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The [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] of 1970 prohibited states from establishing their own air pollution standards. However, the legislation authorized the EPA to grant a waiver to California, allowing the state to set higher standards.<ref name=NYTApril18>{{cite news |title=Calling car pollution standards 'too high,' EPA sets up fight with California |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=2 April 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/climate/trump-auto-emissions-rules.html}}</ref> The law provides a “piggybacking” provision that allows other states to adopt vehicle emission limits that are the same as California's.<ref name=ELQSept03>{{cite journal |last=Giovinazzo |first=Christopher |date=September 2003 |title=California's Global Warming Bill: Will Fuel Economy Preemption Curb California's Air Pollution Leadership |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1735&context=elq |journal=Ecology Law Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=901–902}}</ref> California's waivers were routinely granted until 2007, when the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]] rejected the state's bid to adopt global warming pollution limits for cars and light trucks.<ref name=NYTDec07>{{cite news |title=EPA Denies California's Emissions Waiver |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=19 December 2007 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/washington/20epa-web.html}}</ref> California and 15 other states that were trying to put in place the same emissions standards sued in response.<ref name=WaPoJan08>{{cite news |title=California Sues EPA Over Emissions Rules |first=Keith |last=Richburg |date=3 January 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/02/AR2008010202833.html}}</ref> The case was tied up in court until the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] reversed the policy in 2009 by granting the waiver.<ref name=GTMJune09>{{cite news |title=EPA grants California emissions waiver |first=Ucilia |last=Wang |date=30 June 2009 |work=Greentech Media |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/epa-grants-california-emissions-waiver}}</ref>
In August 2012, President Obama announced new standards for American-made automobiles of an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the year 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-MPG-fuel-efficiency-standard|title=Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards|date=28 August 2012|publisher=White House|language=en|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shifting Gears|last=Fraser|first=Laura|date=Winter 2012–2013|work=NRDC's OnEarth|page=63}}</ref> In April 2018, EPA Administrator [[Scott Pruitt]] announced that the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] planned to roll back the 2012 federal standards and would also seek to curb California's authority to set its own standards.<ref name=NYTApril18 /> Although the Trump administration was reportedly considering a compromise to allow state and national standards to stay in place,<ref name=NYT2018>{{cite news |title=Quietly, Trump officials and California seek deal on emissions |first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=5 April 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/climate/trump-california-emissions.html}}</ref> on 21 February 2019 the White House declared that it had abandoned these negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Anna M. |title=Trump administration confirms it has ended fuel-economy talks with California |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-california-fuel-economy-trump-20190220-story.html |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A government report subsequently found that, in 2019, new light-duty vehicle fuel economy fell 0.2 miles per gallon (to 24.9 miles per gallon) and pollution increased 3 grams per mile traveled (to 356 grams per mile). A decrease in fuel economy and an increase in pollution had not occurred for the previous five years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Associated Press|date=6 January 2021|title=For first time in 5 years, US gas mileage down, emissions up|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/01/06/for-first-time-in-5-years-us-gas-mileage-down-emissions-up|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref> The Obama-era rule was officially rolled back on 31 March 2020 during the Trump administration,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-rollback-mileage-standards-guts-151423701.html|title=Trump rollback of mileage standards guts climate change push|website=Yahoo News|date=31 March 2020 |accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> but the rollback was reversed on 20 December 2021 during the Biden administration.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Alexander|last2=D'Angelo|first2=Chris|date=20 December 2021|title=EPA Reverses Trump's Fuel Mileage Rules On New Cars|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/epa-reverses-trump-fuel-mileage-rules_n_61c0b34de4b061afe395ec7f|access-date=20 December 2021|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>
== Fuel economy of trucks ==
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