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{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Culture of San Marino}}
As the only surviving
Like [[Andorra]], [[Liechtenstein]] and [[Monaco]], it is a surviving example of the typical medieval [[
==Origins==
=== The Foundation Myth ===
[[File:Marino als steinhauer.png|thumb|San Marino is named after the Christian stonemason
This foundation tale is at the base of San Marino's claim to be the world's oldest surviving republic.
According to William Miller, these accounts of the origin of San Marino "are a mixture of fables and miracles, but perhaps contain some grains of fact".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=William |date=July 1901 |title=The Republic of San Marino |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834173 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=633–649 |doi=10.2307/1834173|jstor=1834173 }}</ref>
Evidence of the existence of a community on Mount Titano dates back to the [[Middle Ages]]. That evidence comes from a monk named Eugippio, who reports in several documents going back to 511 that another monk lived here. In memory of the stonecutter, the land was renamed "Land of San Marino", and was changed to its present-day name, "Republic of San Marino".{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}▼
=== Documents ===
▲Evidence of the existence of a community on Mount Titano dates back to the [[Middle Ages]]. That evidence comes from a monk named Eugippio, who reports in several documents going back to 511 that another monk lived here.
The
==Early Middle Ages and Renaissance==
▲The original government structure was composed of a self-governed assembly known as the ''Arengo'', which consisted of the heads of each family (as in the original [[Roman Senate]], the ''Patres''). In 1243, the positions of [[Captains Regent]] (''{{lang|it|Capitani Reggenti}}'') were established to be the joint heads of state. The state's earliest statutes date back to 1263. The [[Holy See]] confirmed the independence of San Marino in 1631.<ref>"San Marino," ''U.S. Department of State,'' 10/05, 2009–2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/sanmarino/55324.htm</ref>
In quick succession, the lords of [[Montefeltro]], the [[House of Malatesta|Malatesta of Rimini]], and the lords of [[Urbino]] attempted to conquer the little town, but without success.<ref name="Catholic">{{Catholic|wstitle=San Marino|inline=1}}</ref> In 1320 the community of [[Chiesanuova]] chose to join the country.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/castles/chiesanuova|website= SanMarinoSite|title = Chiesanuova|date = 17 November 2014}}</ref> The land area of San Marino consisted only of Mount Titano until 1463, at which time the republic entered into an alliance against [[Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta]], duke of Rimini, who was later defeated. As a result, [[Pope Pius II]] gave San Marino some castles and the towns of [[Fiorentino]], [[Montegiardino]] and [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]. Later that year, the town of [[Faetano]] joined the republic on its own accord. Since then, the size of San Marino has remained unchanged.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/San-Marino.html/ |title = San Marino|website= Countries and their Cultures|first1 = M. Cameron|last1 =Arnold}}</ref>▼
[[Image:Cesareborgia.jpg|thumb|
▲[[Image:Cesareborgia.jpg|thumb|[[Cesare Borgia]] (here [[Portrait of a Gentleman (Melone)|painted]] by [[Altobello Melone]]) briefly took control of San Marino in 1503.]]
▲In quick succession, the lords of [[Montefeltro]], the [[House of Malatesta|Malatesta of Rimini]], and the lords of [[Urbino]] attempted to conquer the little town, but without success.<ref name="Catholic">{{Catholic|wstitle=San Marino|inline=1}}</ref> In 1320 the community of [[Chiesanuova]] chose to join the country.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/castles/chiesanuova|website= SanMarinoSite|title = Chiesanuova|date = 17 November 2014}}</ref> The land area of San Marino consisted only of Mount Titano until 1463, at which time the republic entered into an alliance against [[Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta]], duke of Rimini, who was later defeated. As a result, [[Pope Pius II]] gave San Marino some castles and the towns of [[Fiorentino]], [[Montegiardino]] and [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]. Later that year, the town of [[Faetano]] joined the republic on its own accord. Since then, the size of San Marino has remained unchanged.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/San-Marino.html/ |title = San Marino|website= Countries and their Cultures|first1 = M. Cameron|last1 =Arnold}}</ref>
On 4 June 1543 Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later [[Pope Julius III]], attempted to conquer the republic in a plan involving 500 infantry men and some cavalry. The group failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinese attributed to [[Quirinus of Sescia|Saint Quirinus]], whose feast day it was, and which afterwards has been celebrated annually in the country.<ref>Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi ''The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles'', 2011, p. 20.</ref>
==Modern Period==
