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==History==
===Before 1880===
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[[Italians in the United States before 1880]] included a number of explorers, starting with [[Christopher Columbus]], and a few small settlements.<ref>Andrew F. Rolle, ''The immigrant upraised: Italian adventurers and colonists in an expanding America'' (Oklahoma UP, 1968) pp. 3–15.</ref>
====Age of Discovery and early settlement====
[[File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Italian explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|His voyages]] are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a [[Early modern period|new era]] in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.]]
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[[File:Waldseemuller map 2.jpg|thumb|World map of [[Martin Waldseemüller|Waldseemüller]] (Germany, 1507), which first used the name America (in the lower-left section, over South America).<ref name=LoCmap>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28g3200+ct000725C%29%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109175922/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem%2Fgmd%3A%40field%28NUMBER+%40band%28g3200+ct000725C%29%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2009|title=Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru[m]que lustrationes.|accessdate=September 8, 2014}}</ref> The [[Naming of the Americas|name America]] derives from the Italian explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]].<ref name="Martone"/>]]
[[File:Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier.jpg|thumb|right|Dutch map ({{circa}} 1639) showing [[New Amsterdam]], what would eventually become [[New York City]], the destination of [[Pietro Cesare Alberti]], commonly regarded as the first Italian American]]
[[File:Henri de Tonti.jpg|thumb|[[
The first Italian to be registered as residing in the area corresponding to the current U.S. was [[Pietro Cesare Alberti]],<ref name=ItalianHistoricalPage>{{cite web|url=http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|title=Peter Caesar Alberti|access-date=June 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161128/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> commonly regarded as the first Italian American, a Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colony of [[New Amsterdam]], what would eventually become [[New York City]].
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A small wave of Protestants, known as [[Waldensians]], who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically [[Piedmont]]ese), occurred during the 17th century. The first Waldensians began arriving around 1640, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<ref>Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42</ref> They spread out across what was then called [[New Netherland]], and what would become New York, New Jersey and the Lower Delaware River regions. The total American Waldensian population that immigrated to New Netherland is currently unknown; however, a 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the [[Duchy of Savoy]] near [[Turin]], Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith.
[[
Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native American population. Included among these missionaries were numerous Italians. In 1519–25, [[Alessandro Geraldini]] was the first Catholic bishop in the Americas, at [[Santo Domingo]]. Father [[François-Joseph Bressani]] (Francesco Giuseppe Bressani) labored among the [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] and [[Wyandot people|Huron]] peoples in the early 17th century. The southwest and California were explored and mapped by Italian Jesuit priest [[Eusebio Kino]] (Chino) in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. [[Statue of Eusebio Kino|His statue]], commissioned by the state of Arizona, is displayed in the [[United States Capitol Visitor Center]].
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Today, the descendants of the Alberti-Burtis, Taliaferro, Fonda, Reggio and other early families are found all across the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prominent Families of New York |date=1898 |publisher=The New York Historical Company |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/hco/books/Prominent_Families_of_New_York.pdf |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>
====1776 to 1880====
This period saw a small stream of new arrivals from Italy. Some brought skills in agriculture and the making of glass, silk and wine, while others brought skills as musicians.<ref>Andrew F. Rolle, ''The immigrant upraised: Italian adventurers and colonists in an expanding America'' (U of Oklahoma Press, 1968).</ref>
[[File:David Filippo Mazzei.jpg|thumb|upright|[[
In 1773–1785, [[Filippo Mazzei]], a physician,
Italian Americans served in the [[American Revolutionary War]] both as soldiers and officers. [[Francesco Vigo]] aided the colonial forces of [[George Rogers Clark]] by serving as one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution in the frontier Northwest. Later, he was a co-founder of [[Vincennes University]] in Indiana.
