Shaken baby syndrome: Difference between revisions

==Mechanism==

Shaken Baby Syndrome, also called as Shaken Impact Syndrome, is a severe form of child abuse. It occurs when parents or caregivers shakes a baby.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaken Baby Syndrome |url=https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=AANS |language=en-US}}</ref> There is a strong association between crying and SBS where studies indicate 1-6% of parents haven shaken their babies to stop crying. Furthermore, the caregiver's worries and views on crying are more predictive of shaking than the objective amount of crying.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altimier |first=Leslie |date=January 2008 |title=Shaken Baby Syndrome |url=https://journals.lww.com/00005237-200801000-00014 |journal=Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1097/01.JPN.0000311877.32614.69 |issn=0893-2190}}</ref> Evidence indicates early crying pattern as the common trigger for SBS, and it results from a failure in what is usually a normal interaction between infants and caregivers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barr |first=Ronald G. |date=2012-10-16 |title=Preventing abusive head trauma resulting from a failure of normal interaction between infants and their caregivers |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045677/ |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 Suppl 2 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=17294–17301 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1121267109 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3477395 |pmid=23045677}}</ref>

 

Effects of SBS are thought to be [[diffuse axonal injury]], [[hypoxia (medical)|oxygen deprivation]] and [[cerebral edema|swelling of the brain]],<ref name="Miehl">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miehl NJ | title = Shaken baby syndrome | journal = Journal of Forensic Nursing | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 111–117 | year = 2005 | pmid = 17073042 | doi = 10.1097/01263942-200509000-00006 | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515880 | url-status = live | access-date = 27 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305145648/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515880 | archive-date = 5 March 2014 }}</ref> which can raise [[intracranial pressure|pressure inside the skull]] and damage delicate brain tissue, although witnessed shaking events have not led to such injuries. Direct injuries includes skull fracture, cortical contusion, diffuse axonal injury, and hemorrhages. Indirect injuries includes brain edema and herniation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hung KL | title = Pediatric abusive head trauma | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 240–250 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32330675 | pmc = 7424091 | doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.03.008 }}</ref>

 

=== Injuries ===

 

Subdural hematoma, a collection of blood between the brain's surface and the dura, due to overstretching of the veins connecting the brain to the dura, leading to tears and bleeding.

 

Direct brain trauma, direct trauma due to the brain striking the inner surfaces of the skull.

 

Eye injury, retinal hemorrhage caused by to and fro oscillation of the lens