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'''South Papua''', officially the '''South Papua Province''' ({{lang-id|Provinsi Papua Selatan}}),<ref name="Aditra 2022">{{cite web |last=Aditra |first=Irsul Panca |date=2022-04-07 |editor-last=Agriesta |editor-first=Dheri |title=RUU Pemekaran Provinsi di Papua Disetujui, Ketua Tim PPS Tolak Usulan Nama Provinsi Anim Ha |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/07/151927778/ruu-pemekaran-provinsi-di-papua-disetujui-ketua-tim-pps-tolak-usulan-nama |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> is an Indonesian [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] located in the southern portion of [[Western New Guinea|Papua]], following the borders of the Papuan customary region of '''Anim Ha'''.<ref>{{Cite web |
It shares land borders with the [[sovereign state]] of [[Papua New Guinea]] to the east, as well as the Indonesian provinces of [[Highland Papua]] and [[Central Papua]] to the north and northwest, respectively. South Papua also faces the [[Arafura Sea]] in the west and south, which is a [[maritime border]] with Australia. [[Merauke]] is the economic centre of South Papua, while its administrative centre is the town of [[Salor (city)|Salor]] located in Kurik District of Merauke Regency, around 60 km northwest of Merauke.<ref name="Jimar 2023">{{cite news |last=Jimar |first=Syarif |date=2023-02-02 |title=Melihat Kota Terpadu Mandiri Salor, Pusat Pemerintahan Provinsi Papua Selatan |language=id |work=Tribun-papua.com |editor-last=Abaa |editor-first=Gratianus Silas Anderson |url=https://papua.tribunnews.com/amp/2023/02/02/melihat-kota-terpadu-salor-pusat-pemerintahan-provinsi-papua-selatan |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref>
South Papua landscape predominantly consists of lowland areas characterized by extensive swamps and massive rivers such as the Digul and Maro. Indigenous ethnic group inhabiting this region for example [[Asmat people|Asmat]], Marind, Muyu, and Korowai. They rely on sago and fish as staple dietary sources. Certain tribes like Asmat were recognized for its wood carving and boating culture. There is also massive amount of migrant like [[Javanese people]] because of [[transmigration program]] sponsored by the government to convert vast amount of swamps into [[rice paddy]] and increase this region's population. South Papua is also home to the renowned [[Wasur National Park]], an expansive [[wetland]] area with rich biodiversity including [[agile wallaby]], [[mound-building termites]] or ''musamus'', and the [[bird of paradise]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penghubung.papua.go.id/5-wilayah-adat/anim-ha/|title=PROFIL WILAYAH ADAT ANIM HA|website=papua.go.id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621021634/https://penghubung.papua.go.id/5-wilayah-adat/anim-ha/|archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/10/21/kala-cendrawasih-terus-jadi-incaran-pemburu/|title=Kala Cendrawasih Terus jadi Incaran Pemburu|date=2015-10-21|website=mongabay.co.id|last=Batbual|first=Agapitus|access-date=2022-07-03|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122346/https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/10/21/kala-cendrawasih-terus-jadi-incaran-pemburu/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/04/04/mengenal-rayap-yang-membangun-katedral-di-merauke/|title=Mengenal Rayap yang Membangun
== History ==
The wetland region of South Papua, before the arrival of Europeans, was home to several indigenous tribes. These tribes included the [[Asmat people|Asmat]], [[Marind people|Marind]] and Wambon, who still maintain their ancestral traditions in the area. The Marind tribe, also known as the Malind, lived in groups along the rivers in the Merauke region, and their way of life centered around [[hunting]], [[hunter and gatherer|gathering]], and farming. However, the Marind tribe was also notorious for their practice of [[headhunting]]. They would travel in boats along the rivers and coasts to distant settlements, where they would behead the inhabitants. The heads of their victims would then be taken back to their villages to be preserved and celebrated.<ref name = "Melintas">{{Cite journal|title=Spiritualitas dan Transformasi|journal=Melintas|url=https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/melintas/article/view/3087|last=Daeli|first=Onesius Otenieli|issue=1|volume=34|publisher=Fakultas Filsafat UNPAR|year=2018|pages=96–110 |doi=10.26593/mel.v34i1.3087.96-110 |s2cid=151288950 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pengangkatan Anak Adat dalam Suku Malind di Kabupaten Merauke|language=id|journal=Jurnal Restorative Justice|url=https://ejournal.unmus.ac.id/index.php/hukum/article/download/3621/1975/|last1=Sinaga|first1=Jaya|issue=1|volume=5|last2=Fenetiruma|first2=Raymond|publisher=Fakultas Hukum Universitas Musamus|year=2021|last3=Pelu|first3=Handika|doi=10.35724/jrj.v5i1.3621 }}</ref><ref name = "Kombai 1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kombai.nl/2022/01/25/31-pengayauan-1-marind/|title=Pengayauan Marind|date=2022-01-25|access-date=2022-07-01|last=J.P.D.Groen|website=kombai.nl|language=id}}</ref>
[[File:KITLV A42 - Marind-Animman en -vrouw nabij Merauke, KITLV 10187.tiff|left|thumb|Marind people in 1910]]