On 17 October 1739, Cardinal [[Giulio Alberoni]], Papal Governor of [[Ravenna]], used military force to occupy the country, imposed a new constitution, and endeavored to force the Sammarinesi to submit to the government of the [[Papal States]].<ref name="Catholic"/> He was aiding certain rebels, and acting possibly contrary to the orders of [[Pope Clement XII]]. However, [[civil disobedience]] occurred, and clandestine notes were written to the Pope to appeal for justice. On 5 February 1740, 3{{frac|1|2}} months after the occupation began, the Pope recognised San Marino's rights, restoring independence. 5 February is the feast day of [[Agatha of Sicily|Saint Agatha]], after which she became a patron saint of San Marino.<ref>Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi ''The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles'', 2011, p. 23.</ref>▼
===Statutes of 1600===
The basis of San Marino's government is the multi-document [[Constitution of San Marino]], the first components of which were promulgated and became effective on 1 September 1600. Whether these documents amount to a written constitution depends upon how one defines the term. The political scientist Jorri Duursma claims that "San Marino does not have an official constitution as such. The first legal documents which mentioned San Marino's institutional organs were the Statutes of 1600."<ref>{{cite book|author=Jorri C. Duursma|title=Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-states: Self-determination and Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgVDprXjkIYC&pg=PA211|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=211|isbn=9780521563604}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Scott Witmer|title=Political Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmDZAoBkvxMC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=Heinemann-Raintree Classroom|page=21|isbn=9781432965563}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=[[J. N. Larned]]|title=History for Ready Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OKOzKfNT5cC&pg=PA2800|year=1894|pages=2799–2800}}</ref>
===Alberonian occupation===
==Napoleonic Wars==▼
▲On 17 October 1739, Cardinal [[Giulio Alberoni]], Papal Governor of [[Ravenna]], used military force to occupy the country, imposed a new constitution, and endeavored to force the
After [[Napoleon]]'s [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|campaign of Italy]], San Marino found itself on the border between the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] and long-time ally the [[Papal States]]. On 5 February 1797, when, with the arrival of a letter from General [[Louis Alexandre Berthier]] addressed to the Regents, it was required to arrest and consign the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rimini|Bishop of Rimini]], Monsignor Vincenzo Ferretti, accused of instigating crimes against the French Empire, who fled with all his possessions to San Marino and refusal would result in the immediate intervention of French troops.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}▼
▲===Napoleonic Wars===
The Government of San Marino replied that it would do everything possible to fulfil the request, even though, in reality, the bishop was able to flee across the border.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}▼
▲After [[Napoleon]]'s [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|campaign of Italy]], San Marino found itself on the border between the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] and long-time ally the [[Papal States]]. On 5 February 1797, when, with the arrival of a letter from General [[Louis Alexandre Berthier]] addressed to the Regents, it was required to arrest and consign the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rimini|Bishop of Rimini]],
▲The Government of San Marino replied that it would do everything possible to
A solution was found by one of the Regents, [[Antonio Onofri]], who inspired in Napoleon a friendship and respect toward the sovereign state. Napoleon was won to the commonality in cause with the ideals of liberty and humanity extolled in San Marino's humble founding and wrote in recognition of its cultural value in a letter to [[Gaspard Monge]], scientist and [[Commission des Sciences et des Arts|commissary of the French Government for the Sciences and the Arts]] who was at the time stationed in Italy;<ref>Alain Queruel, Les francs-maçons de l'Expédition d'Egypte, Editions du Cosmogone, 2012.</ref> further promising to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic even so far as offering to extend its territory according to its needs. While grateful for the former, the offer of territorial expansion was politely declined by San Marino.<ref>Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi ''The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles'', 2011, p. 27.</ref>
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Napoleon issued orders that exempted San Marino's citizens from any type of taxation and gave them 1,000 [[quintal]]s (over 2,200 lb or 1,000 kg) of wheat as well as four cannons; although for unknown reasons, the cannons were ultimately never brought into San Marino.<ref>{{cite web|title = From XVI to XIX century, Napoleon in San Marino|website = sanmarinosite.com|url = http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/napoleone.html|date = 25 November 2014|access-date = 11 May 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090518123316/http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/napoleone.html|archive-date = 18 May 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref>
Onofri will keep negotiating favourable terms with the Northern Italian "Sister Republics" and later [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]].
