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{{Short description|Province of Indonesia}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| seat_type
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| seat2 = [[Merauke]], [[Merauke
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'''South Papua''', officially the '''South Papua Province''' ({{lang-id|Provinsi Papua Selatan}}),<ref name="Aditra 2022">{{cite web |last=Aditra |first=Irsul Panca |date=2022-04-07 |editor-last=Agriesta |editor-first=Dheri |title=RUU Pemekaran Provinsi di Papua Disetujui, Ketua Tim PPS Tolak Usulan Nama Provinsi Anim Ha |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/07/151927778/ruu-pemekaran-provinsi-di-papua-disetujui-ketua-tim-pps-tolak-usulan-nama |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> is an Indonesian [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] located in the southern portion of [[Western New Guinea|Papua]], following the borders of the Papuan customary region of '''Anim Ha'''.<ref>{{Cite web |
It shares land borders with the
South Papua landscape predominantly consists of lowland areas characterized by extensive swamps and massive rivers such as the Digul and Maro. Indigenous ethnic group inhabiting this region for example [[Asmat people|Asmat]], Marind, Muyu, and Korowai. They rely on sago and fish as staple dietary sources. Certain tribes like Asmat were recognized for its wood carving and boating culture. There is also massive amount of migrant like [[Javanese people]] because of [[transmigration program]] sponsored by the government to convert vast amount of swamps into [[rice paddy]] and increase this region's population. South Papua is also home to the renowned [[Wasur National Park]], an expansive [[wetland]] area with rich biodiversity including [[agile wallaby]], [[mound-building termites]] or ''musamus'', and the [[Bird-of-paradise|bird of paradise]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penghubung.papua.go.id/5-wilayah-adat/anim-ha/|title=PROFIL WILAYAH ADAT ANIM HA|website=papua.go.id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621021634/https://penghubung.papua.go.id/5-wilayah-adat/anim-ha/|archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/10/21/kala-cendrawasih-terus-jadi-incaran-pemburu/|title=Kala Cendrawasih Terus jadi Incaran Pemburu|date=2015-10-21|website=mongabay.co.id|last=Batbual|first=Agapitus|access-date=2022-07-03|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122346/https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/10/21/kala-cendrawasih-terus-jadi-incaran-pemburu/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/04/04/mengenal-rayap-yang-membangun-katedral-di-merauke/|title=Mengenal Rayap yang Membangun
== History ==
The wetland region of South Papua, before the arrival of Europeans, was home to several indigenous tribes. These tribes included the [[Asmat people|Asmat]], [[Marind people|Marind]] and Wambon, who still maintain their ancestral traditions in the area. [[Marind people|The Marind tribe]], also known as the Malind, lived in groups along the rivers in the Merauke region, and their way of life centered around [[hunting]], [[hunter and gatherer|gathering]], and [[Agriculture|farming]]. However, the Marind tribe was also notorious for their practice of [[headhunting]]. They would travel in boats along the rivers and coasts to distant settlements, where they would behead the inhabitants. The heads of their victims would then be taken back to their villages to be preserved and celebrated.<ref name = "Melintas">{{Cite journal|title=Spiritualitas dan Transformasi|journal=Melintas|url=https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/melintas/article/view/3087|last=Daeli|first=Onesius Otenieli|issue=1|volume=34|publisher=Fakultas Filsafat UNPAR|year=2018|pages=96–110 |doi=10.26593/mel.v34i1.3087.96-110 |s2cid=151288950 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pengangkatan Anak Adat dalam Suku Malind di Kabupaten Merauke|language=id|journal=Jurnal Restorative Justice|url=https://ejournal.unmus.ac.id/index.php/hukum/article/download/3621/1975/|last1=Sinaga|first1=Jaya|issue=1|volume=5|last2=Fenetiruma|first2=Raymond|publisher=Fakultas Hukum Universitas Musamus|year=2021|last3=Pelu|first3=Handika|doi=10.35724/jrj.v5i1.3621 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name = "Kombai 1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kombai.nl/2022/01/25/31-pengayauan-1-marind/|title=Pengayauan Marind|date=2022-01-25|access-date=2022-07-01|last=J.P.D.Groen|website=kombai.nl|language=id}}</ref>
[[File:KITLV A42 - Marind-Animman en -vrouw nabij Merauke, KITLV 10187.tiff|left|thumb|Marind people in 1910]]
In the 19th century, European powers began to colonize the island of [[New Guinea]]. The island was divided along a straight line, with the western portion falling under the jurisdiction of the [[Dutch New Guinea]] region and the eastern portion becoming [[British New Guinea]]. Marind people often crossed the border to engage in headhunting activities. In 1902, the Dutch established a military base at the eastern tip of South Papua, near the [[Maro River]], to strengthen the border and eliminate this tradition. This base was named [[Merauke]], after its location. The Dutch also established a [[mission (Christian)|Catholic mission]] in Merauke to spread their religion and to further discourage the practice of headhunting. During the Dutch colonial period, the [[Javanese people]] were brought to Merauke to cultivate rice fields. This influx of laborers further contributed to the growth of the town and the development of the surrounding region. Eventually, it became the capital of Afdeeling Zuid Nieuw Guinea or the South New Guinea Province.<ref name = "Melintas" /><ref name ="Kombai 1" />
In addition to the [[Maro River]], the Dutch also became aware of another, larger river known as the [[Digul River]]. In the 1920s, the Dutch government sent an expedition to explore the interior of Papua. The idea emerged to use the remote region as a detention camp, and a suitable location was identified at the headwaters of the Digul River or Boven-Digoel. A [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp|
[[File:Geïnterneerden bij de barakken van het interneringskamp te Tanahmerah (Boven-Digoel), KITLV 153803.tiff|thumb|Prisoner in [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp]]]]
