Indonesia: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Republic of Indonesia

*87.1% [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]

*10.5% [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]

*0.08% [[Aliran Kepercayaan|Folk]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Religion in Indonesia|Others]]<ref>{{cite web| url= https://e-database.kemendagri.go.id/dataset/1203/tabel-data?page=23| title= Religion in Indonesia| access-date= 21 June 2024| archive-date= 21 June 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240621091542/https://e-database.kemendagri.go.id/dataset/1203/tabel-data?page=23| url-status= live}}</ref>{{efn|According 2023 data.}}

{{tree list/end}}

| population_estimate_year = 2023 civil registration

| population_estimate_rank = 4th

| population_density_sq_mi = 371

| population_density_rank = 90th

| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 96th

| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,271<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" />

| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 114th

}}

 

 

 

 

== Etymology ==

{{Main|Names of Indonesia}}

The name ''Indonesia'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words {{lang|grc-Latn|[[wikt:Indo-|Indos]]}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδός}}) and {{lang|grc-Latn|[[wikt:νῆσος|nesos]]}} ({{lang|grc|νῆσος}}), meaning "Indian islands".<ref name="EcoSeas1">{{cite book|last1=Tomascik|first1=Tomas|last2=Mah|first2=Anmarie Janice|last3=Nontji|first3=Anugerah|last4=Moosa|first4=Mohammad Kasim|title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One|publisher=Periplus Editions|year=1996|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-593-078-7}}</ref> The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, [[George Windsor Earl]], an English [[ethnology|ethnologist]], proposed the terms ''Indunesians''—and, his preference, ''Malayunesians''—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or [[Malay Archipelago]]".{{sfn|Earl|1850|p=119}}<ref name="indoety">{{cite web|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm|title=The origin of Indonesia's name|last=Anshory|first=Irfan|publisher=Pikiran Rakyat|language=id|date=2004-08-16|access-date=2006-12-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215190155/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm|archive-date=2006-12-15}}</ref> In the same publication, one of his students, [[James Richardson Logan]], used ''Indonesia'' as a synonym for ''Indian Archipelago''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Logan|first=James Richardson|title=The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders|journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia|year=1850|volume=4|pages=252–347}}</ref>{{sfn|Earl|1850|pp=254, 277–278}} Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use ''Indonesia''. They preferred ''Malay Archipelago'' ({{lang-nl|Maleische Archipel}}); the ''[[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]]'' ({{lang|nl|Nederlandsch Oost Indië}}), popularly {{lang|nl|Indië}}; ''the East'' ({{lang|nl|de Oost}}); and {{lang|nl|Insulinde}}.<ref name="Kroef">{{cite journal|title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|first=Justus M|last=van der Kroef|volume=71|issue=3|pages=166–171|year=1951|doi=10.2307/595186|jstor=595186|issn=0003-0279 }}</ref>

 

{{Main|Climate of Indonesia|Climate change in Indonesia}}

[[File:Gunung Palung Jungle.jpg|thumb|left|Rainforest in [[Mount Palung National Park]], [[West Kalimantan]]]]

 

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IDN present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]] map of Indonesia<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Hylke E.|last2=Zimmermann|first2=Niklaus E.|last3=McVicar|first3=Tim R.|last4=Vergopolan|first4=Noemi|last5=Berg|first5=Alexis|last6=Wood|first6=Eric F.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood|title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution|journal=Scientific Data|date=2018-10-30|volume=5|pages=180214|doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214|pmid=30375988|pmc=6207062|bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref>|alt=]]

{{Main|Geology of Indonesia}} {{See also|Volcanoes of Indonesia}}

[[File:Map indonesia volcanoes.gif|thumb|left|Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] area]]

 