The state was recognized by Napoleon by the [[Treaty of Tolentino]], in 1797 and by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815. In 1825 and 1853, new attempts to submit it to the [[Papal States]] failed; and its wish to be left out of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Italian unification]] in the mid-nineteenth century was honoured by Giuseppe in gratitude for indiscriminately taking in refugees in years prior, many of whom were supporters of unification, including Giuseppe himself and 250 followers. Although faced with many hardships (with his wife Anita who was carrying their fifth child dying near [[Comacchio]] before they could reach the refuge), the hospitality received by Giuseppe in San Marino would later prove to be a shaping influence on Giuseppe's diplomatic manner, presaging the themes and similar language used in his political correspondences such as his letter to [[Joseph Cowen]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105477655|title = A Garibaldi Letter| work = The Daily Herald|location = Adelaide, Australia|date = 30 December 1914 |page = 8|via = National Library of Australia}}</ref>▼
==19th century==
The [[Congress of Vienna]] ratified San Marino's independence in 1815.
In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the [[American Civil War]], the government of San Marino wrote a letter (in "perfect Italian on one side, and imperfect but clear English on the other"<ref name=Lincoln>{{cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/from-san-marino-with-love |title=From San Marino, With Love |date=28 March 2011|access-date=2011-03-28|work= The New York Times|first1=Don H.|last1=Doyle}}</ref>) to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]], proposing an "alliance" between the two democratic nations and offering the President honorary San Marino citizenship. Lincoln accepted the offer, writing (with his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], [[William H. Seward]]) in reply that San Marino proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring."<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Amy |last1=Wallace|first2= David|last2= Wallechinsky|first3= Irving |last3 = Wallace|author3-link =Irving Wallace|title = The People's almanac presents the book of lists #3 |isbn = 0688016472|date = 1983|publisher = Morrow|location = New York}}</ref> Presaging a theme he would bring to the fore, using similar language, in his [[Gettysburg Address]] in 1863, Lincoln wrote: "You have kindly adverted to the trial through which this Republic is now passing. It is one of deep import. It involves the question whether a Representative republic, extended and aggrandized so much as to be safe against foreign enemies can save itself from the dangers of domestic faction. I have faith in a good result...."<ref name=Lincoln />▼
In 1825 and 1853, new attempts to submit it to the [[Papal States]] failed.
After the unification of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] a treaty in 1862 confirmed San Marino's independence. It was revised in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Marino {{!}} Geography, History, Capital, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>▼
The sympathy of Republicanist advocates inside the Italian "Risorgimento" movement, the hospitality and asylum granted to unionist supporters and a general disinterest, played again in favour of Sammarinese independence. The most notorious event was covering [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s retreat with 250 followers towards Venice after the fall of the [[Roman Republic (1849)|1849 Roman Republic]].
▲
▲In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the [[American Civil War]], the government of San Marino wrote a letter
▲After the unification of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] a treaty in 1862 confirmed San Marino's independence
Towards the end of the 19th century, San Marino experienced economic depression: a large increase in the birth rate coupled with a widening of the gap between agricultural and industrial development led people to seek their fortunes in more industrialised countries.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The Sammarinese first sought seasonal employment in Tuscany, Rome, Genoa and Trieste, but in the latter half of the century whole families were uprooted, with the first permanent migrations to the Americas (United States, Argentina and Uruguay) and to Greece, Germany and Austria.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} This phenomenon lasted up to the 1970s, with a pause during the First World War and an increase during the Fascist period in Italy. Even today there are still large concentrations of San Marino citizens residing in foreign countries, above all, in the United States, in France and in Argentina. There are more than 15,000 San Marino citizens spread throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/emigrazione.html |title=Early 1900s, the Arengo of 1906, San Marino emigration |publisher=Sanmarinosite.com |date=1906-03-25 |access-date=2014-05-24}}</ref>
==20th century==
An important turning-point in the political and social life of the country took place on March 25, 1906, when the [[1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting|Arengo met]]; out of 1,477 heads of family, 805 were present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=sm011906|title=San Marino, 25. März 1906|website=Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy|date=25 March 1906 |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> Each head of family received a ballot which contained two questions: the first asking if the Government of San Marino should be headed by a Principal and Sovereign Council, and the second, if the number of members of the Council should be proportionate between the city population and the rural population. This was the first move towards a referendum and true democracy in San Marino. In the past, similar attempts were made by people such as Pietro Franciosi, but without results. In the same year a second referendum took place on May 5 dealing with the first electoral laws and on June 10 the first political elections in San Marino's history resulted in a victory of the exponents of democracy.<ref name="sanmarinosite.com"/>
===World War I===
While Italy declared war on [[Austria-Hungary]] on 23 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral. Italy, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station, tried to forcefully establish a detachment of [[Carabinieri]] on its territory and then suspended any telephone connections with the Republic when it did not comply.