In the 1960s, Indonesian forces took control of all of Dutch New Guinea, including the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea. Following the takeover, the territory was reorganized, and the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea became the [[Merauke Regency]], with its capital located in [[Merauke]]. On 11 December 2002, the Merauke Regency was further divided into four separate regencies: Merauke, [[Mappi Regency|Mappi]], [[Asmat Regency|Asmat]], and Boven Digoel. These regencies were established to better serve the needs of the local populations and provide more effective governance across the region. More recently, on 25 July 2022, the former territory of the Merauke Regency was officially re-united with other regions in southern Papua to form the new province of South Papua, following the signing of Law No. 14/2022. The name "South Papua" (''Papua Selatan'') was chosen instead of "Anim Ha" due to the latter term's historical origins during Dutch rule and its potential to be demeaning to other tribes in southern Papua. In contrast, "South Papua" was selected as an inclusive and unifying name that avoids any negative connotations and reflects the diverse and vibrant cultural heritage of the region.<ref name="Aditra 2022"/> The public reception towards South Papua was far more positive compared to the other new provinces of [[Central Papua]] and [[Highland Papua|Highlands Papua]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utama |first=Felldy |others=[[iNews]] |location=[[Jakarta]]
[[File:Welcome South Papua.jpg|thumb|230px|Celebration of South Papua establishment]]
In 2007, the Regent of Merauke, [[John Gebze]], spearheaded the initiation of the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE), a large-scale development project aimed at enhancing Indonesia's food security. Situated in Merauke, an area renowned for its extensive lowland and fertile terrain, the project sought to capitalize on the region's vast land for agricultural purposes. Originally dubbed the Merauke Integrated Rice Estate (MIRE), with a primary focus on [[rice]] cultivation, the initiative later broadened its scope to encompass additional crops such as sugar cane, corn, and oil palm. Officially inaugurated in 2010 during the presidency of [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], the project garnered participation from numerous private investors. However, its progression faced significant challenges, stemming from divergent perspectives among government entities, investors, and the indigenous Marind community, who held land rights in the area. Furthermore, mounting pressure from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) decrying the project as a violation of indigenous rights and environmental degradation prompted a cessation of new land development activities by the involved companies.<ref name="mediaBPP">{{Cite journal|title=SWASEMBADA PANGAN DI MERAUKE|journal=
▲In the 1960s, Indonesian forces took control of all of Dutch New Guinea, including the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea. Following the takeover, the territory was reorganized, and the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea became the [[Merauke Regency]], with its capital located in [[Merauke]]. On 11 December 2002, the Merauke Regency was further divided into four separate regencies: Merauke, Mappi, Asmat, and Boven Digoel. These regencies were established to better serve the needs of the local populations and provide more effective governance across the region. More recently, on 25 July 2022, the former territory of the Merauke Regency was officially re-united with other regions in southern Papua to form the new province of South Papua, following the signing of Law No. 14/2022. The name "South Papua" (''Papua Selatan'') was chosen instead of "Anim Ha" due to the latter term's historical origins during Dutch rule and its potential to be demeaning to other tribes in southern Papua. In contrast, "South Papua" was selected as an inclusive and unifying name that avoids any negative connotations and reflects the diverse and vibrant cultural heritage of the region.<ref name="Aditra 2022"/> The public reception towards South Papua was far more positive compared to the other new provinces of [[Central Papua]] and [[Highland Papua|Highlands Papua]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utama |first=Felldy |others=[[iNews]] |location=[[Jakarta]] |publisher=Okezone |date=2022-06-30 |title=Tak Ada Konflik Merauke Jadi Ibu Kota Provinsi Papua Selatan, Bupati: Sudah Sepakat Dari Awal : Okezone Nasional |url=https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2022/06/30/337/2621162/tak-ada-konflik-merauke-jadi-ibu-kota-provinsi-papua-selatan-bupati-sudah-sepakat-dari-awal |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Okezone |language=id-ID}}</ref> with residents spreading a giant [[Indonesian flag]] in front of the regent office of Merauke after the province's establishment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manupapami |first=Fuci |editor-last=Hartik |editor-first=Andi |location=[[Merauke Regency|Merauke]] |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |date=2022-06-30 |title=Warga di Merauke Bentangkan Bendera Raksasa Sambut Pengesahan RUU Provinsi Papua Selatan |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/30/220616378/warga-di-merauke-bentangkan-bendera-raksasa-sambut-pengesahan-ruu-provinsi |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref>
▲In 2007, the Regent of Merauke, John Gebze, spearheaded the initiation of the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE), a large-scale development project aimed at enhancing Indonesia's food security. Situated in Merauke, an area renowned for its extensive lowland and fertile terrain, the project sought to capitalize on the region's vast land for agricultural purposes. Originally dubbed the Merauke Integrated Rice Estate (MIRE), with a primary focus on [[rice]] cultivation, the initiative later broadened its scope to encompass additional crops such as sugar cane, corn, and oil palm. Officially inaugurated in 2010 during the presidency of [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], the project garnered participation from numerous private investors. However, its progression faced significant challenges, stemming from divergent perspectives among government entities, investors, and the indigenous Marind community, who held land rights in the area. Furthermore, mounting pressure from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) decrying the project as a violation of indigenous rights and environmental degradation prompted a cessation of new land development activities by the involved companies.