A [[Toba catastrophe theory|massive supervolcano erupted]] at present-day [[Lake Toba]] around 70,000 BCE. It is believed to have caused a global [[volcanic winter]] and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a [[genetic bottleneck]] in human evolution, though this is still in debate.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2017/08/11/early-humans-may-have-lived-through-a-supervolcano-eruption/|title=Early Humans May Have Lived Through A Supervolcano Eruption|last=Bressan|first=David|magazine=Forbes|date=2017-08-11|access-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811205248/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2017/08/11/early-humans-may-have-lived-through-a-supervolcano-eruption/|archive-date=2017-08-11}}</ref> The [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora]] and the [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa]] were among the largest in recorded history. The former caused 92,000 deaths and created an umbrella of volcanic ash that spread and blanketed parts of the archipelago and made much of the Northern Hemisphere [[Year Without a Summer|without summer in 1816]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/tambora.html|title=Tambora|publisher=Volcano Discovery|date=2016-05-29|access-date=2016-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181832/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/tambora.html|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/08/31/the-eruption-of-krakatoa-was-the-first-global-catastrophe/|title=The Eruption of Krakatoa Was the First Global Catastrophe|last=Bressan|first=David|magazine=Forbes|date=2016-08-31|access-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902143003/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/08/31/the-eruption-of-krakatoa-was-the-first-global-catastrophe/|archive-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and the [[2006 Yogyakarta earthquake]].

{{See also|Agriculture in Indonesia}}

[[File:Oil palm plantation in Cigudeg-03.jpg|thumb|right|Vast [[palm oil]] plantation in [[Bogor Regency]], [[West Java]]. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pacheco|first1= P.|last2=Gnych|first2= S.|last3=Dermawan|first3= A.|last4=Komarudin|first4= H.|last5=Okarda|first5= B.|date=2017|title=The Palm Oil Global Value Chain: Implications for Economic Growth and Social and Environmental Sustainability|journal=Center for International Forestry Research – Working Paper|volume=220}}</ref>]]

Indonesia has a [[mixed economy]] in which the private sector and government play vital roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/economy/item177|title=Economy of Indonesia|publisher=Indonesia Investments|access-date=2017-05-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504124120/https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/economy/item177|archive-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> As the only [[G20]] member state in Southeast Asia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g20.org/|title=G20 Presidency of Indonesia|publisher=G20|access-date=2022-08-18|archive-date=2015-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205230641/http://g20.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified as a [[newly industrialised country]]. Per a 2023 estimate, it is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|16th largest economy by nominal GDP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|7th in terms of GDP at PPP]], estimated to be {{currency|1.417&nbsp;trillion|USD|passthrough=yes}} and {{currency|4.393&nbsp;trillion|USD|passthrough=yes}}, respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is {{currency|15,835|USD|passthrough=no}}, while nominal [[gross domestic product|per capita GDP]] is {{currency|5,108|USD|passthrough=no}}.<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> Services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/319236/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-indonesia/|title=Indonesia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2008 to 2018|publisher=Statista|date=December 2019|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092751/https://www.statista.com/statistics/319236/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-indonesia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2009, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320160/employment-by-economic-sector-in-indonesia/|title=Indonesia: Distribution of employment by economic sector from 2009 to 2019|publisher=Statista|date=December 2019|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2016-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020042323/https://www.statista.com/statistics/320160/employment-by-economic-sector-in-indonesia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

 

=== Tourism ===

{{Main|Science and technology in Indonesia}}

[[File:STS-41-B Palapa B-2 deployment.jpg|thumb|[[Palapa]] satellite launch in 1984|alt=]]

 

