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Although [[Genghis Khan]]'s enthronement as [[Khagan]] in 1206 was described in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-style title of [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] {{NoteTag|name=Emperor}}<ref name="Enthronement1206" /> and the [[Mongol Empire]] had ruled territories including modern-day [[Northern and southern China|northern China]] for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style,{{sfn|Mote|1994|p=624}} and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern [[Song dynasty]] was defeated in the [[Battle of Yamen]]. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day [[China]] and its surrounding areas, including modern-day [[Mongolia]].<ref name="Mongol Empire p.611">{{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Christopher Pratt |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3}}</ref> It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of [[China proper]].<ref name="San" />{{rp|312}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eberhard |first1=Wolfram |title=A History of China |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0-520-01518-5 |page=232 |edition=3rd}}{{pn|date=July 2023}}</ref> In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the [[Mongolian Plateau]] and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] (which later evolved into the [[Qing dynasty]]) of [[Manchus]]. The rump state is known in [[Chinese historiography|historiography]] as the [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]].
After the ''de facto'' division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]]. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the [[temple name]] Taizu.{{NoteTag|name=Emperor}} In the edict titled ''Proclamation of the Dynastic Name'' issued in 1271,<ref name="Proclamation1271" /> Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] to the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Proclamation1271" /> As a [[multinational state|multiethnic]] and [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] empire there was significant discrimination against the majority [[Han Chinese]] and preference for [[Mongols]] during the dynasty, but the Yuan dynasty accepted some Chinese elements throughout the entire dynasty even though these were not large. Ethnic discrimination during the dynasty was only institutional and legal when the ''de facto'' social status of Han Chinese was higher than that of Mongols and there were cases of Han Chinese owning Mongol [[slavery|slaves]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Endicott-West |title=Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty |date=1989 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-1-68417-005-0 |page=86 | series = Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 29 | doi =10.1163/9781684170050_004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Reuven Amitai| editor2= Michal Biran |title=Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World |date=2005 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0633-4 |last= Endicott | first = Elizabeth | chapter=The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries) | pages= 461–482 | doi = 10.1163/9789047406334_021| s2cid= 245584164 }}</ref>{{rp|467}}{{sfn|Mote|2003|p=492}} Yuan rulers like [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan|Buyantu Khan]], [[Gegeen Khan]] and [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür|Jayaatu Khan]] admired and were well versed in Chinese culture. These emperors also mastered the [[Old Mandarin|Chinese language]], while others only used their native [[Middle Mongol|Mongolian language]], written with the [['Phags-pa script]] or the [[Mongolian writing systems|Mongolian alphabet]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Franke |first=Herbert |title=Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese? | pages = 28–41 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1665DFfIcjI.pdf | journal= Asia Major | date= 1953 | series= Second series | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | publisher= Academica Sinica }}</ref>
Kublai, as a [[Khagan]] (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]], the [[Golden Horde]], and the [[Ilkhanate]], before proclaiming as the [[Emperor of China]] in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the '''Empire of the Great Khan'''. However, even though the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was recognized by the western khans in 1304, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.<ref>{{cite book |first=John Joseph |last=Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |page=116 |orig-year=1971 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7 |author-link=J. J. Saunders }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grousset |first=René |author-link=René Grousset |year=1939 |language=fr |title=L'empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan |trans-title=The Empire of Steppes}}</ref>{{pn|date=July 2023}}
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