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In 1801, [[Philip Trajetta]] (Filippo Traetta) established the nation's first conservatory of music in Boston, where, in the first half of the century, organist [[Charles Nolcini]] and conductor Louis Ostinelli were also active.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/BostonFamilyHistory/ancestors/italian/ita_1750.html |title=BostonFamilyHistory.com – The Place to Meet Your Past |publisher=Bostonhistorycollaborative.com |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215733/http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/BostonFamilyHistory/ancestors/italian/ita_1750.html |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1805 [[Thomas Jefferson]] recruited a group of musicians from Sicily to form a military band, later to become the nucleus of the [[U.S. Marine Band]]. The musicians included the young [[Venerando Pulizzi]], who became the first Italian director of the band, and served in this capacity from 1816 to 1827.<ref>http://article/italians-in-america-band-leaders-a173703 {{dead link|date=October 2017}}</ref> [[Francesco Maria Scala]], an Italian-born naturalized American citizen, was one of the most important and influential directors of the U.S. Marine Band, from 1855 to 1871, and was credited with the instrumental organization the band still maintains. Joseph Lucchesi, the third Italian leader of the U.S. Marine Band, served from 1844 to 1846.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marineband.marines.mil/About/Our-History/History-of-the-Directors|title = History of the Directors}}</ref> The first opera house in the country opened in 1833 in New York through the efforts of [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]], Mozart's former librettist, who had immigrated to America and had become the first professor of Italian at [[Columbia University|Columbia College]] in 1825.
[[File:Francevigovincennes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of [[
During this period Italian explorers continued to be active in the West. In 1789–91 [[Alessandro Malaspina]] mapped much of the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast of the Americas]], from [[Cape Horn]] to the [[Gulf of Alaska]]. In 1822–23 the headwater region of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] was explored by [[Giacomo Beltrami]] in the territory that was later to become Minnesota, which named a [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|county]] in his honor.
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During this period, Italian Americans established a number of institutions of higher learning. ''Las Vegas College'' (now [[Regis University]]) was established by a group of exiled Italian Jesuits in 1877 in Las Vegas, New Mexico. The Jesuit [[Joseph Cataldo|Giuseppe Cataldo]], founded ''Gonzaga College'' (now [[Gonzaga University]]) in Spokane, Washington in 1887. In 1886, Rabbi [[Sabato Morais]], a Jewish Italian immigrant, was one of the founders and first president of the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] in New York. Also during this period, there was a growing presence of Italian Americans in higher education. [[Vincenzo Botta]] was a distinguished professor of Italian at [[New York University]] from 1856 to 1894,<ref>Vincent A. Lapomarda, "Higher Education", in ''The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia'', ed. Salvatore LaGumina (New York: Garland, 2000), p.286.</ref> and Gaetano Lanza was a professor of mechanical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] for over 40 years, beginning in 1871.<ref>Rosanne Martorella, "Science", in ''The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia'', ed. Salvatore LaGumina (New York: Garland, 2000), p.583.</ref>
Anthony Ghio became the mayor of [[Texarkana, Texas|Texarkana]], Texas in 1880. [[Francis B. Spinola]], the first Italian American to
====Civil War ====
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[[File:March past of the 'Garibaldi Guard' before President Lincoln, 1861-1865 (c1880).jpg|thumb|Review of the [[Garibaldi Guard]] by President Lincoln]]
The [[Garibaldi Guard]] recruited volunteers for the Union Army from Italy and other European countries to form the [[39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment|39th New York Infantry]].<ref>''Images: A Pictorial History of Italian Americans''. New York, 1986, p.26</ref> At the outbreak of the American Civil War, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] was a very popular figure. The [[39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]], of whose 350 members were Italian, was nicknamed ''Garibaldi Guard'' in his honor. The unit wore red shirts and ''[[Bersaglieri|bersaglieri plumes]].'' They carried with them both a Union Flag as well as an [[Italian flag]] with the words ''Dio e popolo,'' meaning "God and people."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belfiglio |first1=Valentino J. |title=Italians and the American Civil War |journal=Italian Americana |date=Spring–Summer 1978 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=164 |jstor=41330626 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41330626 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> In 1861 Garibaldi himself volunteered his services to President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Garibaldi was offered a Major General's commission in the U.S. Army through the letter from Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] to [[Henry Sanford|H. S. Sanford]], the U.S. Minister at [[Brussels]], July 17, 1861.<ref>Mack Smith, Denis, Garibaldi, Prentice-Hall, 1969, pp. 69–70</ref>
===The great Italian diaspora (1880–1914)===
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[[File:HalstedLittleItalyChicago.jpg|thumb|Little Italy in Chicago, 1909]]
