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After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, Esperanto was given a measure of government support by the new communist states in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|former Russian Empire]] and later by the [[Soviet Union]] government, with the [[Soviet Esperantist Union]] being established as an organization that, temporarily, was officially recognized.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html|title=Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7|publisher=Literaturo.org|access-date=September 29, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002141103/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In his biography on [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Leon Trotsky]] mentions that Stalin had studied Esperanto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/stalin/ch04.htm|title=Chapter IV: The period of reaction: Leon Trotsky: Stalin – An appraisal of the man and his influence (1940)|author=Leon Trotsky|publisher=Marxists.org|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114015403/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/stalin/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 1937, at the height of the [[Great Purge]], Stalin completely reversed the Soviet government's policies on Esperanto; many Esperanto speakers were executed, exiled or held in captivity in the [[Gulag]] labour camps. Quite often the accusation was: "You are an active member of an international spy organization which hides itself under the name of 'Association of Soviet Esperantists' on the territory of the Soviet Union." Until the end of the Stalin era, it was dangerous to use Esperanto in the Soviet Union, even though it was never officially forbidden to speak Esperanto.<ref>Ulrich Lins: ''Die gefährliche Sprache. Die Verfolgung der Esperantisten unter Hitler und Stalin.'' Bleicher: Gerlingen, 1988, p. 220 and elsewhere {{ISBN|978-3883500232}}; (English version: ''Dangerous Language — Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1137549167}}.)</ref>
[[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] allowed the use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some tourist material in the language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=The History of Esperanto: A Modern Lingua Franca? |url=https://www.thecollector.com/esperanto-history/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Divjak |first=Alenka |date=June 2017 |title=Esperanto and tourism |url=https://www.quaestus.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Alenka-DIVJAK.pdf |journal=Quaestus |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=
During and after the [[Spanish Civil War]], Francoist Spain suppressed [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchists]], socialists and [[Catalan nationalist]]s for many years, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive,<ref name="Del Barrio">{{cite web|url=http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm|title=La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española|publisher=Nodo50.org|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116083834/http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was again tolerated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgcbDgAAQBAJ&q=esperanto+used+by+spanish+anarchists&pg=PA140|title=Dangerous Language – Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin|last=Lins|first=Ulrich|date=February 10, 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137549174|language=en|access-date=October 25, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023424/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgcbDgAAQBAJ&q=esperanto+used+by+spanish+anarchists&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The [[Vatican Radio]] has an Esperanto version of its podcasts and its website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Vatikana |url=http://eo.radiovaticana.va/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211101325/http://eo.radiovaticana.va/ |archive-date=February 11, 2016}}</ref>
In the summer of 1924, the [[American Radio Relay League]] adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamann |first=F.A. |date=April 1928 |title=The Progress of Esperanto since the World War |journal=The Modern Language Journal |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=545–552 |doi=10.2307/315767 |jstor=315767 |issn = 0026-7902 }}</ref> and hoped that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forster |first=P. G. |title=The Esperanto Movement |publisher=Mouton |year=1982 |isbn=978-9027933997 |pages=180–185}}</ref>
=== Military
The [[United States Army]] has published military phrase books in Esperanto,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2, 2004 |title=''The Maneuver Enemy'' website |url=http://www.kafejo.com/lingvoj/auxlangs/eo/maneuver/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207010509/http://www.kafejo.com/lingvoj/auxlangs/eo/maneuver/ |archive-date=December 7, 2010 |access-date=December 5, 2010 |publisher=Kafejo.com}}</ref> to be used from the 1950s until the 1970s in war games by mock [[Opposing force|enemy forces]]. A field reference manual, FM 30-101-1 Feb. 1962,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FM_30-101-1_(1962)_Esperanto_The_Aggressor_Language.pdf |title=FM 30-101 Aggressor: the Maneuver Enemy |publisher=United States. Department of the Army |year=1962 |location=United States of America |language=en}}</ref> contained the grammar, English-Esperanto-English dictionary, and common phrases. In the 1970s Esperanto was used as the basis for Defense Language Aptitude Tests.
