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'''Na-Dene''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ɑː|d|ᵻ|ˈ|n|eɪ}} {{respell|NAH|dih|NAY}}; also '''Nadene''', '''Na-Dené''', '''Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit''', '''Tlina–Dene''') is a [[language family|family]] of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] that includes at least the [[Athabaskan languages]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], and [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] languages. [[Haida language|Haida]] was formerly included, but is now considered doubtful. By far the most widely spoken Na-Dene language today is [[Navajo language|Navajo]].
In February 2008, a proposal connecting Na-Dene (excluding Haida) to the [[Yeniseian languages]] of central [[Siberia]] into a [[Dené–Yeniseian languages|Dené–Yeniseian]] family was published and well-received by a number of linguists.<ref name=DYS>[http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/dy2008/ Dene–Yeniseic Symposium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115220154/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/dy2008/ |date=2018-11-15 }}, University of Alaska Fairbanks, February 2008, accessed 30 Mar 2010</ref> It was proposed in a 2014 paper that the Na-Dene languages of North America and the Yeniseian languages of Siberia had a common origin in a language spoken in [[Beringia]], between the two continents.<ref>
== Etymology ==
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{{Main|Sino-Tibetan languages}}
A link between the Na–Dené languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as '''Sino–Dené''' was proposed by [[Edward Sapir]]. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dené was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruhlen |first=Merritt |date=1998-11-10 |title=The origin of the Na-Dene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=23 |pages=13994–13996 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9513994R |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=25007 |pmid=9811914 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He wrote a series of letters to [[Alfred Kroeber]] where he enthusiastically spoke of a connection between Na-Dene and "Indo-Chinese". In 1925, a supporting article summarizing his thoughts, albeit not written by him, entitled "The Similarities of Chinese and Indian Languages", was published in Science Supplements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orlandi |first=Georg |date=2021-12-01 |title=Once again on the history and validity of the Sino-Tibetan bifurcate model / Еще раз к вопросу об истории и степени обоснованности бинарной модели классификации сино-тибетских языков |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlr-2021-193-409/html?lang=en |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=263–292 |doi=10.1515/jlr-2021-193-409 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |issn=2219-4029 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Edward Vadja's Dené–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as [[Geoffrey Caveney]] (2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dené hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dené–Caucasian).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caveney |first=Geoffrey |date=2014 |title=Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets |journal=Journal of Chinese Linguistics |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=461–487 |jstor=24774894}}</ref>
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