From 1880 to 1914, 13 million [[Italian diaspora|Italians migrated out of Italy]],<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 1989 |title=APPENDIX A: Italian Immigration to the United States in the Last Twenty Years |journal=Center for Migration Studies Special Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=101–118 |doi=10.1111/j.2050-411x.1989.tb00597.x |issn=2050-411X|doi-access=free }}</ref> making Italy the scene of one of the largest voluntary emigrations in recorded world history.<ref>Mark Choate, ''Emigrant Nation: The making of Italy abroad''. (Harvard University Press, 2008).</ref> During this period of mass migration, 4 million Italians arrived in the United States, 3 million of them between 1900 and 1914.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian Immegration to the United States by Years |website=Mount Holyoke College |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~molna22a/classweb/politics/images/italian%20population%20chart%20001.jpg |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111330/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~molna22a/classweb/politics/images/italian%20population%20chart%20001.jpg |archive-date=October 25, 2020 }}</ref> They came for the most part from southern Italy: the
====Padrone system====
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Italian Americans continued their significant involvement in the labor movement during this period. Well known labor organizers included [[Carlo Tresca]], [[Luigi Antonini]], [[James Petrillo]], and [[Angela Bambace]].<ref>Salvatore J. LaGumina, "Reflections of an Italian-American Worker." ''Journal of Ethnic Studies'' 3.2 (1975): 65-77 [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1300553397?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&imgSeq=1 online].</ref>
====
The Mafia, or ''La Cosa Nostra'' is a highly organized Italian [[organized crime]] group. It emerged in the late 19th century as an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia formed by Italian immigrants in New York. It evolved into a separate entity partially independent of the original Mafia in Sicily, and it eventually encompassed or absorbed other Italian gangsters and crime groups (such as the [[Camorra in New York City|American Camorra]]) active in the United States and Canada that were not of [[Sicilian people|Sicilian]] origin.<ref>Roberto M. Dainotto (2015) ''The Mafia: A Cultural History'' pp. 7-44</ref><ref>Davidf Critchley, ''The origin of organized crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931'' (Routledge, 2008).</ref>▼
▲
[[Al Capone]] was the nation's most famous gangster in the 1920s. He attained notoriety during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition era]] as the co-founder and boss of the [[Chicago Outfit]]. The most famous single crime was the [[Saint Valentine's Day Massacre]] of 1929, when Capone's men, dressed as policemen, massacred seven members of a rival gang. His seven-year reign as a [[crime boss]] ended when he went to federal prison at the age of 33. Ethnic America made him a hero, seeing him as the epitome of self-made success, a defender of American ideals, a family man, and a philanthropist. His stature helped ethnics justify their own violations of the prohibition laws against liquor.<ref>Dominic J. Capeci, "Al Capone: Symbol of a Ballyhoo Society." ''Journal of Ethnic Studies'' 2.4 (1975): 33–46.</ref>▼
▲[[Al Capone]] was the nation's most
====Mussolini for and against====
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===Language===
{{Main|Italian language in the United States}}
{| class="
|+Italian speakers in the U.S.
|-
!
!
|-
| 1910{{ref|foreignborn|a}} ||style="text-align:center"|1,365,110
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Despite previous decline, Italian and Sicilian are still spoken and studied by those of Italian American descent and it can be heard in various American communities, especially among older Italian Americans. The official Italian taught in schools is [[Italian language|Standard Italian]], which is based on 14th century literary [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]].<ref>{{Treccani|storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)|titolo=Storia della lingua|autore=Vittorio Coletti|accesso=22 maggio 2017|data=2011}}</ref> However, the "Italian" with which Italian Americans are generally acquainted is often rooted in the [[Regional Italian]] and [[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] their immigrant ancestors brought from Italy to American, primarily [[Neapolitan language|southern Italian]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian dialects]] of pre-unification Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-capicola-became-gabagool-the-italian-new-jersey-accent-explained|title=How Capicola Became Gabagool: The Italian New Jersey Accent, Explained|last=Nosowitz|first=Dan|date=November 5, 2015|website=Atlas Obscura|access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Italian USC2000 PHS.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Italian language in the United States]]]]
Despite it being the fifth most studied language in higher education (college and graduate) settings throughout America,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vistawide.com/languages/us_languages.htm |title=Languages Spoken and Learned in the United States |publisher=Vistawide.com | access-date=September 3, 2010 }}</ref> the Italian language has struggled to maintain being an [[Advanced Placement|AP course of study]] in high schools nationwide. It was only in 2006 that AP Italian classes were first introduced, and they were soon dropped from the national curricula after the spring of 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Mary Pilon |last=Pilon |first=Mary |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703674704575234232176866638?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsForth |title=Italian Job: Get Back on AP Exam |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 10, 2010|access-date=September 3, 2010}}</ref> The organization which manages such curricula, the [[College Board]], ended the AP Italian program because it was "losing money" and had failed to add 5,000 new students each year. Since the program's termination in the spring of 2009, various Italian organizations and activists have attempted to revive the course of study. Most notable in the effort is Margaret Cuomo, sister of [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[Andrew Cuomo]]. She provided the impetus for the program's birth in 2006 and is currently attempting to secure funding and teachers to reinstate the program. It is also worth noting that Italian organizations have begun fundraisers to revive AP Italian. Organizations such as the [[National Italian American Foundation|NIAF]] and [[Order Sons of Italy in America]] have made strides in collecting money, and are prepared to aid in the monetary responsibility any new AP Italian program would bring with it.
