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[[Jatropha oil]], a non-food oil used as a biofuel, lowers {{chem2|CO2}} emissions by 50–80% compared to Jet-A1, a [[kerosene]]-based fuel.<ref name=AImar2009>{{cite magazine |title= A Greener Future? |magazine= [[Aircraft Illustrated]] |date= March 2009}}</ref> Jatropha, used for [[biodiesel]], can thrive on [[marginal land]] where most plants produce low [[crop yield|yield]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author= Ron Oxburgh |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/alternativeenergy.biofuels |title= Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 28 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Patrick Barta |title= As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120631198956758087 |newspaper= [[Wall Street Journal]] |date= 24 March 2008 |url-access= subscription}}</ref> A [[life cycle assessment]] on jatropha estimated that biofuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 85% if former agro-pastoral land is used, or increase emissions by up to 60% if natural woodland is converted.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bailis | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Baka | first2 = J. E. | doi = 10.1021/es1019178 | title = Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Land Use Change from Jatropha Curcas-Based Jet Fuel in Brazil | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 44 | issue = 22 | pages = 8684–91 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20977266| bibcode = 2010EnST...44.8684B }}</ref>
[[Palm oil]] cultivation is constrained by scarce land resources and its expansion to forestland causes [[biodiversity loss]], along with direct and indirect emissions due to [[land-use change]].<ref name="Doliente2020">{{Cite journal |last= Doliente |first= Stephen S. |display-authors=etal |date= 10 July 2020 |title= Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components |journal= Frontiers in Energy Research |volume= 8 |doi= 10.3389/fenrg.2020.00110 |language= English |doi-access= free |url= https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/205375761/Doliente_et_al_2020_Accepted_Manuscript_Frontiers_in_Energy_Research.pdf }}</ref> [[Neste Corporation]]'s renewable products include a refining [[byproduct|residue]] of food-grade palm oil, the oily waste [[Resource recovery|skimmed]] from the palm oil mill's [[wastewater]]. Other Neste sources are [[used cooking oil]] from [[Deep fryer#Oil filtration|deep fryers]] and animal fats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neste.com/products/all-products/raw-materials/waste-and-residues|title=Waste and residues as raw materials |date=15 May 2020 |publisher=Neste Corporation website}}</ref> [https://www.neste.com/en-us/products-and-innovation/sustainable-aviation/sustainable-aviation-fuel Neste's sustainable aviation fuel] is used by [[Lufthansa]];<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.neste.com/releases-and-news/aviation/neste-and-lufthansa-collaborate-and-aim-more-sustainable-aviation|title=Neste and Lufthansa collaborate and aim for a more sustainable aviation|date=October 2, 2019|publisher=Neste Corporation website}}</ref> [[Air France]] and [[KLM]] announced 2030 SAF targets in 2022<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://news.klm.com/klm-groups-co2-emission-reduction-targets-for-2030-approved-by-sbti/|title=KLM Group's CO2 emission reduction targets for 2030 approved by SBTi|date=16 December 2022 |publisher=KLM website |access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref> including multi-year purchase contracts totaling over 2.4 million tonnes of SAF from Neste, [[TotalEnergies]], and [[DG Fuels]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/totalenergies-air-france-klm-agree-sustainable-jet-fuel-deal-2022-12-05/|title=TotalEnergies and Air France KLM agree sustainable jet fuel deal|date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref>
Aviation fuel from wet waste-derived feedstock ("VFA-SAF") provides an additional environmental benefit. Wet waste consists of waste from landfills, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural waste, greases, and fats. Wet waste can be converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA's), which then can be catalytically upgraded to SAF. Wet waste is a low-cost and plentiful feedstock, with the potential to replace 20% of US fossil jet fuel.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Huq |first1=Nabila A. |last2=Hafenstine |first2=Glenn R. |last3=Huo |first3=Xiangchen |last4=Nguyen |first4=Hannah |last5=Tifft |first5=Stephen M. |last6=Conklin |first6=Davis R. |last7=Stück |first7=Daniela |last8=Stunkel |first8=Jim |last9=Yang |first9=Zhibin |last10=Heyne |first10=Joshua S. |last11=Wiatrowski |first11=Matthew R. |last12=Zhang |first12=Yimin |last13=Tao |first13=Ling |last14=Zhu |first14=Junqing |last15=McEnally |first15=Charles S. |date=2021-03-30 |title=Toward net-zero sustainable aviation fuel with wet waste-derived volatile fatty acids |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2023008118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023008118 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=8020759 |pmid=33723013 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PNAS..11823008H }}</ref> This lessens the need to grow crops specifically for fuel, which in itself is energy intensive and increases {{chem2|CO2}} emissions throughout its life cycle. Wet waste feedstocks for SAF divert waste from landfills. Diversion has the potential to eliminate 17% of US methane emissions across all sectors. VFA-SAF's carbon footprint is 165% lower than fossil aviation fuel.<ref name="auto"/> This technology is in its infancy; although start-ups are working to make this a viable solution. Alder Renewables, BioVeritas, and ChainCraft are a few organizations committed to this.
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In 2019 the [[International Energy Agency]] forecast SAF production should grow from 18 to 75 billion litres between 2025 and 2040, representing a 5% to 19% share of aviation fuel.<ref name=IEA18mar2019/> By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $0.3-0.6 per L given a $50–100 crude [[oil barrel]], while aviation biofuel production cost was $0.7-1.6, needing a $110–260 crude oil barrel to [[break-even]].<ref name=IEA18mar2019/>
{{As of|2020|}} aviation biofuel was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene,<ref name=IU4dec2020>{{Cite web |date= 2020-12-04 |access-date= 2022-12-12|title= Sustainable aviation fuel market demand drives new product launches |url=https://investableuniverse.com/2020/12/04/sustainable-aviation-fuel-argus-price-gunvor-group/ |website= [[Investable Universe]]}} Note: ''[https://investableuniverse.com/home/about/ Investable Universe>About]''</ref> considering [[aviation taxation and subsidies]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Review of Technical Pathways |url= https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/09/f78/beto-sust-aviation-fuel-sep-2020.pdf |date= Sep 2020 |publisher= [[United States Department of Energy]]}}</ref>
As of a 2021 analysis, VFA-SAF break-even cost was {{Convert|2.50|$/gal|$/l|abbr=on}}.<ref name="auto"/> This number was generated considering credits and incentives at the time, such as [[LCFS|California's LCFS]] (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) credits and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [[Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)|Renewable Fuel Standard]] incentives.
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