Indonesia has a long history of developing military and small commuter aircraft. It is the only country in Southeast Asia to build and produce aircraft. The state-owned [[Indonesian Aerospace|Indonesian Aerospace company]] (''PT. Dirgantara Indonesia'') has provided components for [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2011/10/26/08061555/presiden.kunjungi.pt.dirgantara.indonesia.|title=President Visits PT Dirgantara Indonesia|publisher=Kompas|last=Liu|first= Hindra|date=2011-10-26|access-date=2011-05-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513132842/https://properti.kompas.com/read/2011/10/26/08061555/presiden.kunjungi.pt.dirgantara.indonesia.|archive-date=2021-05-13}}</ref> The company also collaborated with [[EADS CASA]] of Spain to develop the [[CASA/IPTN CN-235|CN-235]], which has been used by several countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/industri/3135372/ptdi-ekspor-40-unit-pesawat-terlaris-cn235|title=PTDI Ekspor 40 Unit Pesawat, Terlaris CN235|last=Dwi Sutianto|first= Feby|publisher=detikFinance|date=2016-02-05|language=id|access-date=2017-08-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175446/https://finance.detik.com/industri/3135372/ptdi-ekspor-40-unit-pesawat-terlaris-cn235|archive-date=2017-08-15}}</ref> Former President [[B. J. Habibie]] played a vital role in this achievement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/30/habibie-receives-honorary-doctorate.html|title=Habibie receives honorary doctorate|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=2010-01-30|access-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072336/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/30/habibie-receives-honorary-doctorate.html|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the 4.5-generation fighter jet [[KAI KF-21 Boramae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/|title=KF-X Fighter: Korea's Future Homegrown Jet|publisher=Defense Industry Daily|date=2017-11-21|access-date=2017-11-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123011721/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/|archive-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>

[[Catholic Church in Indonesia|Catholicism]] was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Francis Xavier]], who visited and baptised several thousand locals.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=25, 26, 28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sydneycatholic.org/events/pilgrimageofgrace/about.shtml|title=About St Francis Xavier|publisher=Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney|access-date=2018-07-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116164225/https://www.sydneycatholic.org/events/pilgrimageofgrace/about.shtml|archive-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> Its spread faced difficulty due to the Dutch East India Company policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the [[Eighty Years' War]] against Catholic Spain's rule. [[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]] is mostly a result of [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] missionary efforts during the Dutch colonial era.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=28, 62}}{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=22}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Goh|first= Robbie B.H.|title=Christianity in Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|page=80|isbn=978-981-230-297-7|year=2005}}</ref> Although they are the most common branch, there is a multitude of other denominations elsewhere in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reformiert-online.net/weltweit/64_eng.php|title=Indonesia – Asia|publisher=Reformed Online|access-date=2006-12-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205042413/http://reformiert-online.net/weltweit/64_eng.php|archive-date=2006-12-05}}</ref>

 

 

At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both positively and negatively. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm|title=Pancasila|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|date=2017-02-03|access-date=2017-02-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205010135/http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm|archive-date=2017-02-05}}</ref>{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=117}} (i.e. the belief in the one and only God), often serves as a reminder of religious tolerance,<ref>{{cite book|surname=Madjid|given=Nurcholish|title=Islamic Roots of Modern Pluralism: Indonesian Experience|publisher=Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies|year=1994}}</ref> though instances of intolerance have occurred.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-04-16|title=The struggle of religious minorities in Indonesia|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22165159|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-date=2023-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302002925/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22165159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RIP" /> An overwhelming majority of Indonesians consider religion to be essential and an integral part of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2018/06/13/how-religious-commitment-varies-by-country-among-people-of-all-ages/|title=How religious commitment varies by country among people of all ages|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2018-06-13|access-date=2018-11-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174002/http://www.pewforum.org/2018/06/13/how-religious-commitment-varies-by-country-among-people-of-all-ages/|archive-date=2018-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/tippling/2018/10/28/religion-in-indonesia-an-insight/|title=Religion in Indonesia: An Insight|last=Pearce|first= Jonathan MS|publisher=Patheos|date=2018-10-28|access-date=2018-11-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028170242/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/tippling/2018/10/28/religion-in-indonesia-an-insight/|archive-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>

| footer = Indonesian music and dance. '''From top, left to right:''' Javanese [[Gamelan]] player; [[Angklung]]; Balinese [[Pendet]] dance; Sundanese [[Jaipongan]] Mojang Priangan dance; Acehnese [[Saman (dance)|Saman]] dance; Minangkabau [[Candle dance|Candle]] dance

