-date=November 25, 2023}}</ref>
 
On 8 November 2023, the University of British Columbia First Nations House of Learning Leadership issued a statement explainedexplaining that, in light of the ancestry issues of Buffy Sainte-Marie, thatthey were planning on deciding on the next steps regarding the hononaryhonorary degree thatUBC had been awarded by UBC to Sainte-Marie in 20212012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indigenous.ubc.ca/2023/11/08/statement-from-ubc-first-nations-house-of-learning-leadership/ |title=Statement from UBC First Nations House of Learning Leadership |publisher=University of British Columbia |date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109053132/https://indigenous.ubc.ca/2023/11/08/statement-from-ubc-first-nations-house-of-learning-leadership/ |archive-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> The university removed that statement from their website at some point after April 2024 with no further explanation on the status of the honorary degree.
 
==Personal life==
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*[[Music of Canada]]
*[[Pretendian]]
 
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
 
==References==
{{full citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Reflist}}
 
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*{{citation |author=British Film Institute |editor1-last=Ellis |editor1-first=Mundy |title=BFI Film and Television Yearbook 85 |publisher=Concert Publications |date=1985 |isbn=0851701833}}
*{{citation |last=Sheward |first=David |title=The Big Book of Show Business Awards |year=1997 |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=0-8230-7630-X |url=https://archive.org/details/bigbookofshowbus00shew}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stonechild |first=Blair |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie: It's My Way |date=2012 |publisher=Fifth House Publishers |isbn=978-1897252789 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/buffysaintemarie0000ston/}}
*{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Andrea |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie: The Authorized Biography |date=2018 |publisher=[[Greystone Books]] |location=Vancouver |isbn=978-1-77164-359-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2JmDwAAQBAJ |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{citation |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |title=Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955–2008 |year=2009 |publisher=Record Research |isbn=978-0898201802}}
 
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