In the 19th century, European powers began to colonize the island of New Guinea. The island was divided along a straight line, with the western portion falling under the jurisdiction of the [[Dutch New Guinea]] region and the eastern portion becoming [[British New Guinea]]. Marind people often crossed the border to engage in headhunting activities. In 1902, the Dutch established a military base at the eastern tip of South Papua, near the [[Maro River]], to strengthen the border and eliminate this tradition. This base was named Merauke, after its location. The Dutch also established a [[mission (Christian)|Catholic mission]] in Merauke to spread their religion and to further discourage the practice of headhunting. During the Dutch colonial period, the [[Javanese people]] were brought to Merauke to cultivate rice fields. This influx of laborers further contributed to the growth of the town and the development of the surrounding region. Eventually, it became the capital of Afdeeling Zuid Nieuw Guinea or the South New Guinea Province.<ref name = "Melintas" /><ref name ="Kombai 1" />
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In addition to the Maro River, the Dutch also became aware of another, larger river known as the [[Digul River]]. In the 1920s, the Dutch government sent an expedition to explore the interior of Papua. The idea emerged to use the remote region as a detention camp, and a suitable location was identified at the headwaters of the Digul River or [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp|Boven Digoel]]. A camp called [[Tanahmerah|Tanah Merah]] was established, it was a densely forested area surrounded by the harsh Digul River, making it difficult for prisoners to escape. Additionally, the region was plagued by malaria, which further discouraged escape attempts. Over the years, several notable figures were detained at the camp, including [[Mohammad Hatta]] and [[Sutan Sjahrir]]. After the Dutch left in the 1960s, Tanah Merah became more populated and eventually became the capital of the Boven Digoel Regency.<ref name ="Kombai 1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bovendigoelkab.go.id/halaman/sejarah|title=Sejarah Boven Digoel|language=id|access-date=2022-07-01|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Boven Digoel}}</ref><ref name="Kombai 2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kombai.nl/2020/12/08/belanda-masuk-kali-digul/|title=Belanda Masuk Kali Digul|date=2020-12-08|access-date=2022-07-01|last=J.P.D. Groen|website=kombai.nl|language=id}}</ref>
[[File:Welcome South Papua.jpg|thumb|230px|Celebration of South Papua establishment]]
In the 1960s, Indonesian forces took control of all of Dutch New Guinea, including the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea. Following the takeover, the territory was reorganized, and the former Zuid Nieuw Guinea became the [[Merauke Regency]], with its capital located in [[Merauke]]. On 11 December 2002, the Merauke Regency was further divided into four separate regencies: Merauke, Mappi, Asmat, and Boven Digoel. These regencies were established to better serve the needs of the local populations and provide more effective governance across the region. More recently, on 25 July 2022, the former territory of the Merauke Regency was officially re-united with other regions in southern Papua to form the new province of South Papua, following the signing of Law No. 14/2022. The name "South Papua" (''Papua Selatan'') was chosen instead of "Anim Ha" due to the latter term's historical origins during Dutch rule and its potential to be demeaning to other tribes in southern Papua. In contrast, "South Papua" was selected as an inclusive and unifying name that avoids any negative connotations and reflects the diverse and vibrant cultural heritage of the region.<ref name="Aditra 2022"/> The public reception towards South Papua was far more positive compared to the other new provinces of [[Central Papua]] and [[Highland Papua|Highlands Papua]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utama |first=Felldy |others=[[iNews]] |location=[[Jakarta]]
In 2007, the Regent of Merauke, John Gebze, spearheaded the initiation of the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE), a large-scale development project aimed at enhancing Indonesia's food security. Situated in Merauke, an area renowned for its extensive lowland and fertile terrain, the project sought to capitalize on the region's vast land for agricultural purposes. Originally dubbed the Merauke Integrated Rice Estate (MIRE), with a primary focus on [[rice]] cultivation, the initiative later broadened its scope to encompass additional crops such as sugar cane, corn, and oil palm. Officially inaugurated in 2010 during the presidency of [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], the project garnered participation from numerous private investors. However, its progression faced significant challenges, stemming from divergent perspectives among government entities, investors, and the indigenous Marind community, who held land rights in the area. Furthermore, mounting pressure from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) decrying the project as a violation of indigenous rights and environmental degradation prompted a cessation of new land development activities by the involved companies.<ref name="mediaBPP">{{Cite journal|title=SWASEMBADA PANGAN DI MERAUKE|journal=