<ref name="mediaBPP">{{Cite journal|title=SWASEMBADA PANGAN DI MERAUKE|journal=mediaBPP : Jendela Informasi Kelitbangan|url=http://litbang.kemendagri.go.id/website/data/media/2016-01.pdf|issue=1|volume=15|pages=25|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri|year=2016|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701210319/http://litbang.kemendagri.go.id/website/data/media/2016-01.pdf}}</ref><ref name="journal IPB">{{Cite journal|title=Percepatan Pengembangan Food Estate untuk Meningkatkan Ketahanan dan Kemandirian Pangan Nasional|journal=Jurnal Risalah Kebijakan Pertanian dan Lingkungan|url=https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jkebijakan/article/view/10290|last=Santosa|first=Edi|issue=2|volume=1|publisher=IPB University|year=2014|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809082320/https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jkebijakan/article/view/10290}}</ref><ref name="mongabay">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/08/10/cerita-warga-minta-plasma-kala-korindo-moratorium-buka-lahan-sawit-di-papua/|title=Cerita Warga Minta Plasma Kala Korindo Moratorium Buka Lahan Sawit di Papua|date=2017-08-10|access-date=2022-07-30|website=mongabay.co.id|last=Sapariah|first=Saturi|last2=Paino|first2=Christopel|last3=Batbual|first3=Agapitus|archive-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809074945/https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/08/10/cerita-warga-minta-plasma-kala-korindo-moratorium-buka-lahan-sawit-di-papua/}}</ref> During the time of President [[Joko Widodo]], the Food Estate project was revived in various regions with 200,000 hectares of land designated for Papua Island. The main commodities are corn and rice and are located, among others, in Mappi, Boven Digoel and Merauke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cenderawasihpos.jawapos.com/lintas-papua/merauke/05/06/2022/merauke-ditetapkan-salah-satu-kawasan-food-estate-di-indonesia/|title=Merauke Ditetapkan Salah Satu Kawasan Food Estate di Indonesia|date=2022-06-05|access-date=2022-07-30|website=Cenderawasih Pos|archive-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808081517/https://cenderawasihpos.jawapos.com/lintas-papua/merauke/05/06/2022/merauke-ditetapkan-salah-satu-kawasan-food-estate-di-indonesia/}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Melaleuca.Sp lahan basah TN Wasur.jpg|thumb|Wetland of Wasur National Park]]
Geographically, most of the South Papua region is located in lowland
[[File:Rumah Semut.jpg|thumb|left|''Musamus'' or giant termite mound]]
The South Papua region was designated as a [[transmigration program]] site due to its expansive lowland areas with vast amount of water which offer ideal conditions for rice cultivation. Transmigration districts such as Semangga, Tanah Miring, and Kurik serve as primary sources of agricultural produce destined for markets in the City of Merauke. However, the influx of migrant populations into these areas has introduced non-native species, such as [[Javan rusa]] and [[tilapia]] fish, which disrupt the established ecosystem. Particularly, the adaptable tilapia fish proliferates rapidly in this environment, outcompeting indigenous fish species and consequently dominating the catches of fishermen in Merauke's rivers.<ref name=oneearth/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/12/15/ironi-ikan-pendatang-yang-menghidupi-marind-anim|title=Ironi Ikan Pendatang yang Menghidupi Marind Anim|date=2022-12-16|website=kompas.id|last1=Arif|first1=Ahmad|publisher=KOMPAS|last2=Yunus|first2=Saiful Rijal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Merauke|url=https://rumahpusbin.kemdikbud.go.id/sastrawan3t/163_Dari_Merauke.pdf|publisher=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|last=Rahardi|location=Jakarta|first=Floribertus|isbn=978-602-437-353-5|year=2017}}</ref>
▲Additionaly, there is a smaller but unique ecoregion called [[Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands]] which are part of [[Wasur National Park]]. This ecoregion consists of [[swamp forest]], coastal forest, and vast savanna that are flooded at various times, creating a wetland area with massive biodiversity like [[agile wallaby]], [[mound-building termites]] or ''musamus'', and the [[bird of paradise]]. This wetland also attracts migratory bird for example [[magpie goose]] from Australia, also known locally as ''Boha Wasur''.<ref name=oneearth/><ref name="Indo MoF">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101229045750/http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/wasur_NP.htm Indonesian Ministry of Forestry], retrieved 2009-10-30</ref>
== Politics ==
===
{{main|Administrative divisions of Indonesia}}
[[File:Papua Selatan.png|frameless|624x624x|center]]
South Papua is divided into four [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] (''kabupaten''), the least amount compared to other Indonesian provinces. Before 11 December 2002, all four of the current regencies comprised a single Merauke Regency, which was split into the present four regencies on that date. The table below gives the areas of all the regencies,<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|date=29 December 2018 |publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|language=id|access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> together with their populations at the 2020 Census<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Kode<br>Wilayah
Line 108 ⟶ 112:
| align="right" |45,013.35
| align="right" |230,932
| align="right" |
| align="right" |0.712 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
| style="text-align:center" |20|| style="text-align:center"|190
Line 115 ⟶ 119:
|-
| 93.02 || [[Boven Digoel Regency]]||[[Tanahmerah|Tanah Merah]]||Hengky Yaluwo
| align="right" |
| align="right" |64,285
| align="right" |67,760
Line 124 ⟶ 128:
|-
| 93.03 || [[Mappi Regency]]||[[Kepi, Indonesia|Kepi]]||Krisostomus Yohanes<br> Agawemu
| align="right" |
| align="right" |108,295
| align="right" |
| align="right" |0.596 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|style="text-align:center" |15|| style="text-align:center"|164
Line 133 ⟶ 137:
|-
| 93.04 || [[Asmat Regency]]||[[Agats]]||Elisa Kambu
| align="right" |
| align="right" |110,105
| align="right" |116,200
Line 142 ⟶ 146:
|-
!colspan=4|{{center|Totals}}
| align="right" |'''
| align="right" |'''513,617'''
| align="right" |'''
| align="right" |
| style="text-align:center" |'''74'''
Line 154 ⟶ 158:
</onlyinclude>
The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the [[Indonesian Parliament|People's Representative Council]]. The '''South Papua Electoral District''' consists of all of the 4 regencies in the province, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (''UU No. 7 Tahun 2017'') as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>
== Culture ==▼
== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|footnote= Source: [[Statistics Indonesia]] 2024 and earlier. South Papua was part of [[Papua (province)|Papua]] Province until 2022.
