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A '''shotgun shell''', '''shotshell''' or simply '''shell''' is a type of [[rim (firearms)|rim]]med, [[cylindrical]] (straight-walled) [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s used specifically by [[shotgun]]s, and is typically loaded with numerous small, [[pellets (petrology)|pellet]]-like spherical sub-[[projectile]]s called '''[[shot (pellet)|shot]]''', fired through a [[smoothbore]] [[gun barrel|barrel]] with a [[choke (firearms)|tapered constriction at the muzzle]] to regulate the extent of [[shot grouping#Uses of the term|scattering]]. A shell can sometimes also contain only a single large solid projectile known as a '''[[shotgun slug|slug]]''', fired usually through a [[rifling|rifled]] [[slug barrel]]. The [[cartridge (firearms)#Case|shell casing]] usually consist of a [[paper cartridge#Paper shotshells|paper]] or [[polymer-cased ammunition|plastic tube]] mounted on a [[brass]] base holding a [[primer (firearms)|primer]], and the shots are typically contained by a [[wadding]]/[[sabot (firearms)|sabot]] inside the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/whats-inside-a-shotgun-shell-and-why-1694115293|title=What's Inside A Shotgun Shell And Why|last=Siler|first=Wes|work=Gizmodo|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[caliber]] of the shotshell is known as its [[gauge (firearms)|gauge]].
The projectiles are traditionally made of [[lead]], but other [[metal]]s such as [[steel]], [[tungsten]] and [[bismuth]] are also used due to [[lead#Restriction and remediation|restrictions on lead]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/lead_poisoning/|title=USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Lead Poisoning|website=www.nwhc.usgs.gov|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>
Shotguns have an [[effective range]] of about {{cvt|35|m|yd|sigfig=2}} with [[buckshot]], {{cvt|45|m|yd|sigfig=2}} with [[birdshot]], {{cvt|100|m|yd|sigfig=2}} with slugs, and well over {{cvt|150|m|yd|sigfig=2}} with saboted slugs in [[slug barrel|rifled barrel]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chuckhawks.com/shotgun_slugs.htm |title = Shotgun Slugs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rem870.com/2016/01/25/shotgun-shells-explained-types-of-ammo-birdshot-buckshot-slugs/ |title = Shotgun Shells Explained - Types Of Ammo (Birdshot, Buckshot, Slugs)|date = 25 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/shotgun#ref206997|title=Shotgun|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en}}</ref>
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