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After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, Esperanto was given a measure of government support by the new communist states in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|former Russian Empire]] and later by the [[Soviet Union]] government, with the [[Soviet Esperantist Union]] being established as an organization that, temporarily, was officially recognized.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html|title=Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7|publisher=Literaturo.org|access-date=September 29, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002141103/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In his biography on [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Leon Trotsky]] mentions that Stalin had studied Esperanto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/stalin/ch04.htm|title=Chapter IV: The period of reaction: Leon Trotsky: Stalin – An appraisal of the man and his influence (1940)|author=Leon Trotsky|publisher=Marxists.org|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114015403/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/stalin/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 1937, at the height of the [[Great Purge]], Stalin completely reversed the Soviet government's policies on Esperanto; many Esperanto speakers were executed, exiled or held in captivity in the [[Gulag]] labour camps. Quite often the accusation was: "You are an active member of an international spy organization which hides itself under the name of 'Association of Soviet Esperantists' on the territory of the Soviet Union." Until the end of the Stalin era, it was dangerous to use Esperanto in the Soviet Union, even though it was never officially forbidden to speak Esperanto.<ref>Ulrich Lins: ''Die gefährliche Sprache. Die Verfolgung der Esperantisten unter Hitler und Stalin.'' Bleicher: Gerlingen, 1988, p. 220 and elsewhere {{ISBN|978-3883500232}}; (English version: ''Dangerous Language — Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1137549167}}.)</ref>
[[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] allowed the use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some tourist material in the language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=The History of Esperanto: A Modern Lingua Franca? |url=https://www.thecollector.com/esperanto-history/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Divjak |first=Alenka |date=June 2017 |title=Esperanto and tourism |url=https://www.quaestus.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Alenka-DIVJAK.pdf |journal=Quaestus |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=
During and after the [[Spanish Civil War]], Francoist Spain suppressed [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchists]], socialists and [[Catalan nationalist]]s for many years, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive,<ref name="Del Barrio">{{cite web|url=http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm|title=La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española|publisher=Nodo50.org|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116083834/http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was again tolerated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgcbDgAAQBAJ&q=esperanto+used+by+spanish+anarchists&pg=PA140|title=Dangerous Language – Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin|last=Lins|first=Ulrich|date=February 10, 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137549174|language=en|access-date=October 25, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023424/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgcbDgAAQBAJ&q=esperanto+used+by+spanish+anarchists&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Proposed microstates and micronations ===
[[File:Isola delle Rose 1968.jpg|thumb|The [[Republic of Rose Island]] used Esperanto as its official language in 1968]]
Beginning in 1908, there were efforts to establish the world's first Esperanto state in [[Neutral Moresnet]], which at the time was a [[Belgium|Belgian]]–[[Prussia|Prussian]] [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] in central-western Europe. Any such efforts came to an end with the beginning of [[World War I]] and the [[German invasion of Belgium (1914)|German invasion of Belgium]], voiding the treaty which established joint sovereignty over the territory. The [[Treaty of Versailles]] subsequently awarded the disputed territory to Belgium, effective January 10, 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |
The self-proclaimed [[micronation]] of [[Republic of Rose Island|Rose Island]], on an artificial island near [[Italy]] in the [[Adriatic Sea]], used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. Another micronation, the extant [[Republic of Molossia]], near [[Dayton, Nevada]], uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Esperanto? |url=http://www.molossia.org/esperanto.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706103815/http://www.molossia.org/esperanto.html |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=August 4, 2017 |website=Republic of Molossia |quote=Esperanto is the second language of the Republic of Molossia. |location=Dayton, Nevada}}</ref>
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Christian Esperanto organizations and publications include:
* After a failed attempt to start a Catholic Esperanto organization, Emile Peltier, a parish priest near [[Tours]], France, published the first issue of ''Espero Katolika'' (Catholic Hope) in 1902''.'' A year after Peltier's death, the [[International Union of Catholic Esperantists]] (Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, '''IKUE''') was formed in 1910.<ref name="Garvia" /> Father [[Max Josef Metzger|Max Metzger]] founded the World Peace League of the White Cross in 1916 and the [[German Catholics' Peace Association]] in 1919, both of which used Esperanto as their working language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lins |first=Ulrich |date=1971 |title=Max Joseph Metzger |journal=Kontakto |volume=2 |pages=16–17}}</ref> Two Roman Catholic popes, [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] and [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]], have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual {{lang|la|[[urbi et orbi]]}} blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eraonlus.org/en/78-era-news/6356/christmas-2010-benedict-xvi-and-radicals-the-use-of-esperanto-remains-to-be-the-only-thing-in-common.html|title=Linguistic Democracy – Christmas 2010, Benedict XVI and Radicals: the use of Esperanto remains to be the only thing in common|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215214713/https://www.eraonlus.org/en/78-era-news/6356/christmas-2010-benedict-xvi-and-radicals-the-use-of-esperanto-remains-to-be-the-only-thing-in-common.html|archive-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sahiIBTUcC4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sahiIBTUcC4| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=THE POPE BLESSING IN ESPERANTO.avi|website=[[YouTube]]| date=April 9, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In 1911, The [[International League of Christian Esperantists]] (''Kristana Esperantista Ligo Internacia'', '''KELI''') was founded during the Universal Congress of Esperanto in [[Antwerp]]. The founder, Paul Hübner (1881-1970), was an early supporter of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] movement, a fact which disenfranchised liberal and Jewish members, thus severely limiting the growth of the KELI during the first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Garvia" /> KELI's bimonthly interdenominational magazine, ''Dia Regno'', continues to be published and is reportedly made available to readers in 48 countries.<ref>KELI kaj Dia Regno''.'' http://keli.chez.com/keli_en.htm</ref> They have also published several Esperanto hymnals including the 1971 ''Adoru Kantante'' (Worship by Singing) and ''Tero kaj Ĉielo Kantu'' (Earth and Heaven Sing).<ref>{{Cite web |title=League of Christian Esperantists International |url=http://keli.chez.com/keli_en.htm |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=KELI kaj Dia Regno}}</ref>
* The [[Quaker]] Esperanto Society (''Kvakera Esperanto-Societo'', '''KES''') was established in 1921<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noos.ch/kes/index.php?pg=2&lg=en|title=KES – Quakers|website=noos.ch|access-date=November 1, 2016|archive-date=November 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215830/http://www.noos.ch/kes/index.php?pg=2&lg=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and described in multiple issues of "[[The Friend (Quaker magazine)|The Friend]]"<ref>{{cite journal
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