== Geography ==
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Additionaly, there is a smaller but unique ecoregion called [[Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands]] which are part of [[Wasur National Park]]. This ecoregion consists of [[swamp forest]], coastal forest, and vast savanna that are flooded at various times, creating a wetland area with massive biodiversity like [[agile wallaby]], [[mound-building termites]] or ''musamus'', and the [[bird of paradise]]. This wetland also attracts migratory bird for example [[magpie goose]] from Australia, also known locally as ''Boha Wasur''.<ref name=oneearth/><ref name="Indo MoF">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101229045750/http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/wasur_NP.htm Indonesian Ministry of Forestry], retrieved 2009-10-30</ref>
The South Papua region was designated as a [[transmigration program]] site due to its expansive lowland areas with vast amount of water which offer ideal conditions for rice cultivation. Transmigration districts such as Semangga, Tanah Miring, and Kurik serve as primary sources of agricultural produce destined for markets in the City of Merauke. However, the influx of migrant populations into these areas has introduced non-native species, such as [[Javan rusa]] and [[tilapia]] fish, which disrupt the established ecosystem. Particularly, the adaptable tilapia fish proliferates rapidly in this environment, outcompeting indigenous fish species and consequently dominating the catches of fishermen in Merauke's rivers.<ref name=oneearth/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/12/15/ironi-ikan-pendatang-yang-menghidupi-marind-anim|title=Ironi Ikan Pendatang yang Menghidupi Marind Anim|date=2022-12-16|website=kompas.id|
== Politics ==
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=== Agriculture and forestry ===
[[File:Sawah Merauke 2012.jpg|thumb|Harvesting of newly created rice fields in Merauke]]
The vast and fertile geography of South Papua offers abundant agricultural potential. Since the Dutch colonial era, the region has seen the importation of [[Javanese people|Javanese]] settlers to cultivate [[rice fields]], particularly in Merauke. This practice continued through the [[transmigration program]] post-independence. Consequently, traditional local staples such as sago and tubers have gradually been supplanted by rice and instant food options.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/12/13/gastrokolonialisme-di-merauke-dari-transmigrasi-hingga-korporasi|title=Gastrokolonialisme di Merauke, Dari Transmigrasi Hingga Korporasi|date=2022-12-14|website=kompas.id|
In 2010, the government under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono initiated the ''Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE)'' program, aimed at positioning Merauke Regency as one of Indonesia's primary food hubs. Targeted crops under this program encompass rice, corn, and oil palm. However, the project encountered setbacks due to disputes between governmental bodies, corporations, indigenous groups, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerning environmental degradation and alleged human rights infringements against indigenous communities. Consequently, no further land was developed under the initiative.<ref name="mediaBPP" /><ref name="journal IPB" /><ref name="mongabay" />
In South Papua, extensive [[oil palms]] plantations are established in Merauke and Boven Digoel, managed primarily by large corporations. Notably, PT Tunas Sawa Erma (TSE), a subsidiary of Korindo from South Korea, is actively involved in this sector. In addition to palm oil, Korindo is engaged in the timber industry. Under the TSE Group umbrella, operations span across Merauke and Boven Digoel, comprising several subsidiaries, including PT Tunas Sawa Erma (TSE), PT Dongin Prabawa (DP), PT Berkat Cipta Abadi (BCA), and PT Papua Agro Lestari (PAL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tsegroup.co.id/|title=TSE Group|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802032632/https://tsegroup.co.id/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/hilang-hutan-adat-karena-ekspansi-sawit-di-papua/5502087.html|title=Hilang Hutan Adat Karena Ekspansi Sawit di Papua|date=2020-07-14|last=Sucahyo|first=Nurhadi|publisher=VOA Indonesia|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2023-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517190517/https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/hilang-hutan-adat-karena-ekspansi-sawit-di-papua/5502087.html}}</ref> The distribution of oil palm plantations in South Papua includes the Ngguti, Ulilin and Muting districts in Merauke Regency and the Jair district in Boven Digoel Regency.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlas Sawit Papua : Dibawah Kendali Penguasa Modal|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Atlas-Sawit-Papua.pdf|
=== Fisheries===
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