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There are a variety of [[cognitive bias]]es that can adversely affect analysis. For example, [[confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Confirmation bias in witness interviewing: Can interviewers ignore their preconceptions?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/etd.fi14071109|publisher=Florida International University|first=Jillian R|last=Rivard|doi=10.25148/etd.fi14071109}}</ref> In addition, individuals may discredit information that does not support their views.<ref>{{Citation|last=Papineau|first=David|title=Does the Sociology of Science Discredit Science?|date=1988|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2877-0_2|work=Relativism and Realism in Science|pages=37–57|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-009-2877-0_2|isbn=978-94-010-7795-8|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
Analysts may be trained specifically to be aware of these biases and how to overcome them.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2005|editor-last=Bromme|editor-first=Rainer|editor2-last=Hesse|editor2-first=Friedrich W.|editor3-last=Spada|editor3-first=Hans|title=Barriers and Biases in Computer-Mediated Knowledge Communication|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b105100|doi=10.1007/b105100|isbn=978-0-387-24317-7}}</ref> In his book ''Psychology of Intelligence Analysis'', retired CIA analyst [[Richards Heuer]] wrote that analysts should clearly delineate their assumptions and chains of inference and specify the degree and source of the uncertainty involved in the conclusions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heuer|first=Richards|editor1-first=Richards J|editor1-last=Heuer|date=2019-06-10|title=Quantitative Approaches to Political Intelligence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429303647|doi=10.4324/9780429303647|isbn=9780429303647}}</ref> He emphasized procedures to help surface and debate alternative points of view.<ref name="Heuer1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/
===Innumeracy===
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