Line 163 ⟶ 169:
|2010 |409735
|2020 |513617
|2023 |
South Papua had a population of 513,617 at the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> while the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 537,973 and making it the least populous province in Indonesia.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Papua Selatan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.93)</ref>
South Papua is inhabited by local [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuan people]] from various ethnic group. South Papua are part of customary region of ''Anim Ha'', a distinct region with unique culture compared to other parts of Papua owing to its geography located in lowland area with vast amount of wetland and large rivers. Some of the ethnic group living here including [[Marind people]] (with subgroups such as Kimaam) and Yei people in Merauke, Muyu and Wambon people in Boven Digoel, Awyu and Wiyagar people from Mappi, and [[Asmat people]] from Asmat. There are also isolated ethnic group found in the border near Highland Papua province like Kombai and [[Korowai people]]. Each of the ethnic groups mentioned have unique language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/ID|title=Country: Indonesia|website=joshuaproject.net|publisher=Joshua Project|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811052350/https://www.joshuaproject.net/countries/ID}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
[[File:Keuskupan Merauke.jpg|thumb|Newly built Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Merauke]]
According to [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], the percentage of religion in South Papua in 2023 is 72.57% Christianity (49.62% Catholic and 22.95% Protestant), 27.28% Islamic, 0.11% Hindu, and 0.04% Buddhist. Thus, South Papua is the only province on the island of Papua with a percentage of Catholicism that exceeds other religions. This significant number of Catholic residents supports the formation of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Merauke]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Agats]] which are the [[ecclesiastical province]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] led by either archbishop or bishop.<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karina.or.id/keuskupan-agung-merauke/|title=Merauke Archdiocese|website=karina.or.id|publisher=Caritas Indonesia}}</ref>
▲== Culture ==
[[File:Canoe Warriers in West Papua.jpg|thumb|Canoe warriors in Asmat Culture Festival]]
The native [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuan people]] have a distinct culture and traditions that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Coastal Papuans are usually more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives, which in turn diminishes their original culture and traditions. Meanwhile, most inland Papuans still preserve their original culture and traditions, although their way of life over the past century is tied to the encroachment of modernity and [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |date=2 November 2011 |title=Jati Diri Papua Halaman all |url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2011/11/03/02051319/jati.diri.papua|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> Each Papuan tribe usually practices its traditions and culture, which may differ greatly from one tribe to another.
Hunting as practiced by [[Marind people]] usually begins with a traditionally controlled burn of peat bog and swamps, it was then left for three days to a week for new shoots to grow, which will invite game animals such as deer, pigs, ''saham'' (
===
[[File:Pemahat Patung Asmat.jpg|thumb|Asmat wood carver]]
[[Asmat people]] are famous internationally for their [[wood carving]]. Some of its carving can be found in various museum for example in [[Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress]]. Asmat carvings have various motifs such as nature, living creatures, and everyday life. The Asmat people consider that carvings are not only works of art but part of their religious rituals to connect with their ancestors. Asmat carvings are made from local materials such as ''Merbau'' and nutmeg wood. One of the famous Asmat carvings is the [[Bisj Pole]] which measures more than 3 meters. This pillar consists of figures arranged in tiers. This figure represents the spirits of ancestors killed by their enemies. The top of the pole is decorated like wings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313830|title=Bis Pole|website=metmuseum.org|publisher=The Met|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606053310/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jubi.id/features/2022/seni-ukir-asmat-diakui-dunia-namun-terkendala-pemasaran/|title=Seni ukir Asmat, diakui dunia namun terkendala pemasaran|date=2022-08-17|access-date=2023-04-24|website=jubi.id|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430055338/https://jubi.id/features/2022/seni-ukir-asmat-diakui-dunia-namun-terkendala-pemasaran/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=68|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia - Ukiran Asmat|date=2013-01-01|access-date=2023-04-24|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia|archive-date=2023-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424151340/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=68}}</ref>
Due to the swampy terrain and extensive river networks in South Papua, numerous tribes rely on boats for their daily transportation needs. These traditional vessels, known as ''perahu lesung'', are crafted by hollowing out the center of a single tree trunk and are often embellished with intricate carvings. Typically, these boats are propelled by multiple individuals standing upright and rowing. In ancient times, the Asmat people utilized these boats not only for transportation but also as integral elements of their [[headhunting]] customs, which instilled fear in neighboring communities. Historically, Asmat residents would navigate their boats to distant villages, where they would carry out raids and massacres on the inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.papuaerfgoed.org/en/theme/head-hunting-south-coast|title=Head Hunting on the South Coast|website=papuaerfgoed.org|publisher=Stichting Papua Erfgoed|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602130631/https://www.papuaerfgoed.org/en/theme/head-hunting-south-coast}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/edukasi/20180223102026-445-278258/mengenal-perahu-suku-asmat-di-papua|title=Mengenal Perahu Suku Asmat di Papua|date=2018-02-23|last=Suroto|first=Hari|publisher=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602130731/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/edukasi/20180223102026-445-278258/mengenal-perahu-suku-asmat-di-papua}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