=== Proposed microstates and micronations ===
[[File:Isola delle Rose 1968.jpg|thumb|The [[Republic of Rose Island]] used Esperanto as its official language in 1968]]
Beginning in 1908, there were efforts to establish the world's first Esperanto state in [[Neutral Moresnet]], which at the time was a [[Belgium|Belgian]]–[[Prussia
The self-proclaimed [[micronation]] of [[Republic of Rose Island|Rose Island]], on an artificial island near [[Italy]] in the [[Adriatic Sea]], used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. Another micronation, the extant [[Republic of Molossia]], near [[Dayton, Nevada]], uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Esperanto? |url=http://www.molossia.org/esperanto.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706103815/http://www.molossia.org/esperanto.html |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=August 4, 2017 |website=Republic of Molossia |quote=Esperanto is the second language of the Republic of Molossia. |location=Dayton, Nevada}}</ref>
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{{Main|Esperanto phonology}}
Esperanto typically has 22 to 24 consonants (depending on the phonemic analysis and individual speaker), five vowels, and two [[semivowel]]s that combine with the vowels to form six [[diphthong]]s. (The consonant {{IPA|/j/}} and semivowel {{IPA|/i̯/}} are both written ⟨j⟩, and the uncommon consonant {{IPA|/dz/}} is written with the digraph ⟨dz⟩,<ref>Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) {{lang|eo|Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto}}, § 17, 22</ref> which is the only consonant that does not have its own letter.) [[tone (linguistics)|Tone]] is not used to distinguish meanings of words. [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] is always on the second-to-last vowel in proper Esperanto words, unless a final vowel {{lang|eo|o}} is [[elided]], a phenomenon mostly occurring in poetry. For example, ''{{
==== Consonants ====
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* Common, if debated, [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] includes the pronunciation of {{lang|eo|nk}} as {{IPA|[ŋk]}} and {{lang|eo|kz}} as {{IPA|[ɡz]}}.
A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position (as in ''{{
==== Vowels ====
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|}
Since there are only five vowels, a good deal of variation in pronunciation is tolerated. For instance, ''e'' commonly ranges from {{IPA|[e]}} (French {{lang|fr|é}}) to {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (French {{lang|fr|è}}). These details often depend on the speaker's native language. A [[glottal stop]] may occur between adjacent vowels in some people's speech, especially when the two vowels are the same, as in ''{{
=== Orthography ===
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|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[phoneme]]
|{{
|}
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=== Vocabulary ===
{{Main|Esperanto vocabulary}}
{{
The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by {{lang|eo|Lingvo internacia}}, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This book listed 917 roots; these could be expanded into tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto [[dictionary]], {{lang|eo|Universala Vortaro}}, which had a larger set of roots. The rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that speakers use most international forms and then derive related meanings from these.
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Esperanto instruction is rarely available at schools, including four primary schools in a pilot project under the supervision of the [[University of Manchester]], and by one count at a few universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uea.org/agadoj/instruado/pirlot.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529120733/http://uea.org/agadoj/instruado/pirlot.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-29 |title=Esperanto en universitatoj |publisher=Uea.Org |date=April 17, 2003 |access-date=December 5, 2010}}</ref> However, outside China and [[Hungary]], these mostly involve informal arrangements, rather than dedicated departments or state sponsorship. [[Eötvös Loránd University]] in [[Budapest]] had a department of [[Interlinguistics]] and Esperanto from 1966 to 2004, after which time instruction moved to [[Vocational university|vocational colleges]]; there are state examinations for Esperanto instructors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/bujdosoivan/tarte.htm |title=enhavo |date=October 27, 2009 |access-date=December 5, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091027105835/http://geocities.com/bujdosoivan/tarte.htm |archive-date = October 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/bujdosoivan/okt.htm#3 |title=Elte Btk |publisher=Webcitation.org |access-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083127/http://geocities.com/bujdosoivan/okt.htm#3 |archive-date=October 21, 2009 }}</ref> Additionally, [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]] in Poland offers a [[diplom]]a in Interlinguistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amu.edu.pl/en/home/about-us/education/degree-list/full-degree-students/diploma-in-interlinguistics-esperanto|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418022807/http://amu.edu.pl/en/home/about-us/education/degree-list/full-degree-students/diploma-in-interlinguistics-esperanto |archive-date=April 18, 2012|title=Diploma in Interlinguistics (ESPERANTO)}}</ref> The [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senate of Brazil]] passed a bill in 2009 that would make Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum in [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]], although mandatory if there is demand for it. {{As of|2015}}, the bill is still under consideration by the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=83989|title=Atividade Legislativa – Projetos e Matrias|publisher=Senado.gov.br|language=pt|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=May 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525231804/http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=83989|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camara.gov.br/sileg/Prop_Detalhe.asp?id=454210|title=PL 