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==== Lodges, bands, tribes, and confederacies ====
{{main|Teepee|Band society|Tribe|Confederation{{!}}Confederacy}}
The smallest unit of organization for both plains and [[Subarctic peoples|subarctic]] people was what the European-Canadian explorers called a "lodge". A lodge was an extended family or other close-knit group who lived together in the same [[teepee]] or other dwelling. Lodges travelled together in groups which anthropologists call "bands". In the case of the Blackfoot during the historic era this would include 10 to 30 lodges, or roughly 80 to 240 persons. The [[Band government|band]] was the fundamental unit of organization on the Plains for both hunting and warfare.<ref name="headsmashedin">{{cite report |url=https://headsmashedin.ca/sites/headsmashedin/files/editor_files/Buffalo%20Tracks.pdf |title=The Plains Peoples of Southern Alberta |work=Buffalo Tracks |publisher=[[Alberta Culture]] |pages=12–13}}</ref> Bands were loose associations that could be formed and dissolved depending on circumstances, which gave their member lodges much freedom, but also less certainty. Therefore, people would also be socially bound to others in variety of other groups, such as common descent (a [[clan]]), common language and religion (a [[tribe]]), or a common age or rank (a ritual society or a warrior society, referred to in anthropology as a [[Sodality (social anthropology)|sodality]]).
Population density for both plains and subarctic peoples (as for most hunter-gatherer societies) was quite low, but distributed very differently. Plains bands could often congregate into large, pan-tribal hunting or war parties—especially once horses were available—due to the abundant supply of bison for food and the open, easily traversed landscape. As well, bands could migrate over vast distances, following the bison or for military purposes. Subarctic peoples also migrated, but in much smaller groups since the productivity of the boreal forests is so low that it cannot support any large groups in one place for long. Migrations in the subarctic would include following [[trapline]]s, snowshoeing onto frozen lakes for [[ice fishing]], searching for [[moose]] and other game, and returning to favourite [[berry picking|berry patches]].
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The first European to reach Alberta was likely a Frenchman such as [[Pierre La Vérendrye]] or one of his sons, who had travelled inland to Manitoba in 1730, establishing forts and trading furs directly with the native peoples there. Exploring the river system further, the French fur traders would have likely engaged the Blackfoot-speaking people directly; proof of this being that the word for "Frenchman" in the Blackfoot language means, "real white man". By the mid-eighteenth century, they were siphoning off most of the best furs before they could reach the Hudson's Bay trading posts further inland, sparking tension between the rival companies.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Howard |last1=Palmer |first2=Tamara |last2=Palmer |title=Alberta: A New History |location=Edmonton |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |date=1990 |pages=10–11 |isbn=978-0-8883-0340-0}}</ref>
The first written account of present-day Alberta is by the fur trader [[Anthony Henday]], who explored the vicinity of present-day [[Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer]] and [[Edmonton]] in 1754–55. He spent the winter with a group of Blackfoot, with whom he traded and went buffalo hunting.<ref name="Government of Alberta">
[[File:Alberta 1890s fur trader.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A fur trader in [[Fort Chipewyan]] in the 1890s]]
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The peace and stability the Mounties brought fostered dreams of mass settlement on the [[Canadian Prairies]]. The land was surveyed by the [[Canadian Pacific Survey]] for possible routes to the Pacific. The early favourite was a northerly line that went through Edmonton and the [[Yellowhead Pass]]. The success of the Mounties in the south, coupled with a government desire to establish Canadian sovereignty of that area, and the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]'s (CPR) desire to undercut land speculators, prompted the CPR to announce a last minute switch of the route to a more southerly path passing through Calgary and the [[Kicking Horse Pass]]. This was against the advice of some surveyors who said that [[Palliser's Triangle|the south was an arid zone]] not suitable for agricultural settlement.
In 1882 the District of Alberta was created as part of the North-West Territories, and named for [[Princess Louise Caroline Alberta]], fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, and wife of the [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|Marquess of Lorne]], who was Governor General of Canada at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patrimoinecanadien.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/117-eng.cfm |title=Alberta |
===Settlement===
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====Mormons====
About 3,200 Mormons arrived from Utah, where their practice of polygamy had been outlawed. They were very community oriented, setting up 17 farm settlements; they pioneered in irrigation techniques. They flourished and in 1923 opened the [[Cardston Alberta Temple]] in their centre of [[Cardston, Alberta|Cardston]]. About 82,697 Mormons live in Alberta.<ref>
==Drive to provincehood==
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The Conservatives remained in power, under seven different premiers, for 44 years of majority governments. But in [[2015 Alberta general election|2015]] the government met its demise against a slate of younger, fresher candidates put forward by the Alberta NDP, led by [[Rachel Notley]]. In the [[2019 Alberta general election|2019 election]], a newly reunited conservative party, the [[United Conservative Party]], won a majority government.
Forest fires ravaged the land in the [[2011 Slave Lake wildfire]], the great [[2016 Fort McMurray wildfire]], the September 2017 [[Waterton Lakes National Park]] fire, the [[2019 Alberta wildfires]], and the [[2023_Canadian_wildfires#Alberta|state of emergency 2023]] conflagrations.<ref name="ch1">{{cite news |url=https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/braid-ucp-power-good-fire-enemy |title=UCP is taking more central power, but that's a good thing when the enemy is fire and flood |last=Braid |first=Don |date=May 9, 2024 |newspaper=Calgary Herald}}</ref> The town of [[Jasper, Alberta]] was destroyed by the July [[2024 Jasper wildfire]].<ref name="cbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/wildfire-that-roared-into-jasper-was-a-wall-of-fast-moving-flame-says-fire-official-1.7274825 |title=Buildings in Jasper in ashes as 'monster' wildfire spans 36,000 hectares |last1=Snowdon |first1=Wallis |last2=Frew |first2=Nicholas |name-list-style=amp |website=CBC News |date=July 25, 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
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==References==
{{reflist
==Bibliography==
{{Main|Bibliography of Alberta history}}
* {{cite
*
*
* {{cite book|last=Cashman|first=Tony|title=A Picture History of Alberta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OynZjgEACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1979|publisher=Hurtig|location=Edmonton|isbn=978-0-8883-0157-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Friesen|first=Gerald|title=The Canadian Prairies: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIMHAcD8LNkC&pg=PP1|year=1987|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6648-0}}
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==External links==
* [https://www.questia.com/library/p31/alberta-history
* [http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/9021.html ''Alberta Historical Review'' and ''Alberta History''] journals published 1953 to present
{{Canadian history}}
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