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==Wallacea==
{{Main|Wallacea}}
[[Image:Indonesia Wallacea.svg|thumb |450px|Wallacea is the group of islands within red area. The [[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|Weber Line]] is in blue.]] ▼Wallacea represents the biogeographical transitional zone between [[Sundaland]] to the west and the [[Australasia]]n zone to the east. It has not been directly connected to either region, due to the deep water straits at its borders, and so could only be colonised by [[oceanic dispersal|over-water dispersal]]. This zone covers of about 338 494 {{cvt|338494|km² }} land area in total, divided in multiple small islands.<ref name= "islandpress "/> ▼
Due to its distinct and varied geography this region contains many endemic and unique species of flora and fauna and has been divided into a number of distinct [[ecoregion]]s; the mountain and lowland areas of [[Sulawesi]], [[North Maluku]], [[Buru]] and [[Seram]] in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] (with [[Sumba]] a distinct ecoregion in its own right), [[Timor]], and the islands in the [[Banda Sea]].<ref name= "islandpress ">{{cite webbook |last1=Wikramanayake |first1= EricE. |last2=Dinerstein |first2= EricE. |last3=Loucks |first3= ColbyC. J. |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific |publisher=Island Press |year=2001 |url=http://www.islandpress.com/bookstore/details.php?prod_id=959 |access-date=29 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ▼▲[[Image:Indonesia Wallacea.svg|thumb|450px|Wallacea is the group of islands within red area. The [[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|Weber Line]] is in blue.]]
▲Wallacea represents the biogeographical transitional zone between [[Sundaland]] to the west and the [[Australasia]]n zone to the east. It has not been directly connected to either region, due to the deep water straits at its borders, and so could only be colonised by [[oceanic dispersal|over-water dispersal]]. This zone covers of about 338 494 km² land area in total, divided in multiple small islands.<ref name="islandpress"/>
▲Due to its distinct and varied geography this region contains many endemic and unique species of flora and fauna and has been divided into a number of distinct [[ecoregion]]s; the mountain and lowland areas of [[Sulawesi]], [[North Maluku]], [[Buru]] and [[Seram]] in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] (with [[Sumba]] a distinct ecoregion in its own right), [[Timor]], and the islands in the [[Banda Sea]].<ref name="islandpress">{{cite web |last1=Wikramanayake |first1=Eric |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Loucks |first3=Colby J. |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific |publisher=Island Press |year=2001 |url=http://www.islandpress.com/bookstore/details.php?prod_id=959 |access-date=29 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
=== Mammals ===
=== Birds ===
650 bird species can be foundoccur in Wallacea, of which 265 species are endemic. Among the 235 genera represented, 26 of them are endemic. 16 genera are restricted to Sulawesi and its surrounding islands. Approximately 356 species, including 96 endemic bird species live on the island of Sulawesi.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} One of them is the maleo (''[[Macrocephalon maleo]]''), a bird currently seen as endangered and found entirely within the Wallacea.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mees |first=G.F. |title=Bird records from the Moluccas |journal=Zoologische Mededelingen |year=1982 |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=91–111 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318998}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hellebrekers |first=W.Ph.J. |author2=Hoogerwerf, A. |title=A further contribution to our ecological knowledge of the Island of Java (Indonesia) |journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen |year=1967 |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=1–164 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317794}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mees |first=G.F. |title=A list of the birds recorded from Bangka Island, Indonesia |journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen |year=1986 |volume=232 |issue=1 |pages=1–176 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317664}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mees |first=G.F. |title=The avifauna of Flores (Lesser Sunda Islands) |journal=Zoologische Mededelingen |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=1–261 |year=2006 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/209697}}</ref>
| last = Mees | first = G.F. | title = Bird records from the Moluccas
| journal=Zoologische Mededelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 1982
| volume = 56 | issue = 7 | pages = 91–111 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318998 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hellebrekers | first = W.Ph.J. |author2=A. Hoogerwerf
| title = A further contribution to our Oological knowledge of the Island of Java (Indonesia)
| journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 1967
| volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–164 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317794 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Mees | first = G.F. | title = A list of the birds recorded from Bangka Island, Indonesia
| journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 1986
| volume = 232 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–176 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317664 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Mees | first = G.F. | title = The avifauna of Flores (Lesser Sunda Islands)
| journal=Zoologische Mededelingen |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=1–261
| publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 2006
| url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/209697 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref>
===Reptiles and amphibians===
[[Image:Komodo Dragons in the wild on Rinca island Indonesia..jpg|thumb|[[Komodo dragon]]s]]
With 222 species, of which 99 are endemic, Wallacea has high reptile diversity. Among these are 118 lizard species, of which 60 are endemic; 98 snake species,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bosch |first=H.A.J. in den |title=Snakes of Sulawesi: checklist, key and additional Biogeographical remarks |journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen |year=1985 |volume=217 |issue=1 |pages=1–50 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317584}}</ref> of which 37 are endemic; five turtle species, two of them are endemic; and one crocodile species, the Indo-Pacific crocodile (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'').