Two groups of 10 volunteers each did join Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a [[Red Cross]] [[field hospital]]. It was the presence of this hospital that later caused Austrian authorities to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educazione.sm/scuola/servizi/CD_virtuali/lavori_scuole/sanmarino/prima_guerra_mondiale.htm |title=San Marino e la Prima Guerra Mondiale |publisher=Educazione.sm |url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327052112/http://www.educazione.sm/scuola/servizi/CD_virtuali/lavori_scuole/sanmarino/prima_guerra_mondiale.htm|archive-date = 27 March 2009}}</ref>
Although propaganda articles appeared in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as early as 4 June 1915 claiming that San Marino declared war on Austria-Hungary,<ref>{{cite
===Inter-war period===
San Marino in the 1920s, still a largely agrarian society, experienced political turmoil influenced by the events in [[Italian fascism|Fascist Italy]], culminating in June 1921 in the murder in [[Serravalle, San Marino|Serravalle]] of Italian doctor and Fascist sympathiser Carlo Bosi by local leftists, which led to condemnation by the surrounding Italian population and threats of retaliation by Italian ''[[Squadrismo|squadristi]]''. The government decided to ask Italy for help in the form of a detachment of 30 [[Carabinieri]]. As in Italy, fascism, under the [[Sammarinese Fascist Party]] led by [[Giuliano Gozi]], eventually took over government of San Marino, causing the Socialist newspaper, ''Nuovo Titano'', to cease publication.
The 1930s was an era of public works and reinvention of the Republic's economy, with the construction of the [[Ferrovia Rimini–San Marino|San Marino-Rimini railway]] that connected it to the Italian railway network and modernization of the country's infrastructures that paved the way to its present status as a major tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educazione.sm/scuola/servizi/CD_virtuali/lavori_scuole/sanmarino/fascismo.htm |title=Pagina non trovata – Portale dell'educazione |publisher=Educazione.sm |access-date=2014-05-24}}</ref>
===World War II===
[[File:The Inauguration of New Regents For San Marino, Italy, 1 October 1944 TR2386.jpg|thumb|180px|
San Marino was mostly uninvolved in the Second World War. In September 1940, press reports claimed that it had to have declared war on
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764742,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203031150/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764742,00.html
Line 79 ⟶ 90:
|magazine=[[Time magazine]]
|date=30 September 1940
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> however, this was later denied by the Sammarinese government.<ref name="Papers-292">{{cite book|author=United States Department of State|title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1944. Europe (Volume IV)|publisher=United States Department of State|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=header&id=FRUS.FRUS1944v04&isize=M|page=292}}</ref> On 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by four waves of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombers under the belief that San Marino had been occupied by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, Europe, Volume IV |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v04/pg_290 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=(U.S.) Department of State |access-date=29 May 2022 |pages=290–291 |date=4 July 1944}}</ref>
San Marino's hope to escape further involvement was shattered on 27 July 1944 when Major Gunther, commander of the German forces in [[Forlì]], delivered a letter from German headquarters in [[Ferrara]] to San Marino's government declaring that the country's sovereignty could not be respected if, in view of military requirements, the necessity of transit of troops and vehicles arose. The communiqué, however, underlined that wherever possible occupation would be avoided.<ref name="storiaxxisecolo.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/fascismo/fascismo1c.htm |title=Fascismo a San Marino |publisher=Storiaxxisecolo.it |access-date=2014-05-24}}</ref> Such fears were confirmed when on 30 July a German medical corps colonel presented himself with an order for the requisition of two public buildings for the establishment of a military hospital. On the following day, 31 July 1944, in view of the likely invasion by German forces, the state sent three letters of protest: one to [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], German Foreign Minister, one to [[Adolf Hitler]] and one to [[Benito Mussolini]],<ref name="storiaxxisecolo.it"/> the latter delivered by a delegation to [[Serafino Mazzolini]], a high-ranking diplomat in the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Demanding to meet Mussolini with the intention to ask that its neutrality be respected, the following day Mazzolini took them to see Mussolini, who promised to contact the German authorities and intervene in favour of San Marino's request.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mussolini e il diplomatico: la vita e i diari di Serafino Mazzolini, un monarchico a Salò|publisher=Rubbettino Editore|date = 2005 |first1 = Gianni |last1 = Rossi|isbn = 9788849812084|page = 494}}</ref>