[[File:Korowai Treehouse 5.jpg|left|thumb|[[Korowai people|Korowai]] treehouse in [[Mappi Regency]]]]
The [[Korowai people]] from the [[Mappi Regency]] in southern Papua are one of the indigenous tribes in Papua that still adhere to the traditions of their ancestors, one of which is to build houses on top of
=== Cuisine ===
[[File:A Papuan woman extracts starch sago from the spongy center of the palm stems. (17821831174).jpg|thumb|Sago is a typical Papuan staple food]]
[[File:Sate ulat sagu.webp|left|thumb|[[Rhynchophorus vulneratus|Sago grub]] [[satay]]]]
Common Papuan snacks are usually made out of [[sago]]. Kue bagea (also called sago cake) is a cake originating from [[Ternate]] in [[North Maluku]], although it can also be found in Papua.<ref name="Pertiwi">{{cite web |title=Resep Kue Bagea Ambon |url=http://resepkue.net/kue-tradisional/resep-kue-bagea-modern-kue-tradisional-dari-ternate-malulu-utara/|access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=resepkue.net|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517134045/http://resepkue.net/kue-tradisional/resep-kue-bagea-modern-kue-tradisional-dari-ternate-malulu-utara/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a round shape and creamy color. Bagea has a hard consistency that can be softened in tea or water, to make it easier to chew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding Raja Ampat Culinary {{!}} Discover Indonesia|url=http://goindonesia.blendong.com/culinary/finding-raja-ampat-culinary.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425095024/http://goindonesia.blendong.com/culinary/finding-raja-ampat-culinary.html|archive-date=25 April 2016|access-date=17 April 2016|website=goindonesia.blendong.com}}</ref> It is prepared using [[sago]],<ref name="Zemanta">{{cite web |title=''Ambon yang Selalu Manise'' |url=http://www.jalanjalanyuk.com/ambon-yang-selalu-manise/|access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Jalanjalanyuk.com|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517193412/http://www.jalanjalanyuk.com/ambon-yang-selalu-manise/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a plant-based starch derived from the [[Metroxylon sagu|sago palm]] or [[Cycas revoluta|sago cycad]]. ''Sagu Lempeng'' is a typical Papuan snack that is made in the form of processed sago in the form of plates. ''Sagu Lempeng'' is also a favorite for travelers. But it is very difficult to find places to eat because this bread is a family consumption and is usually eaten immediately after cooking. Making sago plates is as easy as making other breads. Sago is processed by baking it by printing rectangles or rectangles with iron which is ripe like white bread. Initially tasteless, but recently it has begun to vary with sugar to get a sweet taste. It has a tough texture and can be enjoyed by mixing it or dipping it in water to make it softer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Sagu Lempeng, Rotinya Masyarakat Papua yang Tak Tergantikan |url=https://merahputih.com/post/read/sagu-lempeng-rotinya-masyarakat-papua-yang-tak-tergantikan|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=MerahPutih}}</ref> Sago porridge is a type of porridge that is found in Papua. This porridge is usually eaten with yellow soup made of [[mackerel]] or [[tuna]] then seasoned with turmeric and lime. Sago porridge is sometimes also consumed with boiled tubers, such as those from [[cassava]] or [[sweet potato]]. Vegetable papaya flowers and sautéed [[kale]] are often served as side dishes to accompany the sago porridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khairunnisa |first=Syifa Nuri |editor-last=Pertiwi F. |editor-first=Ni Luh Made |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |date=5 December 2019 |title=4 Makanan Papua dari Sagu Halaman all |url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/12/05/200500027/4-makanan-papua-dari-sagu|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> In the inland regions, [[Rhynchophorus vulneratus|Sago worms]] are usually served as a type of snack dish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farhan |first=Afif |title=Mengapa Orang Papua Makan Ulat Sagu? |url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4841664/mengapa-orang-papua-makan-ulat-sagu|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=detikTravel |location=[[Jayapura]] |publisher=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alfarizi |first=Moh Khory |date=24 December 2019|editor-last=Prima|editor-first=Erwin |title=Ulat Sagu Jadi Kuliner Favorit Sejak Masa Prasejarah di Papua |url=https://tekno.tempo.co/read/1287127/ulat-sagu-jadi-kuliner-favorit-sejak-masa-prasejarah-di-papua|access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Tempo |language=Indonesian}}</ref> Sago worms come from sago trunks which are cut and left to rot. The rotting stems cause the worms to come out. The shape of the sago worms varies, ranging from the smallest to the largest size of an adult's thumb. These sago caterpillars are usually eaten alive or cooked beforehand, such as stir-frying, cooking, frying, and then skewered. But over time, the people of Papua used to process these sago caterpillars into sago caterpillar [[satay]]. To make [[satay]] from this sago caterpillar, the method is no different from making satay in general, namely on skewers with a skewer and grilled over hot coals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitria |first=Riska |title=5 Fakta Ulat Sagu, Kuliner Ekstrem yang Kaya Nutrisi |url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-5230291/5-fakta-ulat-sagu-kuliner-ekstrem-yang-kaya-nutrisi|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=detikfood |location=[[Jakarta]] |publisher=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |language=id}}</ref>
