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In 1503, [[Cesare Borgia]] occupied the Republic until the death of his [[Pope Alexander VI|father]] some months later.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Republic of San Marino|last1=Miller|first1=William|journal = The American Historical Review|year = 1901|volume = 6|issue = 4|pages = 633–649|doi = 10.2307/1834173|jstor = 1834173}}</ref>
On 4 June 1543 Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later [[Pope Julius III]], attempted to conquer the republic in a plan involving 500 infantry men and some cavalry. The group failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinese attributed to [[Quirinus of Sescia|Saint Quirinus]], whose feast day it was, and which afterwards has been celebrated annually in the country
Having faced many potential threats, a treaty of protection was signed in 1602 with [[Pope Clement VIII]], which came into force in 1631.<ref>Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi ''The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles'', 2011, p. 21.</ref>
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