| last = Bosch | first = H.A.J. in den | title = Snakes of Sulawesi: checklist, key and additional Biogeographical remarks
| journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 1985
| volume = 217 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–50 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317584 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref> of which 37 are endemic; five turtle species, two of them are endemic; and one crocodile species, the Indo-Pacific crocodile (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'').
Three endemic genera of snake can be foundoccur only in this region: ''[[Calamorhabdium]]'', ''[[Rabdion]]'', and ''[[Cyclotyphlops]]''. One of the most famous reptiles in the Wallacea is probably the Komodo dragon (''[[Varanus komodoensis]]''), known only from the islands of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]], Padar, [[Rinca]], and the western end of [[Flores]].
58 native species of amphibians can be foundoccur in Wallacea, of which 32 are endemic. These represent a fascinating combination of Indo-Malayan and Australasian frog elements.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brongersma |first=L.D. |title=Contributions to Indo-Australian Herpetology |journal=Zoologische Mededelingen |year=1934 |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=161–251 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318854}}</ref>
| last = Brongersma | first = L.D. | title = Contributions to Indo-Australian Herpetology
| journal=Zoologische Mededelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 1934
| volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 161–251 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318854 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref>
=== Freshwater fishes ===
=== Invertebrate ===
There are about 82 species of [[Ornithoptera| birdwing volumebutterflies]] recorded in Wallacea, 44 of them are endemic.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Vane-Wright 343|first=R.I. | author2=de pagesJong, R. |title= The 3–267butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna | journal=Zoologische urlVerhandelingen |year= 2003 |volume=343 |pages=3–267 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/220217 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref> 109 tiger beetle species are also recorded within this region, 79 of which are endemic. One of the most astonishing species is perhaps the world's largest bee ''([[Megachile pluto|Chalicodoma pluto]])'' in the northern Moluccas, an insect in which the females can grow up to four centimetres in length. This bee species nests communally in inhabited termite nests in lowland forest trees. ▼
There are about 82 species of [[Ornithoptera|birdwing butterflies]] recorded in Wallacea, 44 of them are endemic.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Vane-Wright | first = R.I. |author2=R. de Jong
| title = The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna
| journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen | publisher=Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie | year = 2003
▲ | volume = 343 | pages = 3–267 | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/220217 | access-date = 29 November 2009 }}</ref> 109 tiger beetle species are also recorded within this region, 79 of which are endemic. One of the most astonishing species is perhaps the world's largest bee ''([[Megachile pluto|Chalicodoma pluto]])'' in the northern Moluccas, an insect in which the females can grow up to four centimetres in length. This bee species nests communally in inhabited termite nests in lowland forest trees.
About 50 endemic molluscs, three endemic crab species, and a number of endemic shrimp species are also known from the Wallacea.
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