==
=== Agriculture and forestry ===
[[File:Sawah Merauke 2012.jpg|thumb|Harvesting of newly created rice fields in Merauke]]
The vast and fertile geography of South Papua offers abundant agricultural potential. Since the Dutch colonial era, the region has seen the importation of [[Javanese people|Javanese]] settlers to cultivate [[rice fields]], particularly in Merauke. This practice continued through the [[transmigration program]] post-independence. Consequently, traditional local staples such as sago and tubers have gradually been supplanted by rice and instant food options.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/12/13/gastrokolonialisme-di-merauke-dari-transmigrasi-hingga-korporasi|title=Gastrokolonialisme di Merauke, Dari Transmigrasi Hingga Korporasi|date=2022-12-14|website=kompas.id|last1=Arif|first1=Ahmad|publisher=KOMPAS|last2=Saiful Rijal|first2=Yunus|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517190519/https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/12/13/gastrokolonialisme-di-merauke-dari-transmigrasi-hingga-korporasi}}</ref>
In 2010, the government under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono initiated the ''Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE)'' program, aimed at positioning Merauke Regency as one of Indonesia's primary food hubs. Targeted crops under this program encompass rice, corn, and oil palm. However, the project encountered setbacks due to disputes between governmental bodies, corporations, indigenous groups, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerning environmental degradation and alleged human rights infringements against indigenous communities. Consequently, no further land was developed under the initiative.<ref name="mediaBPP" /><ref name="journal IPB" /><ref name="mongabay" />
In South Papua, extensive [[oil palms]] plantations are established in Merauke and Boven Digoel, managed primarily by large corporations. Notably, PT Tunas Sawa Erma (TSE), a subsidiary of Korindo from South Korea, is actively involved in this sector. In addition to palm oil, Korindo is engaged in the timber industry. Under the TSE Group umbrella, operations span across Merauke and Boven Digoel, comprising several subsidiaries, including PT Tunas Sawa Erma (TSE), PT Dongin Prabawa (DP), PT Berkat Cipta Abadi (BCA), and PT Papua Agro Lestari (PAL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tsegroup.co.id/|title=TSE Group|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802032632/https://tsegroup.co.id/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/hilang-hutan-adat-karena-ekspansi-sawit-di-papua/5502087.html|title=Hilang Hutan Adat Karena Ekspansi Sawit di Papua|date=2020-07-14|last=Sucahyo|first=Nurhadi|publisher=VOA Indonesia|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517190517/https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/hilang-hutan-adat-karena-ekspansi-sawit-di-papua/5502087.html}}</ref> The distribution of oil palm plantations in South Papua includes the Ngguti, Ulilin and Muting districts in Merauke Regency and the Jair district in Boven Digoel Regency.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlas Sawit Papua: Dibawah Kendali Penguasa Modal|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Atlas-Sawit-Papua.pdf|last1=Franky|first1=Y. L.|publisher=PUSAKA|isbn=9786029879414|location=Jakarta|last2=Morgan|first2=Selwyn|year=2015|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608084740/http://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Atlas-Sawit-Papua.pdf}}</ref> One of the prominent forestry products in South Papua is [[sago]], serving as the staple food for indigenous tribes residing in the region. In addition to sago, the area is abundant in [[agarwood]] or ''gaharu'', derived from species such as ''[[Aquilaria]]'' and ''[[Gyrinops]]'', prized for its aromatic qualities. Agarwood are notably found in Mappi and Asmat. This resource plays a significant role in the livelihoods of tribes in the interior regions due to its high market value. While some gaharu wood is obtained from standing trees, a considerable amount is sourced from mud. ''Gaharu lumpur'', as it is termed, originates from trees that have previously fallen and become submerged in mud, yet retain their aromatic properties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/berita/3424/harum-emas-dari-dalam-lumpur-asmat.html|title=Harum Emas dari dalam Lumpur Asmat|date=2018-04-25|website=menlhk.go.id|last1=Han|first1=Dzikry El|publisher=KSDA Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan|last2=Gustiar|first2=Johan|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518155743/https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/berita/3424/harum-emas-dari-dalam-lumpur-asmat.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greenindonesia.co/2023/03/gaharu-lumpur-ada-apa-dan-mengapa/|title=Gaharu Lumpur; Ada Apa dan Mengapa..?|date=2023-03-01|website=greenindonesia.co|last=Elfianto|first=Zerisky|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518155734/https://greenindonesia.co/2023/03/gaharu-lumpur-ada-apa-dan-mengapa/}}</ref> In 2020, more than 2 tons of Mappi's agarwood worth 790 million were sold to Jakarta via Merauke's Mopah Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papuaselatanpos.com/2020/08/10/2-659-kg-gaharu-seharga-rp-797juta-dikirim-ke-jakarta/|title=2.659 Kg Gaharu Seharga Rp.797Juta Dikirim ke Jakarta|date=2020-08-10|website=papuaselatanpos.com|publisher=Papua Selatan Pos|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518155738/https://papuaselatanpos.com/2020/08/10/2-659-kg-gaharu-seharga-rp-797juta-dikirim-ke-jakarta/}}</ref>
=== Fisheries===
[[File:Pelabuhan Perikanan Merauke.jpg|thumb|left|Merauke fisheries port]]