6162/2009 – Projetos de Lei e Outras Proposições – Câmara dos Deputados|publisher=Camara.gov.br|language=pt|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207055656/https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=454210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.senado.gov.br/noticias/materias/2009/06/18/entidades-manifestam-apoio-a-proposta-de-incluir-ensino-de-esperanto-na-grade-de-disciplinas-da-rede-publica|title=Entidades manifestam apoio à proposta de incluir ensino de Esperanto na grade de disciplinas da rede pública|work=Senado Federal – Portal de Notícias|language=pt|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174130/http://www12.senado.gov.br/noticias/materias/2009/06/18/entidades-manifestam-apoio-a-proposta-de-incluir-ensino-de-esperanto-na-grade-de-disciplinas-da-rede-publica|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the United States, Esperanto is notably offered as a weekly evening course at [[Stanford University|Stanford University's]] Bechtel International Center. ''Conversational Esperanto, The International Language'', is a free drop-in class that is open to Stanford students and the general public on campus during the academic year. With administrative permission, Stanford
[[Esperanto-USA]] suggests that Esperanto can be learned in, at most, one quarter of the amount of time required for other languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esperanto-usa.org/?q=node/77 |title=Is Esperanto four times easier to learn? |publisher=Esperanto-USA |access-date=December 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310081949/http://esperanto-usa.org/?q=node%2F77 |archive-date=2013-03-10}}</ref>
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{{Main|Esperanto authors}}
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
* [[Muztar Abbasi]] (translated the [[Quran]] into Esperanto)
* [[William Auld]]
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* [[Jean Forge]]
* [[Antoni Grabowski]]
* [[
* [[Anna Löwenstein]]
* [[Kenji Miyazawa]] (translated his pre-existing works into Esperanto)
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Zamenhof had three goals, as he wrote already in 1887: to create an easy language, to create a language ready to use "whether the language be universally accepted or not" and to find some means to get many people to learn the language.<ref name="UnuaLibro"/> So Zamenhof's intention was not only to create an easy-to-learn language to foster peace and international understanding as a general language, but also to create a language for immediate use by a (small) language community. Esperanto was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second language, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was shared by Zamenhof among Esperanto speakers at the beginning of the movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul26/unua-libro-en-esperanto-first-book-esperanto/ |title=1887: Unua Libro en Esperanto (First Book in Esperanto, see introduction) |website=NationalGeographic.org |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135352/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul26/unua-libro-en-esperanto-first-book-esperanto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations.<ref name="EspMov181" />
Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called {{lang|eo|[[Finvenkismo|finvenkistoj]]}}, from {{lang|eo|fina venko}}, meaning "final victory".<ref name="Feeney1999">{{cite web |url=https://
There are two kinds of ''finvenkismo'': ''desubismo'' aims to spread Esperanto between ordinary people (''desube'', from below) to form a steadily growing community of Esperanto speakers, while ''desuprismo'' aims to act from above (''desupre''), beginning with politicians.
Zamenhof considered the first way more plausible, as "for such affairs as ours, governments come with their approval and help usually only when everything is completely ready".<ref>[http://www.steloj.de/esperanto/paroloj/kongr6a.html Parolado antaŭ la Sesa Kongreso Esperantista en Washington en la 15a de aŭgusto 1910] (Speech before the Sixth Esperantist Congress in Washington, 15 August 1910): "La celo, por kiu ni laboras, povas esti atingita per du vojoj: aŭ per laborado de homoj privataj, t.e. de la popolaj amasoj, aŭ per dekreto de la registaroj. Plej kredeble nia afero estos atingita per la vojo unua, ĉar al tia afero, kiel nia, la registaroj venas kun sia sankcio kaj helpo ordinare nur tiam, kiam ĉio estas jam tute preta." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205843/http://www.steloj.de/esperanto/paroloj/kongr6a.html |date=February 26, 2021 }}</ref>
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Christian Esperanto organizations and publications include:
* After a failed attempt to start a Catholic Esperanto organization, Emile Peltier, a parish priest near [[Tours]], France, published the first issue of ''Espero Katolika'' (Catholic Hope) in 1902''.'' A year after Peltier's death, the [[International Union of Catholic Esperantists]] (Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, '''IKUE''') was formed in 1910.<ref name="Garvia" /> Father [[Max Josef Metzger|Max Metzger]] founded the World Peace League of the White Cross in 1916 and the [[German Catholics' Peace Association]] in 1919, both of which used Esperanto as their working language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lins |first=Ulrich |date=1971 |title=Max Joseph Metzger |journal=Kontakto |volume=2 |pages=16–17}}</ref> Two Roman Catholic popes, [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] and [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]], have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual {{lang|la|[[urbi et orbi]]}} blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eraonlus.org/en/78-era-news/6356/christmas-2010-benedict-xvi-and-radicals-the-use-of-esperanto-remains-to-be-the-only-thing-in-common.html|title=Linguistic Democracy – Christmas 2010, Benedict XVI and Radicals: the use of Esperanto remains to be the only thing in