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*Albany, New York: American Italian Heritage Association and Museum<ref>American Italian Heritage Association and Museum https://americanitalianmuseum.org/</ref>
*New York, New York: Italian American Museum<ref>Italian American Museum https://www.italianamericanmuseum.org</ref>
*Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: History of Italian Immigration Museum (Filitalia Foundation)<ref>History of Italian Immigration Museum http://filitaliainternational.com/museum-main {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703050200/http://filitaliainternational.com/museum-main |date=July 3, 2020 }}</ref>
==Discrimination and stereotyping==
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The neighborhood around Chicago's Taylor Street has been called the [[Port#Port of call|port of call]] for Chicago's Italian American immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.TaylorStreetArchives.com |title=Stories from Chicago's Little Italy |publisher=Taylor Street Archives |access-date=September 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/ |archive-date=2018-12-28 }}</ref> Taylor Street's Little Italy was home to [[Hull House]], an early [[settlement house]], founded by [[Jane Addams]] and [[Ellen Starr]] in 1889. Chicago's Italian American experience begins with the mass migration from the shores of southern Italy, the Hull House experiment, the Great Depression, World War II, and the machinations behind the physical demise of a neighborhood by the [[University of Illinois at Chicago|University of Illinois]] in 1963.
Italian Americans dominated the inner core of the Hull House neighborhood, 1890s–1930s.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Dominic|last1=Candeloro|url=http://libblogs.luc.edu/ccic/rundown-of-chicago-italian-neighborhoods-and-churches-there-was-never-just-one-little-italy-in-chicago/|title=Rundown of Chicago Italian Neighborhoods and churches: There was never just ONE Little Italy in Chicago|date=September 18, 2013 |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> One of the first newspaper articles about Hull House (''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', May 19, 1890) is an invitation, written in Italian, to the residents of the Hull House neighborhood signed, "Le Signorine, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr".
The 1924 historic picture, ''Meet the "Hull House Kids"'', was taken by Wallace K. Kirkland Sr., one of the Hull House directors. It served as a poster for Jane Addams and the Hull House Settlement House. All twenty kids were first generation Italian Americans...all with vowels at the end of their names.
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===Memory and historiography===
* Agnoletto, Stefano. "Ethnicity Versus Structural Factors in North American History: The Case Study of the Italian Economic Niches." ''Studia Migracyjne-Przeglad Polonijny'' 40.1 (151) (2014): 161–181. [http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-161d4f31-dd2a-45c1-ab58-cb2455633019/c/STEFANO_AGNOLETTO_SMPP_1-2014-12.pdf online]
* Alba, Richard D. "The twilight of ethnicity among Americans of European ancestry: The case of Italians." in ''Celebrating 40 Years of Ethnic and Racial Studies'' (Routledge, 2019). 50-74. [https://www.academia.edu/download/40035778/The_Twilight_of_Ethnicity_among_American20151115-10012-196ovyt.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Alba, Richard D. ''Italian Americans: Into the twilight of ethnicity'' (2023) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWreEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Italian+American%22&pg=PT10 online].
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