[[Arafura Sea]], situated to the south of Papua Island, boasts considerable fisheries potential. As highlighted by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, [[Sakti Wahyu Trenggono]], the area witnesses the presence of approximately 20 thousand non-local fishing vessels, resulting in the marginalization of local fishermen and a decline in fish stocks. To address this issue, the [[Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)|Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries]] aims to regulate these external vessels by prioritizing the interests of local fishermen and enhancing infrastructure at the Merauke fishing port. This strategy entails mandating that fish caught in the region be transported to Merauke and dispatched via this port, thereby facilitating economic contributions to the local community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jubi.id/kabupaten-merauke/2023/menteri-kkp-sebut-puluhan-ribu-kapal-dari-luar-papua-menangkap-ikan-di-laut-arafura/|title=Menteri KKP sebut puluhan ribu kapal dari luar Papua menangkap ikan di Laut Arafura|date=2023-03-21|website=jubi.id|last=Riberu|first=Emanuel|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603121348/https://jubi.id/kabupaten-merauke/2023/menteri-kkp-sebut-puluhan-ribu-kapal-dari-luar-papua-menangkap-ikan-di-laut-arafura/}}</ref> To preserve the wealth of natural resources in the Arafura Sea, the Government of South Papua, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and [[UNDP]] launched the first [[Marine protected area]] (MPA) in South Papua Province in July 2023 located on [[Kolepom Island]] with an area of 356,337 ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suara.merauke.go.id/post/4096/resmi-diluncurkan-sebagai-kawasan-konservasi-perairan-pulau-kolepom-siap-dorong-penghidupan-masyarakat-berkelanjutan.html|title=Resmi Diluncurkan Sebagai Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pulau Kolepom Siap Dorong Penghidupan Masyarakat Berkelanjutan|date=2023-07-04|website=suara.merauke.go.id|last=Purba|first=Rayendi|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Merauke|access-date=2023-07-05|archive-date=2023-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706014430/https://suara.merauke.go.id/post/4096/resmi-diluncurkan-sebagai-kawasan-konservasi-perairan-pulau-kolepom-siap-dorong-penghidupan-masyarakat-berkelanjutan.html}}</ref>
One highly prized fishery product is the [[swim bladder]] or fish maw, which serves as an organ regulating buoyancy and swimming in fish. Among the most sought-after fish maws are those from [[Sciaenidae|croaker]] or ''gulama'' fish. Gulama fish maws fetch a substantial price, with approximately 10 grams of maws commanding around 18 million rupiah per kilogram. In 2018 alone, an estimated 15 thousand tons of gulama fish maws were produced for export to countries like Malaysia and Singapore. Fish maws find applications across various domains, including [[traditional medicine]], luxury cuisine, and even as surgical sutures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkp.go.id/bkipm/artikel/7789-produksi-meningkat-merauke-eskpor-gelembung-ikan-ke-berbagai-negara|title=Produksi Meningkat, Merauke Ekspor Gelembung Ikan ke Berbagai Negara|date=2018-12-05|website=kkp.go.id|publisher=BKIPM Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518144716/https://kkp.go.id/bkipm/artikel/7789-produksi-meningkat-merauke-eskpor-gelembung-ikan-ke-berbagai-negara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3547089/menjala-ratusan-juta-rupiah-dari-gelembung-ikan-di-merauke|title=Menjala Ratusan Juta Rupiah dari Gelembung Ikan di Merauke|date=2017-07-04|website=detik.com|last=Damarjati|first=Danu|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518145918/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3547089/menjala-ratusan-juta-rupiah-dari-gelembung-ikan-di-merauke}}</ref> One prominent player in the fisheries sector is the Chinese company PT Dwikarya Reksa Abadi, operating in Wanam, Ilwayab District, Merauke. However, in 2015, the company faced the revocation of its business license due to violations of regulations, notably including those outlined in Minister of Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti's directive concerning the moratorium on foreign vessels. This development has had repercussions on the surrounding villages that rely on the company's operations for example access to hospital, electricity generator, and fish refrigeration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20161005140645-20-163501/distrik-ilwayab-surga-nelayan-yang-mati-perlahan|title=Distrik Ilwayab, 'Surga' Nelayan yang Mati Perlahan|date=2016-10-06|last=Pratiwi|first=Priska Sari|publisher=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2023-05-18|archive-date=2023-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518183603/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20161005140645-20-163501/distrik-ilwayab-surga-nelayan-yang-mati-perlahan}}</ref>
== Transportation ==
=== Air transport ===
[[File:Mopah airport 2021.jpg|thumb|Mopah Airport in Merauke]]
[[Air transportation]] plays a pivotal role in South Papua due to its expansive terrain, characterized by vast distances between regions and suboptimal land transportation infrastructure. Each regencies capital in South Papua is equipped with its own airport as follows:<ref name=dephub>{{Cite web|url=https://hubud.dephub.go.id/hubud/website/bandara|title=Daftar Bandara|publisher=Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia}}</ref>
* [[Mopah Airport]] in Merauke
* Kepi Airport in Mappi
* Ewer Airport in Asmat
* Tanah Merah Airport in Boven Digoel
Additionally, certain district capitals have airports with Class III status, including Kimaam and Okaba in Merauke, Bade in Mappi, Bomakia in Boven Digoel, and Kamur in Asmat.<ref name=dephub/> Furthermore, there exist smaller airports with limited infrastructure catering to extremely isolated areas. For instance, the Korowai Batu Airport in Danuwage Village, Boven Digoel, facilitates access to the remote territories inhabited by the [[Korowai people]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/ekspedisi-tanah-papua-2021/baca/terbuai-dalam-kesyahduan-hutan-korowai/|title=Terbuai dalam Kesyahduan Hutan Korowai|website=jelajah.kompas.id|last=Irawan|first=Karina Isna|publisher=KOMPAS|last2=Daeng|first2=Mohamad Final|year=2021}}</ref>
=== Land transport ===
[[File:Damri Bus Merauke.jpg|thumb|A DAMRI bus became stuck on an unpaved road along the Merauke-Erambu route in 2017.]]
