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'''Eutrophication''' is a general term describing a process in which [[nutrient]]s accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of [[microorganism]]s that may deplete the water of [[oxygen]].<ref name="usgs.gov">{{Cite web |title=Nutrients and Eutrophication {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/nutrients-and-eutrophication#:~:text=Eutrophication%20is%20a%20natural%20process,and%20clogging%20water-intake%20pipes. |access-date=February 9, 2024 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=What Is the Nitrogen Cycle and Why Is It Key to Life? |year=2019 |language=en |doi=10.3389/frym.2019.00041 |doi-access=free |last1=Aczel |first1=Miriam R. |journal=Frontiers for Young Minds |volume=7 |hdl=10044/1/71039 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> When occurring naturally, eutrophication is usually caused by the natural accumulation of nutrients from dissolved phosphate minerals and dead plant matter in water.<ref name="Sawyer">{{cite journal|title=Basic Concepts of Eutrophication|author=Clair N. Sawyer|journal=Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)|date=May 1966|volume=38|number=5|pages=737–744|publisher=Wiley|jstor=25035549|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25035549|access-date=February 12, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603164556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25035549|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Addy |first=Kelly |date=1996 |title=Phosphorus and Lake Aging |url=https://web.uri.edu/watershedwatch/files/Phosphorus.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728121848/https://web.uri.edu/watershedwatch/files/Phosphorus.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |website=Natural Resources Facts - University of Rhode Island}}</ref> Manmade or "cultural eutrophication" is often a more rapid process in which a variety of polluting inputs including poorly treated [[sewage]], [[Industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater]], and [[fertilizer runoff]] flows into the water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural eutrophication {{!}} ecology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/cultural-eutrophication |access-date=February 9, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Such [[nutrient pollution]] usually causes [[algal bloom]]s and bacterial growth, resulting in the depletion of [[dissolved oxygen]] in water and causing substantial [[environmental degradation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806112105|pmid=18685114|title=Phosphorus control is critical to mitigating eutrophication|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=32|pages=11039–11040|year=2008|last1=Carpenter|first1=S. R.|bibcode=2008PNAS..10511039C|doi-access=free|pmc=2516213}}</ref>
Approaches for prevention and reversal of eutrophication include minimizing [[point source pollution]] from sewage and agriculture as well as other [[Nonpoint source pollution|nonpoint pollution]] sources.<ref name="usgs.gov"/> Additionally, the introducution of bacteria and algae-inhibiting organisms such as [[shellfish]] and [[Seaweed farming|seaweed]]
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