San Marino was a refuge for over {{gaps|100|000}} civilians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanmarino-info.com/storia.htm |title=Storia di San Marino |publisher=Sanmarino-info.com |access-date=2014-05-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919044843/http://www.sanmarino-info.com/storia.htm |archive-date=2012-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who sought safety on the passing of Allied forces over the [[Gothic Line]]<ref name="sanmarinosite.com"/> during the [[Battle of Rimini (1944)|Battle of Rimini]], an enormous effort of relief by the inhabitants of a country that at that time counted only 15,000 people.<ref name="storiaxxisecolo.it"/> Despite all this, German forces invaded San Marino on 13 September 1944.<ref>{{cite news |title = Nazis Invade San Marino | last = Packard | first = Reynolds | work = The Philadelphia Inquirer |date = September 14, 1944 |page = 2}}</ref> The Germans and Allies clashed on San Marino's soil from 17 September to 20 September at the [[Battle of San Marino]]; Allied troops occupied San Marino after that, but only stayed for two months before leaving.▼
===Cold War and economic boom===
▲San Marino was a refuge for over {{gaps|100|000}} civilians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanmarino-info.com/storia.htm |title=Storia di San Marino |publisher=Sanmarino-info.com |access-date=2014-05-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919044843/http://www.sanmarino-info.com/storia.htm |archive-date=2012-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who sought safety on the passing of Allied forces over the [[Gothic Line]]<ref name="sanmarinosite.com"/> during the [[Battle of Rimini (1944)|Battle of Rimini]], an enormous effort of relief by the inhabitants of a country that at that time counted only 15,000 people.<ref name="storiaxxisecolo.it"/>
After the war,
The coalition lasted from 1945 to 1957, when the ''[[fatti di Rovereta|Rovereta affair]]'' occurred.
1960 saw the enlargement of universal suffrage to women.
▲After the war, San Marino became one of the first countries in Western Europe to be ruled by a communist party (the [[Sammarinese Communist Party]], in coalition with the [[Sammarinese Socialist Party]]) through democratic elections. The coalition lasted from 1945 to 1957, when the ''[[fatti di Rovereta]]'' occurred. This was one of the first times anywhere in the world that a communist government was democratically elected into power.<ref name="Mayne1999">{{cite book|author=Alan James Mayne|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA59|access-date=31 August 2013|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0|page=59}}</ref><ref name=Mirror.uk>{{cite news|title=You can't beat a short break in tiny San Marino|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/travel/europe-short-haul/you-cant-beat-a-short-break-383998|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=Mirror.uk|date=22 Mar 2009}}</ref><ref name="Nossiter1982">{{cite book|author=Thomas Johnson Nossiter|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA1|access-date=31 August 2013|date=1 January 1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2|page=1}}</ref>
San Marino became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1992.
▲Universal suffrage was achieved by San Marino in 1960. Having joined the [[Council of Europe]] as a full member in 1988, San Marino held the rotating chair of the organisation during the first half of 1990.
==21st century to current days==
The [[SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2 virus]], a cause of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], was confirmed to have [[COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino|reached San Marino]] in February 2020. As of June 2020, San Marino had the highest death rate per capita of any country, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>[http://www.iss.sm/on-line/home/articolo49014350.html "Gruppo coordinamento emergenze sanitarie: aggiornamento dati sull’Infezione COVID-19"], Istituto per la Sicurezza Sociale, Repubblica di San Marino, 29 April 2020 (in Italian)</ref> In April 2021, the nation received headlines for using the Russian [[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine]] rather than vaccines approved by the EU following a slow rollout for the latter vaccines.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/sanmarino-covid-vaccine-sputnik/?itid=hp-top-table-main "San Marino, the micronation within Italy, stokes envy with speedy Russian-supplied vaccine campaign"], Washington Post, 2 April 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/world/europe/italy-san-marino-sputnik-vaccine.html/?itid=hp-top-table-main "Shut Out on Vaccines, Tiny San Marino Turns to Old Friend: Russia"], New York Times, 2 April 2021</ref>
At the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], San Marino became the smallest country to earn a medal, as [[Alessandra Perilli]] and [[Gian Marco Berti]] won silver in the [[Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed trap team|mixed trap shooting event]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympics-Shooting-Tears of joy as San Marino becomes smallest Olympic medal-winning nation|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics-shooting-tears-joy-san-152102783.html|access-date=31 July 2021|website=sports.yahoo.com|date=29 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
On 7 March 2022, during the [[
On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old [[Paolo Rondelli]] was elected as one of the two captains regent, its heads of state. He had previously been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.<ref name="lyman">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/04/san-marino-appoints-worlds-first-openly-gay-head-of-state |title=San Marino appoints
==See also==
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