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===Putinism and Fascism===
Pro-Fascist ultranationalist [[white émigré]] Russian philosopher [[Ivan Ilyin]] has been quoted by Vladimir Putin in his speeches on various occasions, and is considered by some observers to be a major ideological inspiration for him.<ref name="Robinson_2012" /><ref name="Snyder_2018a" /><ref name="Snyder_2018b" /> And [[Aleksandr Dugin]], a formerly marginal contemporary far-right apologist for Eurasianism and [[Conservative revolution]], whose views are close to Fascism, has become a semi-official philosopher of the Putin regime.<ref name="Barbashin" /><ref name="Burton" />
Oxford historian [[Roger Griffin]] compared Putin's Russia to World War II-era [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], saying that like Putin's Russia, it "emulated fascism in many ways, but was not fascist." American historian [[Stanley G. Payne]] argued that Putin's political system is "more a revival of the creed of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] in the 19th century that emphasized '[[Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality|Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality]]' than one resembling the revolutionary, modernizing regimes of Hitler and Mussolini."<ref name="RFE" /> He argued that fascism, imbued with revolutionary ideas and seeking to implement changes which would push society into a new order, relied on mobilization of masses of the population and their active participation in politics in order to implement these changes. Putinism, on the other hand, is counter-revolutionary, strictly opposed to any [[social reform]]s and [[social mobilization]] and aims at the de-politicization of society, which it sees as a threat to its existence. The mass social involvement being discouraged, the politics are reduced to "pure management" left to those who are in power, free from the interference of the masses. In exchange to non-involvement in the politics, Putinism's [[social contract]] offers economic development and an important amount of freedom in private life, "bread and entertainment". Therefore, the experts generally agree that Putin's regime is not fascist.<ref name="RFE" />
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