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The Sambal are the original [[Austronesians|Austronesian]] inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the [[Philippines]]. They speak mainly [[Sambal language|Sambal]] and [[Botolan language|Botolan]], as well as [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]], and [[Pangasinense language|Pangasinense]]. The Sambalic languages are most closely related to the [[Kapampangan language]] and an archaic form of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] still spoken in [[Tanay, Rizal|Tanay]] in the province of [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]].
The Sambals were known to be militant and fierce fighters,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan Ng Charismatic Pinoys: Andres Malong |url=http://www.elaput.org/chrmlong.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklasan ng Charismatic Pinoys: Si Gumapos at si Almazan |url=http://www.elaput.com/chrmalmz.htm |website=elaput.com |language=fil}}</ref> notorious for their bloody raids on [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] settlements.<ref name="ZambalesProfile">{{Cite web |title=Zambales |url=http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120182921/http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/zambales.htm |archive-date=2002-11-20 |website=geocities.com/lppsec/pp |language=en |access-date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> They were described by European writers as being excellent archers who used [[poison arrow]]s. They were also armed with [[sibat|short spears]], a short blade or dagger, and carried large rectangular [[kalasag]] shields. Fr. Manuel Buzeta in ''Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de las Islas Filipinas'' (1850) describes the Zambales region during the early Spanish period as being sparsely-populated by a small number of Sambal villages, with huge distances between them. Each village had about ten to thirty families and were often at war with other villages. The Sambal were [[Headhunting|headhunters]], with similar headhunting traditions as the [[Cordilleran people|Cordillerans]]. A warrior's status was tied to the number of enemies they had killed. They kept a collection of heads or skulls to indicate this, which is also represented by certain ornaments worn on the body.<ref name="Reed">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=William Allan |title=Negritos of Zambales |date=1904 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=24-29}}</ref> When a person dies by violent or natural means, the immediate male relatives would wear a strip of black cloth to signify mourning. They would be forbidden from singing, dancing, or participating in festivities until they kill an enemy. Murderers within a community are also punished by death, unless a payment of a certain quantity of gold or silver or slaves is accepted by the family of the deceased.<ref name="Reed"/>
In the [[Boxer Codex]], they were said to immediately cut off the head of people they kill with a [[balarao|bararao]] dagger. They then make a crown-shaped incision on the head and remove the brains. The head is kept as a trophy. The Boxer Codex also mentions other customs whose veracity is questionable, including claims that they eat [[carabao]] intestines raw, or that only the first and second sons inherit their father's property while the rest are enslaved or sacrificed in a ''[[manganito]]'' ritual.<ref name="Turley">{{cite book |last1=Turley |first1=Jeffrey Scott |editor1-last=Souza |editor1-first=George Bryan |editor2-last=Turley |editor2-first=Jeffrey Scott |title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004301542 |pages=328-329}}</ref>
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The Sambals followed indigenous [[anito]] religions. The highest-ranking [[babaylan|shaman]] was called a "Bayoc", who consecrated other shamans and led rituals to the spirits. Only the Bayoc could lead rituals and offer sacrifices to Malayari or Malyari, the [[supreme being]] and the [[creator deity]] of the Sambals. Other benevolent spirits were also worshiped who had various functions, mostly agricultural.<ref name="Reed"/>
During the first hundred years of [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish rule]], the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their [[barangay|village structures]] reorganized and were forced into ''[[reducciones]]'' in order to assimilate them into [[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] norms.<ref name="AngMgaSambal">{{Cite web |title=Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Miguel de Loarca 6 |url=http://www.elaput.org/loarca05.htm |website=elaput.org |language=fil}}</ref> They were gradually Christianized by Spanish missionaries, especially after the establishment of [[Fort Paynauen]] (Paynaven) in what is now [[Botolan]].<ref name="Reed"/>
During the colonial period, the Sambals primarily sold valuable timber, which they shipped by boat to [[Manila]]. This trade was often targeted by [[Moro pirate]]s, contributing to the relative poverty of the province in the 18th and 19th centuries. The sparsely-populated valley of the Zambales region was also later settled by migrants from the [[Ilocos region|Ilocos]] and the [[Southern Tagalog|Tagalog regions]], leading to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language.<ref name="Reed"/>
During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], and [[Masinloc, Zambales|Masinloc]] in Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They established a settlement which was later on named [[Panitian]]. Like in Masinloc, many residents of Panitian have their last names start with the letter E. Most common last names are Eclarino, Elefane, Echaluse, Echague, Español, Ebuen, Ebilane, Edquid, Escala, Edquilang, Ebueng, Ebuenga, Ebalo, Ejanda, Elacio, Elfa, Eliaso, Elgincolin, Edquibal, Ednalino, Edora, Espinoza, Ecaldre, Eufeminiano, Edilloran, Ermita, and Ecle. Those who came from Santa Cruz have their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora, Moraña, Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are Ángeles, Atrero, Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, and Hermogino. There are now approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of the Palawan Sambals have since moved to the provincial capital, [[Puerto Princesa]], settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in particular, although a majority still resides in Panitian.
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