As of 2023, land routes in South Papua remain not optimal. Among the four regencies, only Merauke and Boven Digoel are linked by the [[Trans-Papua Highway]]. Conversely, Mappi and Asmat can solely be accessed via sea and air routes. The completion of national roads across districts in South Papua by 2023 includes the Merauke - Sota - Erambu - Bupul - Muting section in Merauke Regency, which connects to the Getentiri - Tanah Merah - Mindiptana - Waropko section in Boven Digoel Regency. These roads run in close proximity to the [[Papua New Guinea]] border and are slated for extension until they reach the southern side of [[Bintang Mountains Regency]] in the Highland Papua Province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radarsampit.jawapos.com/nasional/2343468653/pembangunan-infrastruktur-untuk-menaikkan-perekonomian-papua|title=Pembangunan Infrastruktur untuk Menaikkan Perekonomian Papua|date=2023-05-23|website=radarsampit.jawapos.com|last=Wopari|first=Theresia|publisher=RADAR SAMPIT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=LAPORAN KUNJUNGAN KERJA KOMISI V DPR RI KE KABUPATEN MERAUKE, PROVINSI PAPUA SELATAN RESES MASA PERSIDANGAN III 2022-2023 TANGGAL 17-21 FEBRUARI 2023|url=https://berkas.dpr.go.id/akd/dokumen/K5-12-7dea391e3957b3c8bcbd7e07c2940844.pdf|publisher=Komisi V DPR RI|location=Jakarta|year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gisportal.binamarga.pu.go.id/arcgis/apps/View/index.html?appid=4e65827301e1495aaa79f243bc1c933b|title=Peta Bina Marga Indonesia|access-date=2024-02-27|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga - Kementerian PUPR}}</ref>
There is public transportation available in South Papua, for example [[Perum DAMRI]] buses which serve pioneer routes from Merauke to other districts such as Kurik, Tanah Miring, Jagebob, Sota, and Muting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2022/10/24/102200115/damri-hadirkan-angkutan-perintis-di-merauke-tarif-mulai-rp-25.000|title=DAMRI Hadirkan Angkutan Perintis di Merauke, Tarif Mulai Rp 25.000|date=2022-10-24|website=otomotif.kompas.com|last=Radityasani|first=Muhammad Fathan|publisher=KOMPAS|last2=Kurniawan|first2=Agung}}</ref>
=== Water transport ===
[[File:Tebu Rawa Mappi.jpg|thumb|Boat pushed through a mud buildup caused by "tebu rawa" plant in the [[Wildeman River]] of Mappi]]
The water transportation sector plays a vital role in South Papua's economic development, facilitating connectivity within the province and linking it to other parts of Indonesia. At the heart of this network lies the Port of Merauke, the region's largest port, catering to both large passenger vessels and pioneering ships. Notable among these are the [[Pelni]] KM Tatamailau, servicing the Merauke-Agats-Timika route to [[Bitung]], and the KM Leuser, connecting Merauke to [[Surabaya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papua.tribunnews.com/2024/05/30/jadwal-kapal-pelni-km-tatamailau-terbaru-juni-2024-lewati-bitung-timika-agats-merauke|title=Jadwal Kapal Pelni KM Tatamailau Terbaru Juni 2024, Lewati Bitung, Timika, Agats, Merauke|date=2024-05-30|website=papua.tribunnews.com|last=Mega Sari|first=Astini|publisher=Tribun Papua}}</ref> Additionally, the pioneering ship KM Sabuk Nusantara operates the Merauke route, extending its reach to smaller ports in South Papua's interior such as Kimaam, Wanam, Bade, Agats, and Atsy, before continuing its journey to other Indonesian regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papua.tribunnews.com/2023/04/13/jadwal-kapal-km-sabuk-nusantara-rute-merauke-agats-april-2023-harga-mulai-rp-38-ribuan|title=Jadwal Kapal KM Sabuk Nusantara Rute Merauke-Agats April 2023, Harga Mulai Rp 38 Ribuan|date=2023-04-13|website=papua.tribunnews.com|last=Mega Sari|first=Astini|publisher=Tribun Papua}}</ref>
Among the districts in South Papua, Asmat Regency relies heavily on water transportation, primarily [[speedboats]]. This reliance stems from the scarcity of land roads connecting villages and districts in Asmat and the absence of a land connection with neighboring districts by 2023. Situated on the banks of a river amidst a swamp, the village of Asmat and its capital, Agats town, feature structures elevated from the ground using wooden planks or concrete. Although Ewer Airport offers air access to Asmat, reaching Agats town from the airport necessitates the use of a speedboat due to the lack of land roads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3830597/begini-susahnya-akses-ke-asmat-papua-perahu-jadi-transportasi-utama|title=Begini Susahnya Akses ke Asmat Papua, Perahu Jadi Transportasi Utama|date=2018-01-24|website=news.detik.com|last=Saiman}}</ref>
Speedboats are also utilized for inland exploration in South Papua, such as accessing Senggo town in the Citak Mitak District located in the northern region of Mappi Regency. However, travel to this area faces obstacles due to the presence of an abundant plant species that extensively covers river bodies known as "tebu rawa" (''Hanguana malayana'') which literally translates to "swamp sugarcane". However, despite its name, this plant is unrelated to sugarcane.''Tebu rawa'' proliferates in various rivers throughout Mappi, including the Weldeman River, crucial for connecting Mappi's capital at Kepi with five districts to its north. To make these waterways navigable, the ''tebu rawa'' is cleared, albeit requiring significant effort, often resulting in boats needing to be manually pushed through due to substantial mud buildup. This impediment to transportation in Mappi's inland districts prompts the local government to allocate funds for regular maintenance of river routes, ensuring smooth transportation operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jubi.id/advertorial/2022/pemkab-mappi-akan-secara-berkala-membersihkan-sungai-dari-tebu-rawa/|title=Pemkab Mappi akan secara berkala membersihkan sungai dari Tebu Rawa|date=2022-10-27|access-date=2024-06-10|website=jubi.id|publisher=JUBI}}</ref>
==See also==
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