}}

The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. [[Angklung]], [[kacapi suling]], [[gong]], [[gamelan]], [[talempong]], [[kulintang]], and [[sasando]] are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. The diverse world of Indonesian music genres results from the musical creativity of its people and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign influences. These include [[Qanbūs|gambus]] and [[qasida]] from the Middle East,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Harnish|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Rasmussen|editor2-first=Anne|year=2011|title=Divine Inspirations: Music and Islam in Indonesia|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> [[keroncong]] from Portugal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/%E2%80%98keroncong%E2%80%99-freedom-music-portuguese-descendants.html|title='Keroncong': Freedom music from Portuguese descendants|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=2011-06-16|access-date=2015-09-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923061057/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/%E2%80%98keroncong%E2%80%99-freedom-music-portuguese-descendants.html|archive-date=2015-09-23}}</ref> and [[dangdut]]—one of Indonesia's most popular music genres—with notable Hindi influence as well as Malay orchestras.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Ariel Heryanto|last=Heryanto|first= Ariel|year=2008|title=Popular Culture in Indonesia: Fluid Identities in Post-Authoritarian Politics|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Today, the Indonesian music industry enjoys both nationwide and regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tirto.id/musik-di-tengah-konflik-indonesia-malaysia-cu8t|title=Music Amid the Indonesia-Malaysia Conflict|publisher=Tirto.id|language=id|last=Abdulsalam|first= Husein|date=2017-08-23|access-date=2020-12-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817090354/https://tirto.id/musik-di-tengah-konflik-indonesia-malaysia-cu8t|archive-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fimela.com/news-entertainment/read/2982723/editor-says-ketika-musik-indonesia-berjaya-di-negeri-tetangga|title=Editor Says: Ketika Musik Indonesia Berjaya di Negeri Tetangga|publisher=Fimela|language=id|last=Zulmi|first= Nizar|date=2017-06-08|access-date=2020-12-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125054232/https://www.fimela.com/news-entertainment/read/2982723/editor-says-ketika-musik-indonesia-berjaya-di-negeri-tetangga|archive-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> due to the common culture and [[Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay|mutual intelligibility]] between [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&pg=PA71|title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar|last1=Adelaar|first1=K. Alexander|last2=Himmelmann|first2=Nikolaus|date=2013-03-07|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75509-5|page=71|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2023-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309152556/https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

Indonesian dances have a diverse history, with more than 3,000 original dances. Scholars believe that they had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indonesia-tourism.com/general/theatre.html|title=Indonesia Tourism : The Dance and Theater in the Archipelago|publisher=Indonesia Tourism|access-date=2010-11-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124083455/http://indonesia-tourism.com/general/theatre.html|archive-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> Examples include war dances, a dance of [[witch doctor]]s, and a dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as [[Hudoq]]. Indonesian dances derive their influences from the archipelago's prehistoric and tribal, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic periods. Recently, modern dances and urban teen dances have gained popularity due to the influence of Western culture and those of Japan and South Korea to some extent. However, various traditional dances, including those of Java, Bali and Dayak, remain a living and dynamic tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhb.gov.sg/spm/-/media/spm/documents/indonesia-land-of-dance-and-dragon.pdf?la=en|title=Land of Dance & Dragon|publisher=National Heritage Board|author=Chua Mei Lin|date=January–March 2011|access-date=2020-12-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206060336/https://www.nhb.gov.sg/spm/-/media/spm/documents/indonesia-land-of-dance-and-dragon.pdf?la=en|archive-date=2020-12-06}}</ref>

 

===General===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085755/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm Indonesia] ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia Indonesia] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

* {{Wikiatlas|Indonesia}}