common|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215214713/https://www.eraonlus.org/en/78-era-news/6356/christmas-2010-benedict-xvi-and-radicals-the-use-of-esperanto-remains-to-be-the-only-thing-in-common.html|archive-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sahiIBTUcC4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sahiIBTUcC4| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=THE POPE BLESSING IN ESPERANTO.avi|website=[[YouTube]]| date=April 9, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In 1911, The [[International League of Christian Esperantists]] (''Kristana Esperantista Ligo Internacia'', '''KELI''') was founded during the Universal Congress of Esperanto in [[Antwerp]]. The founder, Paul Hübner (1881-1970), was an early supporter of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] movement, a fact which disenfranchised liberal and Jewish members, thus severely limiting the growth of the KELI during the first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Garvia" /> KELI's bimonthly interdenominational magazine, ''Dia Regno'', continues to be published and is reportedly made available to readers in 48 countries.<ref>KELI kaj Dia Regno''.'' http://keli.chez.com/keli_en.htm</ref> They have also published several Esperanto hymnals including the 1971 ''Adoru Kantante'' (Worship by Singing) and ''Tero kaj Ĉielo Kantu'' (Earth and Heaven Sing).<ref>{{Cite web |title=League of Christian Esperantists International |url=http://keli.chez.com/keli_en.htm |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=KELI kaj Dia Regno}}</ref>
* The [[Quaker]] Esperanto Society (''Kvakera Esperanto-Societo'', '''KES''') was established in 1921<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noos.ch/kes/index.php?pg=2&lg=en|title=KES – Quakers|website=noos.ch|access-date=November 1, 2016|archive-date=November 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215830/http://www.noos.ch/kes/index.php?pg=2&lg=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and described in multiple issues of "[[The Friend (Quaker magazine)|The Friend]]"<ref>{{cite journal
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== Criticism <!--This section linked from [[Esperantido]]--> ==
{{
There have been numerous objections to Esperanto over the years. For example, there has been criticism that Esperanto is not neutral enough, but also that it should convey a specific culture, which would make it less neutral; that Esperanto does not draw on a wide enough selection of the world's languages, but also that it should be more narrowly European.<ref name="JBR">{{Cite web|url=http://jbr.me.uk/ranto/|title=Ranto (JBR Anti-Zamenhofism)|website=jbr.me.uk|access-date=2020-02-22|archive-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222074330/http://jbr.me.uk/ranto/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MIR">{{Cite web|url=http://miresperanto.com/konkurentoj/not_my_favourite.htm|title=Why Esperanto is not my favourite Artificial Language|website=miresperanto.com|access-date=2020-02-22|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211053403/http://miresperanto.com/konkurentoj/not_my_favourite.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Language-neutrality===
Esperantists often argue for Esperanto as a culturally neutral means of communication. However, it is often accused of being [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]].<ref name="JBR"/> This is most often noted in regard to the [[vocabulary]]. The vocabulary, for example, draws about three-quarters from [[Romance languages]], and the remainder primarily from [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages.<ref name="Koutny 2015 p. 106"/>
===Gender-neutrality===
{{See also|
Esperanto is sometimes accused of being inherently [[sexism|sexist]], because the default form of some nouns is used for descriptions of men while a derived form is used for the women. This is said to retain traces of the male-dominated society of late 19th-century Europe of which Esperanto is a product.<ref name="Bertilo">[http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/o-vortoj/seksa_signifo.html Bertilo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160056/http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/o-vortoj/seksa_signifo.html |date=October 19, 2013 }} (in Esperanto)</ref><ref name="critiche">{{cite web|title=Critiche all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali|url=http://parracomumangi.altervista.org/domande.htm|url-status=live|access-date=December 5, 2010|website=Parra Comu Mangi|publisher=|language=it|archive-date=July 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064219/http://parracomumangi.altervista.org/Domande.htm}}</ref> These nouns are primarily titles, such as ''baron/baroness'', and kinship terms, such as ''sinjoro'' "Mr, sir" vs. ''sinjorino'' "Ms, lady" and ''patro'' "father" vs. ''patrino'' "mother". Before the movement toward equal rights for women, this also applied to professional roles assumed to be predominantly male, such as ''doktoro,'' a
On the other hand, the pronoun ''ĝi'' ("it") may be used generically to mean he/she/they; the pronoun ''li'' ("he") is always masculine and ''ŝi'' ("she") is always female, despite some authors' arguments.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalocsay |first1= Kálmán|last2= Waringhien|first2= Gaston|title = Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto|date=1985|page=73|publisher = Universala Esperanto-Asocio|isbn = 9789290170327}}</ref>
A gender-neutral singular pronoun ''ri'' has gradually become more widely used in recent years, although it is
The plural pronoun ''ili'' ("they") is always neutral,
===Case and number agreement===
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== External links ==
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{{Wikibooks}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Esperanto spoken article.ogg|date=2010-08-18}}
* [https://uea.org/ UEA.org] – Website of the [[Universal Esperanto Association]]
* ''[[gutenberg:bookshelf/34|Esperanto Bookshelf]]'' at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [https://lernu.net/en/vortaro Dictionary – lernu.net], a bilingual Esperanto dictionary by {{lang|eo|[[lernu!]]}}
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