Voiced dental fricative: Difference between revisions

The fricative and its [[Voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative|unvoiced counterpart]] are rare [[phoneme]]s. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|[z]}}, a [[voiced dental stop]] or [[voiced alveolar stop]] {{IPA|[d]}}, or a [[voiced labiodental fricative]] {{IPA|[v]}}; known respectively as [[th-alveolarization]], [[th-stopping]], and [[th-fronting]]. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[English language|English]], [[Elfdalian]], [[Kven language|Kven]], [[Northern Sámi]], [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]], [[Skolt Sámi]], [[Ume Sámi]], [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], some dialects of [[Basque language|Basque]] and most speakers of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or [[allophone]]s.

| rowspan="4" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=37}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|ذهب]]|rtl=yes}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈðahabˈðæhæb]}} || rowspan="34" | 'gold' || See [[Arabic phonology]]. Represented by the letter ''[[ḏāl]]''.

|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=55}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|ca'''d'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑðɐˈkaðə]}} || 'each' || Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]

| rowspan=2|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || Iraqi || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|א'''ד'''וני]]|rtl=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Athonai.ogg|[ʔaðoˈnaj]}} || 'my lord' || Commonly pronounced {{IPAblink|d}}. See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]

|colspan=2| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|ஒன்பது]]}} || {{IPA|[wʌnbʌðɯonbäðɯ]}} || 'nine' || Intervocalic allophone of /t/. See [[Tamil phonology]]